Download Social Science

1
Social
Science
2012–2013 Subject area Flash Cards
2
2012–2013 Subject area Flash Cards
Unauthorized Duplication is Prohibited
Outside the Terms of Your License Agreement
3
5
Social Science Question 001
What is the main natural boundary
between Europe and Asia?
7
Social Science Question 002
Why are the Ural Mountains
not a significant geographical barrier
between Russian and Europe?
9
Social Science Question 003
What are the three major rivers
in western Russia?
Social Science Question 004
Why is Russian access to the
Pacific limited despite its long
eastern coastline?
11
13
Social Science Question 005
Social Science Question 006
Why are southern and eastern Russia
mostly uncultivated despite their
warm and humid summers?
How has the lack of natural
geographical boundaries affected
Russia throughout its history?
15
17
Social Science Question 007
Social Science Question 008
Why did early Slavic settlers
fail to expand immediately
after settling in Russia?
What event provided the Slavs’
first opportunity for self-governance
and expansion?
19
21
Social Science Question 009
Social Science Question 010
The Avars’ conquest of the Slavs in
560 C.E. prompted many Slavs to
How did the Turkic Khazars rule
Russia compared to other groups?
23
Social Science Question 011
Where did the Varangians originate?
25
Social Science Question 012
How did the Varangians expand
their influence in Russia, beginning
around 800 C.E.?
27
29
Social Science Question 013
Social Science Question 014
Who did the Slavs invite to
rule over them in 862 C.E.?
Which city is considered the
birthplace of the Russian state?
31
33
Social Science Question 015
Social Science Question 016
Why do scholars believe the Rus may
have originated in Asia, not in Europe?
Why is the accuracy of the Russian
Primary Chronicle questioned?
35
37
Social Science Question 017
Social Science Question 018
Why was the Russian
Primary Chronicle written?
How was Kiev strategically positioned
during the early period of Kievan Rus?
39
41
Social Science Question 019
Social Science Question 020
With which two regions did the
Kievan Rus most frequently trade?
The two main social classes
in early Kievan Rus were the
43
45
Social Science Question 021
Social Science Question 022
Which other Russian city rivaled
Kiev in power during Kievan Rus?
Why was Novgorod considered the
birthplace of Russian civilization?
47
49
Social Science Question 023
Social Science Question 024
How did Novgorod support the
Kievan Rus political system?
Which two events showed Novgorod’s
independence from Kievan Rus?
51
Social Science Question 025
Technological innovations in the
eleventh century resulted in an increase
in Kievan Rus’ production of
55
Social Science Question 027
What was Orthodox Christianity’s
attitude towards alcohol?
53
Social Science Question 026
Which Kievan Rus prince introduced
Orthodox Christianity?
57
Social Science Question 028
The introduction of Orthodox
Christianity was politically useful
to Russian rulers because it
59
Social Science Question 029
61
Social Science Question 030
Prince Vladimir chose Orthodox
Christianity as the state religion of
Kievan Rus in part because of its ban on
How did Prince Vladimir tie Kievan Rus
more closely to Byzantine society?
63
65
Social Science Question 031
Social Science Question 032
Which two individuals developed
the written Cyrillic language?
What was the Russian Orthodox
Church’s position on Slavic dialects?
67
69
Social Science Question 033
Social Science Question 034
Prince Vladimir’s death in 1015
immediately resulted in
Jaroslav the Wise’s main
military victory resulted in the
71
Social Science Question 035
What were the two major achievements
of Jaroslav the Wise?
73
Social Science Question 036
Which two milestones in the
Orthodox Church occurred during
Jaroslav the Wise’s reign?
75
77
Social Science Question 037
How did the Byzantine nature
of the Orthodox Church change
under Jaroslav the Wise?
79
Social Science Question 039
How did Kievan Rus fragment after 1054?
Social Science Question 038
Andrei Rublev is known mainly for
81
Social Science Question 040
How did Jaroslav intend the
confederation of princedoms in
Kievan Rus to be held together?
83
85
Social Science Question 041
Social Science Question 042
What led feudalism and serfdom
to emerge in late Kievan Rus?
Peasants entered serfdom
in Kievan Rus through
87
Social Science Question 043
Kievan Rus’ peasants’ enserfment
often extended beyond the originally
agreed-upon period due to
89
Social Science Question 044
Why did Kievan Rus’s Byzantine-Baltic
trade route decline after 1200?
91
93
Social Science Question 045
Social Science Question 046
What external threat
faced late Kievan Rus?
95
Appanage was the practice of
97
Social Science Question 047
Why was appanage
necessary in Kievan Rus?
Social Science Question 048
Who were the boyars?
99
101
Social Science Question 049
Social Science Question 050
Boyars increased political
instability in the appanage period by
103
Mongols were originally
105
Social Science Question 051
Social Science Question 052
What was the political
structure of the Mongols?
The first major leader
of the Mongols was
107
109
Social Science Question 053
Social Science Question 054
The Mongols are also known as the
Who led the Mongol invasion of Russia?
111
113
Social Science Question 055
Social Science Question 056
Who was the Russian ruler at the
time of the Mongol invasion?
Why did the Mongols not
sack Novgorod in 1240?
115
117
Social Science Question 057
Social Science Question 058
What event marked the beginning
of Mongol rule in Russia?
Why were Mongol attacks effective
in subduing Russian cities?
119
Social Science Question 059
Why was the Russian military response
to the Mongol invasion ineffective?
121
Social Science Question 060
Why did the Mongols collect tribute
from Kievan Rus immediately after
conquering it?
123
125
Social Science Question 061
Social Science Question 062
How did Mongol rule impact
artisans and skilled workers?
Novgorod’s Prince Nevsky
responded to Mongol rule by
127
129
Social Science Question 063
Social Science Question 064
Which areas of Russia did the
Mongols treat more leniently?
At first, how did the Mongols enforce
direct control over Rurikov princes?
131
Social Science Question 065
What function did appanage
princes serve after the initial
century of Mongol rule?
135
Social Science Question 067
The relationship amongst appanages
during Mongol rule was primarily
characterized by
133
Social Science Question 066
Why was the center of political power
in Russia in flux during Mongol rule?
137
Social Science Question 068
Which two privileges did Mongolappointed grand princes enjoy?
139
141
Social Science Question 069
Social Science Question 070
Why was the grand prince under
Mongol rule able to accumulate wealth?
Why did the Orthodox Church’s
wealth grow under the Mongols?
143
145
Social Science Question 071
What led the lands owned
by the Russian Church to
expand under Mongol rule?
Social Science Question 072
For what two reasons did the
Mongol empire fall into decline?
147
149
Social Science Question 073
Social Science Question 074
Which two powers threatened
the declining Mongol empire?
Kievan Rus was culturally and
economically oriented towards
151
Social Science Question 075
What was the primary motive of the
Mongols in controlling Russia?
153
Social Science Question 076
How did Mongol rule enable
Moscow to rise to power in the
subsequent Russian empire?
155
157
Social Science Question 077
Social Science Question 078
How did Mongol rule
impact Russia’s social structure?
The cultural impact of Mongol rule
on Russia was mainly confined to
159
161
Social Science Question 079
Social Science Question 080
Why was Moscow’s rise to power
interrupted after the death of Vasili I?
Who were the two rival claimants to the
Muscovite throne after Vasili I’s death?
163
165
Social Science Question 081
Social Science Question 082
How did the rota system of succession that
Vasili II eliminated in Moscow function?
Why was Kasimov’s Moscow
princedom an affront to the Mongols?
167
169
Social Science Question 083
Social Science Question 084
Why did the Mongols
invade Moscow in 1452?
What event marked the effective
beginning of Russian independence?
171
173
Social Science Question 085
Social Science Question 086
When Ivan III invaded Novgorod
in 1471, Novgorod’s leaders
appealed for help to the rulers of
After defeating Novgorod in 1471,
Ivan III imposed on the city
the three requirements of
175
177
Social Science Question 087
Social Science Question 088
Why did Ivan III launch a second
campaign in 1478 against Novgorod?
Ivan III’s invasion of Novgorod
was supported by the local
179
181
Social Science Question 089
Social Science Question 090
The unification of Russia as an
independent state occurred under
Moscow’s three geographic
advantages were its
183
185
Social Science Question 091
Social Science Question 092
In 1326, the seat of the Russian
Orthodox “metropolitan” was shifted to
Which two aspects of the Orthodox
church did Nil Sorsky criticize?
187
Social Science Question 093
Which element of Orthodox Church
doctrine was reaffirmed in 1490 in
response to Nil Sorsky’s criticisms?
191
Social Science Question 095
How did Nil Sorsky’s reformist
campaigns impact the Russian
state’s ties with the church?
189
Social Science Question 094
Why did aristocratic landowners support
Nil Sorsky and the non-possessors?
193
Social Science Question 096
How did the Orthodox Church
treat Nil Sorsky after his death?
195
Social Science Question 097
The two regents of Russia before
Ivan IV assumed the throne were
199
197
Social Science Question 098
Ivan IV is also remembered as
201
Social Science Question 099
Social Science Question 100
Ivan IV reasserted the authority
of the royal dynasty by
Why did Ivan IV choose
the title of Tsar?
203
205
Social Science Question 101
Social Science Question 102
Why did Ivan IV’s marriage
displease Russian elites?
How did the role of regional
leaders change under Ivan IV?
207
209
Social Science Question 103
Social Science Question 104
What body did Ivan IV establish to
regulate the Orthodox Church?
Ivan IV prohibited the
Orthodox Church from
211
213
Social Science Question 105
Social Science Question 106
Ivan IV required the Orthodox Church’s
canonization processes to be
How did Ivan IV reform
the Russian army?
215
217
Social Science Question 107
What three eastern states
did Ivan IV invade?
Social Science Question 108
St. Vasily’s Cathedral commemorated
219
221
Social Science Question 109
Social Science Question 110
In what two modern-day
countries was Livonia located?
Which five countries supported
Livonia against Ivan IV?
223
Social Science Question 111
Why did Ivan IV invade Livonia?
225
Social Science Question 112
Which two peoples did
Ivan IV fail to conquer?
227
229
Social Science Question 113
Social Science Question 114
During the war against Livonia,
Ivan IV’s advisors were
collectively known as the
Why did Ivan IV lose faith
in the aristocracy’s loyalty to him
during the conflict with Livonia?
231
233
Social Science Question 115
Social Science Question 116
How did the boyars defy
Ivan IV in 1553?
What event prompted Ivan IV
to launch the Oprichnina?
235
237
Social Science Question 117
Social Science Question 118
Ivan IV’s suspicions about the boyars’
allegiance was exacerbated by his own
After fleeing Moscow to
Alexandrov in 1564, Ivan IV
239
Social Science Question 119
What did Ivan IV demand as a
condition of his returning to
power in 1564?
241
Social Science Question 120
Ivan IV secured his power
during the Oprichnina by
243
245
Social Science Question 121
Who were the primary targets
of the oprichniki police?
247
Social Science Question 122
Which two factors undermined
Russia’s economic prosperity
during Ivan IV’s reign?
249
Social Science Question 123
Social Science Question 124
How did the Oprichniki
affect Russian agriculture?
What caused a crisis of succession
during the Oprichnina campaigns?
251
Social Science Question 125
Why was Tsar Theodore inherently
unsuited to rule Russia?
255
Social Science Question 127
Who was the effective ruler
of Russia under Tsar Theodore?
253
Social Science Question 126
Tsar Theodore’s main interest lay in
257
Social Science Question 128
Boris Godunov was ethnically
259
261
Social Science Question 129
Social Science Question 130
What agreement did Godunov negotiate
with Constantinople’s patriarch?
Why were there no living heirs to the
throne after Theodore’s death in 1598?
263
265
Social Science Question 131
Social Science Question 132
In what two ways was serfdom
increased in Muscovy Russia?
Peasant uprisings in Russia from
1601 to 1603 were triggered by
267
269
Social Science Question 133
Social Science Question 134
How did the famine from 1601 to 1603
impact Russia’s population?
What political challenge did Russian
rulers face during the Time of Troubles?
271
273
Social Science Question 135
Which two groups supported the False
Dmitriis during the Time of Troubles?
Social Science Question 136
Why did Poland invade Russia in 1603?
275
Social Science Question 137
277
Social Science Question 138
Who overthrew the False Dmitrii
after Godunov’s death in 1605?
279
The zemskii sobor was
281
Social Science Question 139
Social Science Question 140
How was the political crisis after
Boris Godunov’s death resolved?
Why did Michael Romanov have a
strong claim to the Russian throne?
283
285
Social Science Question 141
Social Science Question 142
What two major themes characterize
imperial Russian history?
Which concept of empire characterizes
imperial Russia under Alexander I?
287
289
Social Science Question 143
Social Science Question 144
Under Alexander I, Poland
and Finland were administered as
How did the nature of imperial
rule shift under Nicholas I?
291
293
Social Science Question 145
Why were there two lines of
succession after Tsar Alexis’s death?
295
Social Science Question 146
What compromise was reached on the
succession after Tsar Theodore’s
death in 1682?
297
Social Science Question 147
Social Science Question 148
What was Regent Sophia’s
primary political goal?
How did Regent Sophia undermine
the nobility’s privileges?
299
301
Social Science Question 149
Social Science Question 150
What two areas did Russia claim under
the Eternal Peace Treaty of 1666?
The Eternal Peace Treaty unified
Eastern Europeans against
303
Social Science Question 151
With what group did Peter I build
ties while he was excluded from
power by regent Sophia?
305
Social Science Question 152
How did Sophia lose power?
307
309
Social Science Question 153
Social Science Question 154
What two personal qualities gave
Peter I the title ‘Peter the Great’?
How did Peter I educate himself
about the Russian military?
311
Social Science Question 155
How did Peter I demonstrate
that he placed the interests of the
state before his own?
313
Social Science Question 156
Why did Peter I launch a campaign
against the Turks in 1695?
315
317
Social Science Question 157
Social Science Question 158
How did Peter I capture the Tatar
stronghold of Azov in 1696?
Peter I visited Europe
in 1697 primarily to
319
321
Social Science Question 159
Social Science Question 160
Beards worn by Orthodox Christian
Russians symbolized
Peter I wanted Russians to
modernize their appearance by
323
Social Science Question 161
The streltsy, created by Ivan IV, were
327
Social Science Question 163
How did Peter I suppress the streltsy?
325
Social Science Question 162
Why did Peter I cut short
his European travels in 1698?
329
Social Science Question 164
Russia’s allies in the
Great Northern War were
331
333
Social Science Question 165
Social Science Question 166
Why did Peter I declare war on Sweden?
Where was St. Petersburg built?
335
Social Science Question 167
Why was St. Petersburg safe
from destruction by invaders?
337
Social Science Question 168
How did the Swedish military
change tactics after the failure of its
invasion of Russia in 1708?
339
341
Social Science Question 169
Social Science Question 170
The 1709 Battle of Poltava
marked Russian victory over
Why did Turkey declare war
on Russia in 1710?
343
345
Social Science Question 171
Social Science Question 172
Swedish enthusiasm for the Great
Northern War weakened following
What two concessions to Sweden did
Russia make in the Treaty of Nystadt?
347
Social Science Question 173
What four territories did Russia acquire
through the Great Northern War?
351
349
Social Science Question 174
What did Peter I’s policy
of general conscription entail
for the Russian population?
353
Social Science Question 175
Social Science Question 176
What three groups were excluded
from Peter I’s conscription policy?
Peter I aimed to maximize his soldiers’
fighting ability by requiring them to
355
357
Social Science Question 177
Social Science Question 178
How did Peter I describe the sovereign’s
role in relation to the state?
The Colleges were created by Peter I to
359
361
Social Science Question 179
Social Science Question 180
Why did Peter I institute
local government reforms?
In 1721, Peter I replaced the position
of the Orthodox patriarch with that of
363
365
Social Science Question 181
Social Science Question 182
Who was the ultimate authority
in the Orthodox Church following
Peter I’s reforms?
How did the function of the
Orthodox Church change as a
result of Peter I’s reforms?
367
369
Social Science Question 183
Social Science Question 184
What two groups did Peter I’s
‘head tax’ exclude?
Peter I increased the number of
individuals subject to taxation by
371
Social Science Question 185
373
Social Science Question 186
How did Peter I extract resources
from the landed class?
375
Peter I’s Table of Ranks was
377
Social Science Question 187
Social Science Question 188
What major Russian academic
institution did Peter I establish?
How did the role of
women change under Peter I?
379
381
Social Science Question 189
Social Science Question 190
What two factors limited the
effectiveness of Peter I’s reforms?
How did Peter I’s reforms
worsen class divisions?
383
385
Social Science Question 191
Social Science Question 192
Why was Alexei hostile
towards his father, Peter I?
What event prompted Alexei to
give up his birthright in 1716?
387
Social Science Question 193
How did Alexei respond to being
coerced to return to Russia in 1718?
391
389
Social Science Question 194
Why did Peter I die without an heir?
393
Social Science Question 195
Social Science Question 196
Which Russian ruler marked
the end of the Romanov line?
How many rulers did Russia have
between Peter I and Catherine II?
395
Social Science Question 197
In how many conflicts was Russia
involved from 1733 to 1763?
399
Social Science Question 199
Prior to Peter I’s death, peasants could
improve their social status by either
397
Social Science Question 198
For what two reasons did the
power of the landed gentry
increased after Peter I’s death?
401
Social Science Question 200
What concession mitigated the
restrictions on Russian peasantry
imposed from 1733 to 1763?
403
Social Science Question 201
405
Social Science Question 202
How did Catherine II
become Russian royalty?
Catherine II came from a lineage of
407
409
Social Science Question 203
Social Science Question 204
How did Catherine the Great
to come to power?
Why was Catherine II
seen as a usurper?
411
Social Science Question 205
What precedent did Catherine II
and her supporters use to justify
her claim to the throne?
415
413
Social Science Question 206
Why were Catherine’s Enlightenment
values often not put into practice?
417
Social Science Question 207
Social Science Question 208
The Nakaz, or Instruction, emphasized
Catherine II’s belief in
Catherine II was influenced
by the political philosopher
419
421
Social Science Question 209
What two political practices
did the Nakaz oppose because
they violated individual rights?
423
Social Science Question 210
Catherine II viewed serfdom as
425
Social Science Question 211
Catherine II’s Legislative
Commission served to
Social Science Question 212
What three main issues were
brought before Catherine II’s
Legislative Commission?
427
Social Science Question 213
Why was Catherine II’s Legislative
Commission disbanded in 1768?
431
Social Science Question 215
Following the initial successes
of the 1773 rebellion,
Emelian Pugachev ordered
429
Social Science Question 214
What event posed the first major
challenge to Catherine II’s
reign in 1773?
433
Social Science Question 216
Why were the Pugachev rebels
defeated by the Russian army?
435
Social Science Question 217
How did Catherine II respond
to the Pugachev rebellion?
439
437
Social Science Question 218
Why did Catherine II’s
reforms following the Pugachev
rebellion harm the peasantry?
441
Social Science Question 219
Social Science Question 220
Catherine II’s restructuring of the
empire recognized for the first time
What was the outcome of the
Battle of Chesma in 1770?
443
Social Science Question 221
Why did Russia not retain control
of the Balkans following its
victory over the Turks in 1774?
447
445
Social Science Question 222
What prompted Turkey to
declare war on Russia in 1787?
449
Social Science Question 223
Social Science Question 224
Following the Treaty of Jassy in 1792,
Russia secured its power over
Who did Catherine II
install as Polish king?
451
453
Social Science Question 225
Social Science Question 226
What four factors weakened the
Polish government in the 1700s?
What event provided the pretext
for the partition of Poland?
455
457
Social Science Question 227
Social Science Question 228
With which two countries did Russia
cooperate in the partition of Poland?
From what four states did Russia seize
land during the partition of Poland?
459
461
Social Science Question 229
Social Science Question 230
Poland held a unique status
in the Russian Empire in that it
Paul I mistakenly believed that an
alliance with Napoleon would
463
465
Social Science Question 231
Social Science Question 232
Primogeniture was
established under Tsar
What event allowed Alexander I
to ascend to the throne?
467
469
Social Science Question 233
Social Science Question 234
Which member of his family exerted
the most influence over Alexander I?
What was Catherine II’s cultural
impact on the Russian nobility?
471
473
Social Science Question 235
Social Science Question 236
What was Alexander I’s personal
attitude towards warfare?
How did Paul I influence his son
Alexander I’s political priorities?
475
477
Social Science Question 237
Social Science Question 238
A theory holds that Alexander I faked
his own death in 1825 so that he could
Upon ascending to the throne,
Alexander I lifted a ban on
479
481
Social Science Question 239
Social Science Question 240
Alexander I’s Unofficial
Committee was composed of
On which two issues did Alexander I’s
Unofficial Committee focus?
483
Social Science Question 241
Why did Alexander I not
abolish serfdom despite
personally opposing the system?
487
Social Science Question 243
How did Alexander I and his Unofficial
Committee view the issue of limiting
the autocracy?
485
Social Science Question 242
Which two reforms of serfdom did
Alexander I implement in 1903?
489
Social Science Question 244
Why was Alexander I’s Unofficial
Committee suspended in 1805?
491
493
Social Science Question 245
What political structure did
Michael Speransky envision
for the Russian state?
495
Social Science Question 246
What social structure did
Michael Speransky propose for Russia?
497
Social Science Question 247
Social Science Question 248
How did Michael Speransky
propose regional administrative
units in Russia be governed?
How did Alexander I reinforce the
legality of the Council of State’s
legislative process?
499
501
Social Science Question 249
Social Science Question 250
Alexander I’s initial attitude towards
the Napoleonic wars was one of
How did Napoleon’s victories alter the
balance of power on Russia’s borders?
503
Social Science Question 251
What four states made up the
Fourth Coalition against Napoleon?
505
Social Science Question 252
What two major defeats
did the Fourth Coalition
against Napoleon suffer?
507
509
Social Science Question 253
Russia was left as the only
major opponent of
Napoleonic France following
511
Social Science Question 254
Why did Russia go to war
over Georgia from 1804 to 1813?
513
Social Science Question 255
Social Science Question 256
Which three powers did Russia fight
during the period from 1804 to 1813?
Russia acquired the Grand
Duchy of Finland in 1809 from
515
517
Social Science Question 257
Social Science Question 258
The French invasion of Russia
in 1812 is also known as
What three strategies did Russia use to
stave off the French invasion in 1812?
519
Social Science Question 259
How did Moscow residents
respond to Napoleon’s conquest
of the city in 1812?
521
Social Science Question 260
Why was Napoleon forced
to retreat from Moscow in 1812?
523
525
Social Science Question 261
Social Science Question 262
What two factors
exacerbated Napoleon’s military
defeat in Russia in 1812?
Which famous novel and symphony
were inspired by France’s defeat
in the Patriotic War of 1812?
527
529
Social Science Question 263
Social Science Question 264
Following the war of 1812,
Alexander I became preoccupied with
What was the basis of
Russia’s Holy Alliance?
531
533
Social Science Question 265
The four powers of the
Quadruple Alliance were
535
Social Science Question 266
Through what two means
did the European Congress System
aim to maintain the balance
of power in Europe?
537
Social Science Question 267
Social Science Question 268
How did the nature of Alexander I’s
policies change after the war of 1812?
What purpose did General Alexis
Arakcheev’s military settlements serve?
539
541
Social Science Question 269
Social Science Question 270
General Alexis Arakcheev’s military
settlements required women to
Why were General Alexis Arakcheev’s
military settlements a failure?
543
Social Science Question 271
The Decembrists were comprised of
545
Social Science Question 272
The Decembrists attempted to
occupy the Senate Square during the
547
Social Science Question 273
549
Social Science Question 274
Why was Alexander I’s brother
Grand Duke Constantine
ineligible for the throne?
551
How did Nicholas I view
the Decembrist revolt?
553
Social Science Question 275
Social Science Question 276
Why did Nicholas I establish
ad hoc committees?
Why were Nicholas I’s ad hoc
committees ineffective?
555
557
Social Science Question 277
Social Science Question 278
What function did
His Majesty’s Chancery play?
What made up the Third Department
of Nicholas I’s Chancery?
559
Social Science Question 279
What three values did the 1833 doctrine
of “Official Nationality” espouse?
561
Social Science Question 280
How was “Official Nationality”
significant in the development
of Russian identity?
563
Social Science Question 281
565
Social Science Question 282
What two policies did the
Tsar implement to promote
“Official Nationality”?
How did Nicholas I legitimize
“Official Nationality”?
567
Social Science Question 283
Why did Nicholas I’s reforms of
serfdom have little actual impact?
569
Social Science Question 284
What two commercial advantages
did Russia gain as a result of the
1828 war with Turkey?
571
Social Science Question 285
What two factors caused nationalist
unrest in Russia’s eastern territories
in 1830?
575
573
Social Science Question 286
The Crimean War began
because of disagreements over
577
Social Science Question 287
Social Science Question 288
What geopolitical considerations
motivated Nicholas I to enter
the Crimean War?
Which two territories did
Russia lose as a result of its
defeat in the Crimean War?
579
Social Science Question 289
Alexander II was also known as
583
Social Science Question 291
Why did serfdom pose an obstacle
to Russian agricultural expansion
by the 1850s?
581
Social Science Question 290
What did Alexander II observe that
confirmed his decision to end serfdom?
585
Social Science Question 292
How did Alexander II learn
about the conditions of Russian serfs?
587
Social Science Question 293
How did the Russian government
financially support serfdom during
Alexander II’s reign?
591
589
Social Science Question 294
What fraction of the Russian
population were serfs in the 1850s?
593
Social Science Question 295
Social Science Question 296
On what fraction of Russian serfs
did the state hold liens in the 1850s?
How did most Russian liberals
view serf emancipation in the 1800s?
595
Social Science Question 297
What policy of conscription was
introduced under Alexander II?
599
597
Social Science Question 298
Why was Alexander II’s policy
of universal conscription
politically popular?
601
Social Science Question 299
Social Science Question 300
Alexander II accompanied the
emancipation of serfs with a policy of
How did Alexander II ensure
support for serf emancipation?
603
605
Social Science Question 301
Social Science Question 302
How did the gentry respond
to Alexander II’s proposal
to emancipate the serfs?
Why did not all Russian serfs
benefit from the land
redistribution scheme in 1861?
607
609
Social Science Question 303
Social Science Question 304
Some Russian serfs took less land
than they were entitled to receive
upon emancipation in order to
What three problems confronted
Russian agriculture after the
redistribution of land in 1861?
611
613
Social Science Question 305
Social Science Question 306
How did the Russian state reduce
the impact of serf emancipation
on the gentry?
What three legal rights were
defendants granted under
Alexander II’s judicial reforms?
615
617
Social Science Question 307
Social Science Question 308
Which two institutions
comprised Alexander II’s zemstvo?
After the Crimean War, Alexander II
modernized Russia’s infrastructure by
619
621
Social Science Question 309
How did Alexander II respond to the
emergence of nationalist movements?
623
Social Science Question 310
Which area of the Russian empire was
subject to a more limited degree of
Russification under Alexander II?
625
Social Science Question 311
What did the radical group
Will of the People believe?
Social Science Question 312
Which two major changes in
European political boundaries occurred
during Alexander II’s reign?
627
Social Science Question 313
What motivated Russia to declare
against the Ottomans in 1877?
631
Social Science Question 315
The Russian empire absorbed the
Central Asian khanates under Tsar
629
Social Science Question 314
How did Russia’s war with the
Ottomans in 1877 alter
regional boundaries?
633
Social Science Question 316
How did the eastern border
of the Russian empire change
under Alexander II?
635
Social Science Question 317
What two forces undermined
the hegemony of the Russian
Orthodox Church in the 1800s?
639
Social Science Question 319
Prior to Alexander III’s counter-reforms,
Russian universities allowed women to
637
Social Science Question 318
The Temporary Regulations of 1881
were implemented to
641
Social Science Question 320
In 1885, what institution did
Alexander III create to manage
the gentry’s wealth?
643
645
Social Science Question 321
Social Science Question 322
Alexander III introduced
land captains to
How did Alexander III intensify
the policy of Russification?
647
649
Social Science Question 323
Social Science Question 324
How did Alexander III extend the
Orthodox Church’s influence?
The Russian state’s policy
towards pogroms was tacitly to
651
653
Social Science Question 325
Social Science Question 326
How did the Russian
public view Jewish pogroms?
What religious policy did Alexander III
adapt from the Ottomans?
655
657
Social Science Question 327
Social Science Question 328
Why did Alexander III avoid major
military conflicts during his reign?
The Three Emperors League
was formed between
659
Social Science Question 329
The Three Emperors League agreed to
663
661
Social Science Question 330
Why was the Three Emperors
League short-lived?
665
Social Science Question 331
Social Science Question 332
Why did Great Britain oppose Russian
expansion into south-central Asia?
In what three ways were non-Orthodox
Russians persecuted under Nicholas II?
667
Social Science Question 333
Sergei Witte served as Nicholas II’s
671
669
Social Science Question 334
What two economic activities
did Sergei Witte promote?
673
Social Science Question 335
Social Science Question 336
The Russian currency was first
tied to the gold standard under Tsar
What two policies did Sergei Witte
adopt with respect to foreign markets?
675
677
Social Science Question 337
Social Science Question 338
The two aims of the Hague Peace
Conference of 1899 were
What institution did the Hague Peace
Conference of 1899 establish?
679
681
Social Science Question 339
Social Science Question 340
What terms of agreement did Russia
negotiate with China over the
Trans-Siberian Railway?
For what two reasons did Russia
strengthen ties with China
under Nicholas II?
683
685
Social Science Question 341
Social Science Question 342
Which natural commodity
did Russia covet in Manchuria?
What two advantages strengthened
Japan in the Russo-Japanese War?
687
Social Science Question 343
What three problems hindered
the Russian army during
the Russo-Japanese War?
689
Social Science Question 344
Who brokered the Treaty of Portsmouth
between Russia and Japan in 1905?
691
Social Science Question 345
Which two social classes emerged
in Russian society shortly prior
to the 1905 revolution?
695
Social Science Question 347
The Bolsheviks’ first leader was
693
Social Science Question 346
The three major leftist groups
in Russia under Nicholas II were the
697
Social Science Question 348
How did the Mensheviks
differ from the Bolsheviks?
699
701
Social Science Question 349
Social Science Question 350
What form of government
did the Constitutional Democratic
Party support?
How did revolutionary groups
try to persuade Tsar Nicholas II
to undertake reforms?
703
705
Social Science Question 351
Social Science Question 352
From 1898 to 1905, Russian
revolutionaries enjoyed success in
What event provoked
the Bloody Sunday massacre?
707
709
Social Science Question 353
Social Science Question 354
Nicholas II issued the
October Manifesto in response to
What did the
October Manifesto promise?
711
Social Science Question 355
How did the revolutionaries react
to the October Manifesto?
713
Social Science Question 356
What was the legal foundation
of the constitutional monarchy
under Nicholas II?
715
Social Science Question 357
Why was the balance of power between
Tsar Nicholas II and the duma weighted
in the Tsar’s favor?
719
717
Social Science Question 358
The two chambers of the Russian
legislature under Nicholas II were
721
Social Science Question 359
Social Science Question 360
For which two types of legislation
was the Duma responsible?
What was the ideological composition
of the first Duma in May 1906?
723
Social Science Question 361
Why were the lawmakers
of the first Duma ineffective?
727
725
Social Science Question 362
How did the radical leftists’ attitude
towards the Duma change between
the first and second elections?
729
Social Science Question 363
Social Science Question 364
Why did the 1907 elections for the
Duma result in a victory for the right?
How did the composition
of Duma change after 1907?
731
733
Social Science Question 365
Social Science Question 366
What organization was responsible
for the assassination of the Austrian
Archduke Francis Ferdinand?
How was Russia geographically
isolated from its Western European
allies in World War I?
735
737
Social Science Question 367
Social Science Question 368
What was
Grigori Rasputin’s occupation?
Grigori Rasputin gained influence over
Nicholas II through his ties with
739
Social Science Question 369
What group was responsible
for Grigori Rasputin’s murder?
743
741
Social Science Question 370
Which two Tsars were most
responsible for Russia’s
modernization and liberalization?
745
Social Science Question 371
Social Science Question 372
The three major historiographical
interpretations of the 1917
Russian revolution are the
Which aspect of the 1917
Russian revolution does the liberal
interpretation emphasize?
747
749
Social Science Question 373
Social Science Question 374
According to the libertarian viewpoint,
what was the primary driving force
of the 1917 Russian revolution?
How was Russian participation
in World War I initially
received domestically?
751
Social Science Question 375
What percentage of the Russian army
was killed, wounded, or captured
during World War I?
753
Social Science Question 376
How did World War I
affect Russia’s economy?
755
Social Science Question 377
St. Petersburg demonstrators
in 1917 demanded
759
757
Social Science Question 378
For what two reasons did Russian
soldiers refuse to use violence
against protestors in 1917?
761
Social Science Question 379
Social Science Question 380
Why did the Russian government
quickly fall apart in the face of the
St. Petersburg protests and military
defiance in 1917?
How did the Russian government
respond to the refusal of Russian
troops to disperse St. Petersburg
protestors in 1917?
763
765
Social Science Question 381
Social Science Question 382
Who did Nicholas II name
as his successor as Tsar?
The Prime Minister of the
Russian Provisional Government was
767
Social Science Question 383
The Provisional Government attempted
to unite Russian society by making the
central government more accessible to
769
Social Science Question 384
What two labor rights did the
Provisional Government institute?
771
773
Social Science Question 385
Social Science Question 386
The Provisional Government reformed
the local governmental structure by
replacing governors with
Why did local Russian government
remain ineffective despite the
Provisional Government’s reforms?
775
777
Social Science Question 387
Social Science Question 388
Why did the Provisional Government
fundamentally lack legitimacy?
What body convened in June 1917 to
represent workers throughout Russia?
779
781
Social Science Question 389
The Petrograd Soviet’s Order
Number 1 stipulated that
military units should be run by
783
Social Science Question 390
What was the effect of the
Petrograd Soviet’s Order Number 1?
785
Social Science Question 391
Social Science Question 392
Why did the “July days”
uprising of 1917 fail?
Who replaced Lvov as head
of the Provisional Government?
787
Social Science Question 393
Which three interest groups coalesced
behind General Kornilov’s leadership?
791
789
Social Science Question 394
General Kornilov’s main reason
for opposing the Provisional
Government was to restore
793
Social Science Question 395
Social Science Question 396
How did Kerensky react to
Kornilov’s march on Petrograd?
How did the Kornilov affair undermine
Kerensky’s standing with the left?
795
797
Social Science Question 397
Social Science Question 398
Lenin did not participate in the Russian
revolution until October 1917 because
How did Bolshevik policy change
after Lenin’s return to Russia?
799
Social Science Question 399
How did the Bolsheviks overthrow
the Provisional Government
in October 1917?
801
Social Science Question 400
Why did the scientific approach of
Communism appeal to so many people?
803
805
Social Science Question 401
Social Science Question 402
What social context
informed Marx’s work?
How did Marx and other social theorists
view the Industrial Revolution’s effects?
807
Social Science Question 403
Why did Marx believe other responses
to the crises of industrial capitalism
were inadequate?
809
Social Science Question 404
The basic thesis of historical
materialism is that
811
813
Social Science Question 405
Social Science Question 406
What role does the individual
play in Marxist theory?
Marxist theory fails to explain
how society moves from
815
817
Social Science Question 407
Social Science Question 408
What philosophical theory serves
as the basis for historical materialism?
The three components
of Hegelian dialectic are
819
821
Social Science Question 409
Social Science Question 410
What comprises the
superstructure in Marxist theory?
According to Marx,
the superstructure exists to
823
825
Social Science Question 411
Social Science Question 412
What theory did Marx use to explain
the contradiction of capitalism?
How do capitalists exploit workers,
according to Marxist theory?
827
829
Social Science Question 413
Social Science Question 414
What stage of production precedes
capitalism, according to Marxist theory?
When did communal ownership first
emerge, according to Marxist theory?
831
Social Science Question 415
According to Marxism,
the primary basis of production
in tribal societies was
833
Social Science Question 416
What conflict does socialism create,
according to Marxist theory?
835
Social Science Question 417
837
Social Science Question 418
How does socialism
evolve into communism,
according to Marxist theory?
839
What labor structure
characterizes communism?
841
Social Science Question 419
Social Science Question 420
Marx believed that human suffering was
fundamentally caused by the belief that
According to Marxist theory,
socialist revolutions could only occur in
843
845
Social Science Question 421
Social Science Question 422
How did Lenin propose to overcome
Russia’s underdevelopment during
the socialist revolution?
Lenin compensated for the
elitist character of vanguard
revolutionaries through the
847
Social Science Question 423
What did democratic centralism
in Communist Russia entail?
849
Social Science Question 424
Lenin believed that final decisions
of the socialist state should
be received and implemented
851
853
Social Science Question 425
Why did Lenin believe
non-industrialized colonies
were ripe for revolution?
855
Social Science Question 427
Global socialist revolution would have
benefited early Bolshevik Russia by
Social Science Question 426
How did Lenin propose to spread
socialist revolution globally?
857
Social Science Question 428
Marx believed that international
socialist revolution would
occur only when
859
Social Science Question 429
What was Lenin’s family background?
863
861
Social Science Question 430
Lenin’s political radicalization
was brought about by the
865
Social Science Question 431
Social Science Question 432
What social democratic organization
did Lenin found in 1895?
Why did Lenin adopt his
nom de guerre?
867
869
Social Science Question 433
Lenin’s major political treatise was
871
Social Science Question 434
What was the political composition
of the Constituent Assembly
in January 1918?
873
Social Science Question 435
Social Science Question 436
How did Lenin eliminate
the Constituent Assembly
as a political force?
Why did peace negotiations
between Russia and Germany
fall through in early 1918?
875
Social Science Question 437
Who was responsible for rejecting the
German terms of peace in early 1918?
879
Social Science Question 439
Russia’s surrender to Germany’s
peace terms in 1918 resulted in the
877
Social Science Question 438
Why did Lenin reverse Russia’s
rejection of Germany’s peace terms
in March 1918?
881
Social Science Question 440
How did the Bolsheviks obtain
resources for the state following
the October Revolution?
883
885
Social Science Question 441
Social Science Question 442
How did the Bolsheviks suppress
the Russian Orthodox Church
after the October Revolution?
What organization did the
Bolsheviks create to root out
counterrevolutionaries?
887
889
Social Science Question 443
Social Science Question 444
War Communism drew
on the example of
Production under War Communism
was managed by
891
893
Social Science Question 445
Social Science Question 446
What two labor restrictions
did War Communism impose?
How were goods allocated
under War Communism?
895
897
Social Science Question 447
How did peasants react
to War Communism?
Social Science Question 448
The implementation of
War Communism caused
industrial workers to
899
Social Science Question 449
What two reasons led to the
creation of a black market under
War Communism?
903
Social Science Question 451
What three types of political sabotage
did the White Russians encourage?
901
Social Science Question 450
The Russian Volunteer Army was
formed in late December 1917 to
905
Social Science Question 452
Why were the White Russians initially
unsuccessful in undermining the
Bolsheviks in peripheral regions?
907
Social Science Question 453
After the October Revolution,
Nicholas II and the royal family were
placed under house arrest in
911
909
Social Science Question 454
Why did Lenin order the execution of
the Romanovs on July 18, 1918?
913
Social Science Question 455
Social Science Question 456
The role of foreign powers in the
Russian Civil War was limited to
Why did Poland invade
Russia in April 1920?
915
Social Science Question 457
What was the outcome of the
Russian-Polish war of 1920-1921?
919
Social Science Question 459
Why did most national attempts to
declare independence from Russia fail?
917
Social Science Question 458
Which four countries successfully
declared independence from
Russia in 1917?
921
Social Science Question 460
What prevented the White Russians
from undertaking a focused effort
to overthrow the Bolsheviks?
923
925
Social Science Question 461
Social Science Question 462
Why did foreign parties not
play a significant role in the
Russian Civil War?
What three weaknesses
hindered nationalist movements
during the Russian Civil War?
927
929
Social Science Question 463
Social Science Question 464
What were the three main elements
of the Whites’ political program?
Why did moderates eventually support
the Bolsheviks in the Russian civil war?
931
933
Social Science Question 465
Social Science Question 466
Which four soviets comprised
the Soviet Union in 1922?
For what two reasons did Lenin
propose the New Economic Policy?
935
Social Science Question 467
Over what two areas of the economy
did the Russian government retain
control under the NEP?
937
Social Science Question 468
Instead of requisitioning
agricultural produce, the NEP
939
941
Social Science Question 469
Social Science Question 470
The NEP led to an expansion
in the class of
Small business owners were
known in Communist Russia as
943
945
Social Science Question 471
Stalin originated from
Social Science Question 472
Where was Stalin
educated as a teenager?
947
949
Social Science Question 473
Social Science Question 474
Stalin took part in early Caucasian
Bolshevik movements through
Stalin’s pseudonym means
951
Social Science Question 475
Why did Stalin choose his pseudonym?
953
Social Science Question 476
What four personal qualities
made Stalin valuable to the
Bolshevik leadership?
955
Social Science Question 477
How was Stalin unlike the other major
figures in the Bolshevik leadership?
959
Social Science Question 479
For what two reasons was the
global spread of communism unlikely
in early Communist Russia?
957
Social Science Question 478
Why was Leon Trotsky
considered the most radically
leftist Communist leader?
961
Social Science Question 480
Who was the main ideological opponent
of Trotsky following Lenin’s death?
963
Social Science Question 481
965
Social Science Question 482
What did Nicholas Bukharin believe
should be the Soviet Union’s short-term
strategy following Lenin’s death?
967
Stalin’s policy of socialism
in one country entailed
969
Social Science Question 483
Social Science Question 484
How did Stalin deal with his
opponents after he seized power?
The Politburo was the
shortened name for
971
973
Social Science Question 485
Social Science Question 486
Why did Stalin oppose Lenin’s NEP?
Stalin replaced Lenin’s NEP with
975
977
Social Science Question 487
Social Science Question 488
What two economic roles did the
state play in Stalin’s five-year plans?
Stalin’s five-year plans
were generated by the
979
981
Social Science Question 489
Social Science Question 490
Why is published data on the
outcomes of the Soviet Union’s
five-year plans unreliable?
Which two sectors of the
Soviet economy did the first
Five-Year Plan emphasize?
983
985
Social Science Question 491
Social Science Question 492
Why did Stalin think industrialization
was ideologically necessary?
The first Five-Year Plan introduced
the agricultural policy of
987
Social Science Question 493
The two types of collective farms
in the Soviet Union were the
991
989
Social Science Question 494
How were sovkhozy organized?
993
Social Science Question 495
Social Science Question 496
The sovkhozy mainly produced
Kolkhozy were owned by
995
997
Social Science Question 497
Social Science Question 498
How did kolkhozy obtain
agricultural equipment?
How were kolkhoz
surpluses distributed?
999
Social Science Question 499
How far were the first Five-Year Plan’s
industrial production goals met?
1001
Social Science Question 500
Why was the first Five-Year Plan
not a complete success despite the
increased volume of production?
1003
Social Science Question 501
Why did the failure of a single sector or
factory have a large effect on industrial
production under the Five-Year Plans?
1007
1005
Social Science Question 502
What two factors caused a famine
in Russia from 1931 to 1933?
1009
Social Science Question 503
Social Science Question 504
Stalin used the 1931 famine
to his own advantage by
How did Soviet citizens
respond to collectivization?
1011
Social Science Question 505
Why did the second Five-Year Plan focus
on balancing production cycles?
1015
1013
Social Science Question 506
What two improvements in
industrial production did the second
Five-Year Plan aim to achieve?
1017
Social Science Question 507
Social Science Question 508
How did the second Five-Year Plan
intend to increase compliance
and productivity?
How did the second
Five-Year Plan encourage women
to enter the workforce?
1019
1021
Social Science Question 509
Social Science Question 510
Why did the Soviet Union perform
well relative to the world economy
under the second Five-Year Plan?
Under the third Five-Year Plan,
the focus of industrial growth
was shifted to
1023
1025
Social Science Question 511
Social Science Question 512
Why did a Soviet black market emerge
under Stalin’s five-year plans?
Under Stalin’s five-year plans, women
had to bear the double burden of
1027
Social Science Question 513
1029
Social Science Question 514
How were kulaks treated under Stalin?
What fraction of all individuals resettled
under Stalin’s five-year plans died or
disappeared in the process?
1031
1033
Social Science Question 515
What event triggered the Great Purge?
Social Science Question 516
How did Stalin handle the assassination
of Sergei Kirov in December 1934?
1035
1037
Social Science Question 517
Social Science Question 518
What group was the initial
target of the Great Purge?
How did Stalin eliminate
Trotsky during the Great Purge?
1039
Social Science Question 519
Four prominent Bolshevik
leaders purged by Stalin were
1041
Social Science Question 520
What percentage of Bolsheviks
was removed from office during
the Great Purge?
1043
1045
Social Science Question 521
Social Science Question 522
The two state organs created
to execute the Great Purge were
Stalin’s Article 58 was a
collection of laws outlining
1047
1049
Social Science Question 523
Social Science Question 524
Why did Stalin extend the
Great Purge to the military?
What sector of the general population
did the Great Purge target in particular?
1051
1053
Social Science Question 525
Social Science Question 526
Stalin ensured purges of the
general population were sufficiently
thorough by imposing
Approximately how many
Soviet citizens were arrested or
disappeared during the Great Purge?
1055
Social Science Question 527
What two purposes did the 1936
Soviet constitution serve?
1057
Social Science Question 528
How did the 1936 Soviet
constitution differ in emphasis
from the 1924 constitution?
1059
Social Science Question 529
What political right did the 1936 Soviet
constitution extend to all individuals?
1063
1061
Social Science Question 530
How did the 1936 Soviet constitution
circumscribe the political rights
of Soviet citizens?
1065
Social Science Question 531
Social Science Question 532
The eleven Soviet Socialist
Republics were
How did the 1936 Soviet constitution
recognize national and ethnic minorities?
1067
Social Science Question 533
1069
Social Science Question 534
What two bodies made up the
legislative arm of government under
the 1936 Soviet constitution?
1071
Social Science Question 535
Seats in the Soviet of Nationalities
were allocated according to
How were seats in the
Union Soviet allocated?
1073
Social Science Question 536
What function did the
Soviet Union’s Council of the
People’s Commissars serve?
1075
Social Science Question 537
In response to the Nazi threat,
Stalin first attempted to ally with
1079
1077
Social Science Question 538
For what two reasons did the British
and French reject Stalin’s proposal
for a mutual assistance pact?
1081
Social Science Question 539
Social Science Question 540
On August 23, 1939, the Soviet Union
and Germany signed the
What did the secret protocol of the
Soviet Union-Nazi alliance stipulate?
1083
Social Science Question 541
How did the Soviet Union respond
to Germany’s invasion of Poland
in September 1939?
1087
1085
Social Science Question 542
Which two Finnish territories did the
Soviet Union annex in March 1940?
1089
Social Science Question 543
Social Science Question 544
Following Germany’s invasion of
Poland, Stalin entered a mutual
assistance pact with
The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic
was created in 1940 from the
two territories of
1091
Social Science Question 545
The German invasion of the
Soviet Union on June 22, 1941
was codenamed
1095
1093
Social Science Question 546
Why was Stalin surprised by Hitler’s
invasion of the Soviet Union?
1097
Social Science Question 547
Social Science Question 548
What mistake did Stalin make
in his immediate reaction
to the Nazi invasion?
Which country supported the
northern prong of Germany’s
Operation Barbarossa?
1099
1101
Social Science Question 549
Social Science Question 550
Why did the Nazi invasion of the
Soviet Union stall in the north?
Which three major Soviet cities did
Nazi armies reach by the end of 1941?
1103
1105
Social Science Question 551
Social Science Question 552
For what three reasons was the
Soviet Union able to resist defeat in the
first phase of Operation Barbarossa?
How did the Germany change its
invasion tactic in the Soviet Union
in the summer of 1942?
1107
1109
Social Science Question 553
Social Science Question 554
Why were Soviet forces able to
regroup and launch a counteroffensive
against Germany in late 1942?
By December 1943, the Soviet
counteroffensive had pushed
the frontline back into
1111
Social Science Question 555
Germany launched a third offensive
in summer 1943 aimed at
1113
Social Science Question 556
How were Soviet forces initially
received in the eastern-central
European states they occupied?
1115
1117
Social Science Question 557
Social Science Question 558
Which two Axis powers defected to the
Allies with the arrival of Soviet forces?
Which five east-central European
capitals did the Soviets liberate?
1119
1121
Social Science Question 559
Social Science Question 560
The Soviets only entered the
Pacific war in 1945 after
What advantage did the Soviets gain by
declaring war on Japan in August 1945?
1123
Social Science Question 561
In what two ways did dissent
within the Soviet Union manifest
itself during World War II?
1127
Social Science Question 563
What positive outcome did
Soviet participation and victory
in World War II achieve?
1125
Social Science Question 562
How many casualties did the
Soviet Union suffer in World War II?
1129
Social Science Question 564
Which group did Stalin’s purges target
immediately after World War II?
1131
1133
Social Science Question 565
Social Science Question 566
After World War II, Stalin initiated
a post-war propaganda campaign against
Stalin attributed the quality
of ‘rootless cosmopolitan’ to
1135
Social Science Question 567
In what two ways were
Jews discriminated against in
post-World War II Soviet Union?
1137
Social Science Question 568
What social class did Stalin target as a
source of dissent after World War II?
1139
1141
Social Science Question 569
Social Science Question 570
During the rebuilding of destroyed
cities and towns, the fourth
Five-Year Plan aimed to
How did the fourth Five-Year Plan
fund improvements in living conditions
for Soviet citizens?
1143
Social Science Question 571
What external factor enabled the
high domestic growth rates of the
fourth Five-Year Plan?
1145
Social Science Question 572
Economic growth rates during the
fourth Five-Year Plan were distributed
1147
Social Science Question 573
In what two areas did the fifth
Five-Year Plan extend on the
previous plan?
1151
1149
Social Science Question 574
The two major conferences of the Allied
leaders of World War II were held at
1153
Social Science Question 575
Social Science Question 576
How did the Allied leaders agree to deal
with Germany at the Yalta Conference?
At the Yalta conference,
Stalin demanded a
1155
1157
Social Science Question 577
Social Science Question 578
What concession did Stalin
make to secure his demands
at the Yalta conference?
In what two ways did Stalin renege
on his promises at Yalta prior to the
Potsdam conference?
1159
Social Science Question 579
How were the arrangements for
occupying Germany altered at the
Potsdam Conference?
1161
Social Science Question 580
What two new demands did Stalin
make at the Potsdam Conference?
1163
Social Science Question 581
Stalin responded to the Marshall Plan’s
offer of aid to Europe by
1167
Social Science Question 583
How did Stalin manage trade
within the eastern bloc?
1165
Social Science Question 582
What three means did Stalin
use to secure Soviet influence
in east-central Europe?
1169
Social Science Question 584
The Warsaw Pact was a
1171
Social Science Question 585
What prompted Stalin to create
the Warsaw Pact in 1955?
1175
Social Science Question 587
How did Soviet propaganda campaigns
change after Stalin’s death?
1173
Social Science Question 586
After the death of Stalin, the political
regime in the Soviet Union could be
best describe as
1177
Social Science Question 588
Why did major propaganda
campaigns cease in the Soviet Union
after Stalin’s tenure?
1179
1181
Social Science Question 589
Social Science Question 590
To what social class did
Nikita Khrushchev’s family belong?
Nikita Khrushchev originally
learned the trade of
1183
1185
Social Science Question 591
Social Science Question 592
In what political activity did
Nikita Khrushchev engage
during World War I?
With which Communist faction
did Khrushchev ally himself
during the 1917 revolution?
1187
1189
Social Science Question 593
Social Science Question 594
After Lenin’s death,
Khrushchev allied himself with
How was Khrushchev
involved in Stalin’s purges?
1191
1193
Social Science Question 595
Khrushchev earned
his Order of Lenin for
Social Science Question 596
Who became party secretary and
Prime Minister immediately
after Stalin’s death?
1195
Social Science Question 597
Lavrentiy Beria’s position
under Stalin was
1199
1197
Social Science Question 598
Which two Soviet leaders did
Malenkov pass over for the
position of party secretary?
1201
Social Science Question 599
Social Science Question 600
How did Khrushchev eliminate
Beria as a political threat?
Who became Prime Minister after
Malenkov resigned in February 1955?
1203
Social Science Question 601
How did Khrushchev signal
a break with Stalin’s policies?
1207
1205
Social Science Question 602
Khrushchev avoided criticizing the
Soviet Union or Communist Party
during his denunciation of Stalin
by suggesting that
1209
Social Science Question 603
Social Science Question 604
Why did Khrushchev’s denunciation
of Stalin reinforce his political power?
Why did Khrushchev become
Prime Minister in 1958?
1211
Social Science Question 605
Why did the sixth Five-Year Plan fail?
1215
1213
Social Science Question 606
Why did the seventh Five-Year Plan
recalibrate the Soviet economic system?
1217
Social Science Question 607
Social Science Question 608
What sector of industrial production
did the seventh Five-Year Plan focus on?
How did the seventh Five-Year Plan
expand the welfare state?
1219
Social Science Question 609
How did Khrushchev’s democratization
of the Central Committee benefit his
interests?
1223
Social Science Question 611
For what two reasons was the
scope of Khrushchev’s “thaw”
limited in practice?
1221
Social Science Question 610
Khrushchev’s “thaw” entailed
relaxing restrictions on
1225
Social Science Question 612
What crop did Khrushchev attempt to
introduce to Soviet agriculture?
1227
1229
Social Science Question 613
Social Science Question 614
Why did Khrushchev initiate
his Virgin Lands campaign?
Khrushchev reformed the
education system to emphasize
1231
1233
Social Science Question 615
Sputnik I was the
Social Science Question 616
In what type of military conflicts
did the Soviet Union become
involved under Khrushchev?
1235
1237
Social Science Question 617
Social Science Question 618
Thermonuclear warfare nearly
erupted in 1962 as a result of
Who was the Polish party secretary
during Khrushchev’s tenure?
1239
Social Science Question 619
What two reasons prompted
Polish strikes in October 1956?
1241
Social Science Question 620
How did Gomulka persuade the
Soviets not to intervene in the
1956 Polish uprising?
1243
Social Science Question 621
The Soviet decision not to interfere in
the 1956 Polish uprising triggered
1247
Social Science Question 623
For what two reasons did
Khrushchev face opposition within
the Communist Party?
1245
Social Science Question 622
What development in the
Hungarian 1956 uprising prompted
Soviet intervention?
1249
Social Science Question 624
Why did Khrushchev
resign in October 1964?
1251
1253
Social Science Question 625
Social Science Question 626
What reason did Khrushchev give
for resigning in October 1964?
After completing basic military
training, Brezhnev worked as
1255
Social Science Question 627
Who did Brezhnev appoint
as Prime Minister?
1257
Social Science Question 628
Brezhnev’s leadership style was
1259
Social Science Question 629
In what two ways did Brezhnev publicly
promote a cult of personality?
1263
Social Science Question 631
What was the main purpose
of the Brezhnev Constitution?
1261
Social Science Question 630
The Brezhnev Constitution declared
that socialism in the Soviet Union
1265
Social Science Question 632
The Brezhnev Constitution
provided for extensive individual
rights in accordance with
1267
Social Science Question 633
What was Brezhnev’s attitude
towards Khrushchev’s policies?
1271
1269
Social Science Question 634
In what three ways did Brezhnev
use propaganda to suppress
dissident actions?
1273
Social Science Question 635
Social Science Question 636
Samizdat emerged during the tenure of
Samizdat was
1275
Social Science Question 637
How was samizdat distributed?
1279
Social Science Question 639
How did the priorities of the party
elite change after Stalin’s tenure?
1277
Social Science Question 638
The elite class of Soviet politicians
and bureaucrats was known as the
1281
Social Science Question 640
What was the role of Marxist
ideology in the post-Stalin
nomenklatura’s decisions?
1283
Social Science Question 641
The lifestyle of the Soviet
nomenklatura was characterized by
1287
1285
Social Science Question 642
Which five-year plan saw the
beginning of an economic downturn
in the Soviet Union?
1289
Social Science Question 643
Social Science Question 644
Why was the ninth Five-Year Plan a
marked departure from previous plans?
What two international events hurt the
Soviet economy in the 1970s?
1291
Social Science Question 645
How did the Soviet Union obtain sufficient
supplies of food during the 1970s drought?
1295
1293
Social Science Question 646
In what two ways did Brezhnev
attempt to overcome the Soviet Union’s
economic stagnation?
1297
Social Science Question 647
Social Science Question 648
What three qualities of Soviet workers
hindered Brezhnev’s efforts to spur
economic growth?
Why was there a shortage of funding
for Soviet Union consumer markets
in the 1970s?
1299
1301
Social Science Question 649
Social Science Question 650
What foreign policy victory did the
Soviet Union achieve under Brezhnev?
Why did second-strike nuclear
capabilities act as a deterrent?
1303
1305
Social Science Question 651
Social Science Question 652
What new foreign policy approach
was adopted by the United States and
the Soviet Union in the 1970s?
The first sign of détente between
the United States and the Soviet Union
in the 1970s was the
1307
1309
Social Science Question 653
Social Science Question 654
The 1969 Strategic Arms
Limitation Talks aimed to
What treaty did Nixon and
Brezhnev sign in 1972?
1311
1313
Social Science Question 655
Social Science Question 656
To what two conditions did signatories
to the Helsinki Accords agree?
The Helsinki Accords
prompted the formation of
1315
Social Science Question 657
Two major dissident movements
in the eastern bloc were
1319
Social Science Question 659
Why was the SALT II treaty
never ratified?
1317
Social Science Question 658
What did the SALT II treaty
between the United States and
the Soviet Union stipulate?
1321
Social Science Question 660
The rebels against the
Communist Afghanistan regime
in 1979 were comprised of
1323
Social Science Question 661
Why did the Soviet Union intervene
in Afghanistan in 1979?
1327
Social Science Question 663
How was the Soviet war in
Afghanistan resolved?
1325
Social Science Question 662
The US demonstrated its opposition
to the Soviet Union’s involvement in
Afghanistan by boycotting
1329
Social Science Question 664
The Prague Spring was initiated by
1331
1333
Social Science Question 665
Social Science Question 666
What was Brezhnev’s initial
response to the Prague Spring?
How did the Soviet Union
suppress the Prague Spring?
1335
Social Science Question 667
Who replaced Alexander Dubček
following the suppression
of the Prague Spring?
1337
Social Science Question 668
Husák’s policy of repression after
the Prague Spring was known as
1339
1341
Social Science Question 669
Social Science Question 670
The Brezhnev Doctrine stated that
Charter 77 was led by
1343
Social Science Question 671
Who was the leader of Solidarity?
1345
Social Science Question 672
Solidarity came to prominence
in 1980 when it held
1347
Social Science Question 673
For what two reasons did
Solidarity pose a direct threat
to the Polish state and party?
1351
Social Science Question 675
What two problems did Soviet
workers face as a result of slowing
economic growth by the 1980s?
1349
Social Science Question 674
How did the Polish regime
respond to Solidarity?
1353
Social Science Question 676
Before becoming General Secretary,
Yuri Andropov served as
1355
Social Science Question 677
For what two major accomplishments
was Andropov known prior to
becoming General Secretary?
1359
1357
Social Science Question 678
How did Andropov differ from other
members of the Soviet nomenklatura?
1361
Social Science Question 679
Social Science Question 680
What did Andropov see as the root
causes of the Soviet Union’s decline?
In what three ways did Andropov respond
to growing social unrest and strikes?
1363
1365
Social Science Question 681
Social Science Question 682
Andropov responded to Soviet
setbacks in the Afghanistan war by
How was the Afghanistan conflict
received by the Soviet public?
1367
Social Science Question 683
What two decisions demonstrated
Andropov’s belligerence
in foreign policy?
1369
Social Science Question 684
How did Ronald Reagan describe
the Soviet Union under Andropov?
1371
1373
Social Science Question 685
Why was Andropov’s tenure
only fifteen months long?
1375
Social Science Question 686
Who succeeded Yuri Andropov?
1377
Social Science Question 687
Konstantin Chernenko’s
political patron was
Social Science Question 688
In what two ways did Chernenko
attempt to improve workers’
living and working conditions?
1379
1381
Social Science Question 689
Instability and lack of vision within
the Communist Party in the
early 1980s was visible in
1383
Social Science Question 690
Mikhail Gorbachev came
from a family of
1385
Social Science Question 691
Social Science Question 692
What profession was
Gorbachev trained in?
Why did Gorbachev’s youth
differentiate him from his predecessors?
1387
Social Science Question 693
The Russian terms for Gorbachev’s
three major reform initiatives were
1391
1389
Social Science Question 694
What was the goal of perestroika?
1393
Social Science Question 695
Social Science Question 696
Gorbachev’s Law on
State Enterprise served to
What did Gorbachev’s
Law on Cooperatives legalize?
1395
Social Science Question 697
For the first time in the Soviet Union’s
existence, perestroika allowed
1399
1397
Social Science Question 698
For what two reasons did Gorbachev
open up the Soviet Union’s economy
to foreign investment?
1401
Social Science Question 699
Social Science Question 700
What political reform did Gorbachev
implement under perestroika?
Gorbachev hoped that glasnost
would benefit the Soviet Union by
1403
Social Science Question 701
How did Gorbachev hope glasnost
would affect the Communist Party?
1407
Social Science Question 703
Why did perestroika have effects
on the economy that Gorbachev
had not desired?
1405
Social Science Question 702
What initial move did Gorbachev
make towards democratizing the
Soviet Union’s political processes?
1409
Social Science Question 704
For what two reasons did tax revenues
decline under perestroika?
1411
1413
Social Science Question 705
Social Science Question 706
Perestroika caused the
Soviet currency to
How did the state media
respond to glasnost?
1415
Social Science Question 707
Why did new media forms begin
to emerge under glasnost?
1417
Social Science Question 708
What threat to the Soviet Union’s
national unity emerged during
the glasnost era?
1419
Social Science Question 709
Protests in the Baltic and Caucasus
republics from 1986 to 1988
opposed the
1423
1421
Social Science Question 710
How was demokratizatsiya
extended in 1990?
1425
Social Science Question 711
Social Science Question 712
How did Gorbachev signal his openness
to international cooperation?
What was Gorbachev’s attitude
towards the US?
1427
Social Science Question 713
The Soviet Union withdrew from
Afghanistan under the leadership of
1431
Social Science Question 715
What implication did Gorbachev’s
Sinatra Doctrine have for east-central
European Communist parties?
1429
Social Science Question 714
Gorbachev’s Sinatra Doctrine
signaled that
1433
Social Science Question 716
Which European Communist regime
was violently overthrown in the 1990s?
1435
1437
Social Science Question 717
Social Science Question 718
How did the Soviet Communist Party
fare in regional elections in early 1990?
Which two Soviet republics demanded
complete independence in late 1990?
1439
1441
Social Science Question 719
Social Science Question 720
How did Gorbachev suppress
nationalist demands for
independence in January 1991?
What concession did Gorbachev
make to nationalist independence
movements in 1991?
1443
Social Science Question 721
The 1991 referendum on the Soviet
Union’s borders was boycotted by
1447
1445
Social Science Question 722
What was the electoral outcome
of the 1991 referendum on the
Soviet Union’s borders?
1449
Social Science Question 723
Social Science Question 724
What did the new Soviet constitution
drafted in 1991 entail?
What group carried out the
August 1991 coup against Gorbachev?
1451
1453
Social Science Question 725
Social Science Question 726
How did Muscovites react to the
coup against Gorbachev?
Who was elected Russian President
in 1991?
1455
1457
Social Science Question 727
Social Science Question 728
What dramatic gesture of defiance did
Yeltsin make during the 1991 coup?
How were the leaders of the
1991 Soviet coup dealt with?
1459
1461
Social Science Question 729
Social Science Question 730
In the aftermath of the 1991 Soviet
coup, the entire Politburo was
Why did several minor players in the
1991 Soviet coup commit suicide?
1463
Social Science Question 731
Why did the August 1991 coup
ultimately harm Gorbachev?
1465
Social Science Question 732
Which two Soviet republics had
declared their independence prior
to the August 1991 coup?
1467
Social Science Question 733
How did Gorbachev attempt to retain
control over the process of dissolution
of the Soviet Union in 1991?
1471
Social Science Question 735
The Commonwealth of Independent
States prescribed cooperation
on matters of
1469
Social Science Question 734
Which three countries comprised the
Commonwealth of Independent States?
1473
Social Science Question 736
What are the two major components
of democratic transition?
1475
Social Science Question 737
Liberalization preceding
enfranchisement was the model
of democratization practiced in
1479
Social Science Question 739
Why is simultaneous liberalization
and inclusivity in non-democratic
regimes risky?
1477
Social Science Question 738
Which process of democratization
tends to produce authoritarian states?
1481
Social Science Question 740
Russia was a full autocracy before
the fall of the Soviet Union except
1483
Social Science Question 741
Anocracy is characterized by
1487
Social Science Question 743
Anocracies tend to be
autocratic in the two aspects of
1485
Social Science Question 742
Which two aspects of democracy
tend to be present in an anocracy?
1489
Social Science Question 744
Why did Russia’s lack of
prior democratic experience
hinder its democratization?
1491
Social Science Question 745
The territorial disintegration of the
Soviet Union led to a national
1495
Social Science Question 747
Why was Yeltsin’s approach
to handling the transition to
democracy unsuccessful?
1493
Social Science Question 746
How did Russian leaders initially
handle the different levels of
transition to democracy?
1497
Social Science Question 748
How did Vladimir Putin change
Russia’s approach to democratization?
1499
Social Science Question 749
What personal experience contributed
to Yeltsin’s opposition to the
Communist Party?
1503
1501
Social Science Question 750
In university, Yeltsin studied
1505
Social Science Question 751
Social Science Question 752
Why did Yeltsin join the
Communist party in 1968?
What position did Yeltsin hold at the
beginning of Gorbachev’s reforms?
1507
1509
Social Science Question 753
Social Science Question 754
How was Yeltsin viewed within the
party during Gorbachev’s tenure?
For what two reasons did Yeltsin
prove popular with the public?
1511
1513
Social Science Question 755
Social Science Question 756
What percentage of the vote did
Yeltsin capture in the 1991
presidential elections?
In designing his economic
reforms, Yeltsin drew on the
advice of the economist
1515
1517
Social Science Question 757
Social Science Question 758
‘Shock therapy’ reforms
primarily aim to
What three economic measures does
‘shock therapy’ prescribe?
1519
1521
Social Science Question 759
Social Science Question 760
How did ‘shock therapy’
overcome economic stagnation?
What two outcomes did
‘shock therapy’ hope to achieve?
1523
Social Science Question 761
The two distinguishing characteristics
of ‘shock therapy’ reform that
Yeltsin ignored were
1527
Social Science Question 763
What method did Yeltsin use to
privatize state-owned resources?
1525
Social Science Question 762
How did Yeltsin’s reforms differ
from standard ‘shock therapy’?
1529
Social Science Question 764
Many Russian citizens made
poor use of their privatization
vouchers by buying shares in
1531
1533
Social Science Question 765
Social Science Question 766
Why did Yeltsin’s voucher program
for privatization fail to ensure
public participation?
Why did Yeltsin’s voucher program
for privatization lose credibility
with the public?
1535
Social Science Question 767
In what two ways did the Soviet
state intervene in the
consumer goods market?
1537
Social Science Question 768
Yeltsin devalued the
Russian currency by
1539
Social Science Question 769
The removal of price controls
in Russia under Yeltsin led to
1543
Social Science Question 771
Russian citizens facing financial
hardship in the 1990s were unable
to fall back on the state because
1541
Social Science Question 770
What exacerbated the hyperinflation
caused by the removal of
price controls under Yeltsin?
1545
Social Science Question 772
Why did Yeltsin’s economy reforms
exacerbate class inequality?
1547
1549
Social Science Question 773
Social Science Question 774
How did Russia’s ‘shock therapy’
policies affect the development
of its class structure?
The vacuum left by the dismantling
of the Communist welfare state
was filled by
1551
1553
Social Science Question 775
Social Science Question 776
Why did the emergence of
Russian mafias under Yeltsin
hinder democratization?
How did Yeltsin attempt to stimulate
investment and innovation to mitigate
the impact of ‘shock therapy’?
1555
Social Science Question 777
What was the effect of
Yeltsin’s modifications to his
‘shock therapy’ policies?
1559
1557
Social Science Question 778
The 1998 Russian economic
crisis was triggered by the
1561
Social Science Question 779
Social Science Question 780
Why was Russia so vulnerable
to the 1998 Asian financial crisis?
Why did the IMF and World Bank cut
off Russian loans in 1998?
1563
Social Science Question 781
Russia’s default on interest payments
in 1998 was followed by the collapse of
1567
1565
Social Science Question 782
Which two ministers did Yeltsin
successively appoint to replace
Viktor Chernomyrdin as
Prime Minister?
1569
Social Science Question 783
Social Science Question 784
The Russian government responded
to the 1998 economic crisis by
How did Russian GDP change
during Yeltsin’s tenure?
1571
1573
Social Science Question 785
Under Yeltsin, Russians
increasingly prioritized
1575
Social Science Question 787
What two responsibilities of the
government did most Russians
believe were important, according
to a 2000 survey?
Social Science Question 786
By 2000, a majority of Russians
believed that the economy of a
democracy would be
1577
Social Science Question 788
What was the initial constitutional
basis of the Russian Federation?
1579
1581
Social Science Question 789
Social Science Question 790
Why was it unnecessary to write
a new democratic constitution
for the Russian Federation?
What advantage did the retention
of the Brezhnev constitution for the
Russian Federation confer?
1583
Social Science Question 791
What aspect of the Russian
Federation’s constitution led to a
1993 constitutional crisis?
1585
Social Science Question 792
Yeltsin’s acting Prime Minister
in 1992 was
1587
1589
Social Science Question 793
Social Science Question 794
During the Soviet era,
Chernomyrdin worked as
Why was Yeltsin forced to
change Prime Ministers in 1992?
1591
Social Science Question 795
What triggered the 1993
Russian constitutional crisis?
1593
Social Science Question 796
The Russian Parliament reacted
to Yeltsin’s unconstitutional dissolution
of Parliament in 1993 by
1595
1597
Social Science Question 797
Social Science Question 798
How did Yeltsin resolve the 1993
Russian constitutional crisis?
What system of government was the
basis of the 1993 Russian constitution?
1599
1601
Social Science Question 799
Social Science Question 800
Which three aspects of Russian
political culture influenced the reactionary
elements of the 1993 constitution?
What three rights did the 1993 Russian
constitution include as safeguards against
the abuses of the Soviet period?
1603
Social Science Question 801
What was the term limit of the Russian
president under the 1993 constitution?
1607
1605
Social Science Question 802
How did the 1993 Russian
constitution allow the president
to bypass the legislative process?
1609
Social Science Question 803
Social Science Question 804
What three legislative powers
did the 1993 Russian constitution
grant the president?
How did the Federal Assembly serve as
a check on the president’s power under
the 1993 Russian constitution?
1611
1613
Social Science Question 805
Social Science Question 806
The Duma serves as a check on the
president’s power by its ability to
The Russian Federal Assembly
is composed of the
1615
Social Science Question 807
How are seats in the Russian
Federation Council distributed?
1617
Social Science Question 808
Until 2000, the representatives
of each region in the
Federation Council were the
1619
1621
Social Science Question 809
Social Science Question 810
What function does the
Federation Council mainly serve?
The Federation Council’s legislative
powers are limited to
1623
1625
Social Science Question 811
Social Science Question 812
How many members
comprise the Duma?
Which three types of legislation is the
Duma not empowered to originate?
1627
Social Science Question 813
How were members of the
Duma originally elected under
the 1993 constitution?
1631
1629
Social Science Question 814
What change was made to the
electoral laws of the Duma in 2007?
1633
Social Science Question 815
Social Science Question 816
The 2007 changes in the
Duma electoral laws effectively
How many political parties were allowed
to run in the 2007 Russian elections?
1635
1637
Social Science Question 817
Social Science Question 818
Which four Russian political parties gained
seats in the Duma in the 2007 elections?
Fair Russia was formed in 2006
from a merger of
1639
Social Science Question 819
Compared to the other Russian parties,
Fair Russia is the most
1641
Social Science Question 820
The smallest party in the Duma is
1643
1645
Social Science Question 821
Social Science Question 822
Who founded the Liberal
Democratic Party of Russia?
The Liberal Democratic Party’s
political platform centers around
1647
Social Science Question 823
Which two groups are the
main targets of the Liberal
Democratic Party’s opposition?
1649
Social Science Question 824
How did the Liberal Democratic Party
fare in the 1993 Russian elections?
1651
1653
Social Science Question 825
Social Science Question 826
What position does the Communist Party
of the Russian Federation take
towards Stalin?
How is the Communist Party of the
Russian Federation ideologically similar
to the Liberal Democratic Party?
1655
1657
Social Science Question 827
Social Science Question 828
Which two sectors of the public
tend to support the Communist Party
of the Russian Federation?
What enabled the Communist Party
of the Russian Federation to win a
plurality of seats in the 1995 elections?
1659
Social Science Question 829
United Russia was formed
in 2001 from a merger of
1663
1661
Social Science Question 830
How did United Russia garner
enough support to govern in 2003
despite lacking a majority?
1665
Social Science Question 831
Social Science Question 832
On social issues, United Russia
tends to emphasize
How did Russians’ political orientation
shift during the 1990s?
1667
1669
Social Science Question 833
Social Science Question 834
What was the most common political
identification of Russians in 2000?
In 2000, Russians were least likely to
identify themselves as politically
1671
Social Science Question 835
What three main social problems
did Russia face in transitioning
from the Soviet Union?
1673
Social Science Question 836
The Chechen nationalist rebels
in the 1990s were led by
1675
1677
Social Science Question 837
Social Science Question 838
How did Dudayev respond to
Yeltsin’s initial attempts to suppress
Chechen nationalists?
How did Yeltsin respond to
Dudayev’s second declaration
of Chechen independence?
1679
1681
Social Science Question 839
Social Science Question 840
What two considerations drove Yeltsin’s
decision to invade Chechnya in 1994?
The combatants in the first
Chechen war were accused of
1683
1685
Social Science Question 841
Social Science Question 842
What tactic did Chechen rebels adopt in
response to the 1994 Russian invasion?
The death toll of the First Chechen War
on both sides was
1687
1689
Social Science Question 843
How was the First Chechen War ended?
Social Science Question 844
Which group reignited the
conflict in Chechnya in 1999?
1691
1693
Social Science Question 845
Social Science Question 846
What tactic did Chechnya rebels
use in 1999 against Russian control?
By the late Soviet era, women
had the triple burden of
1695
Social Science Question 847
How did the status of women change
after the collapse of the Soviet Union?
1697
Social Science Question 848
What two factors contributed to the
reversal of gender equality after the
collapse of the Soviet Union?
1699
Social Science Question 849
Why did civil society not
emerge in imperial Russia?
1703
Social Science Question 851
Membership in labor unions
after the fall of the Soviet Union
1701
Social Science Question 850
What attitude did Russians hold
towards civil society following
the Soviet Union’s collapse?
1705
Social Science Question 852
Which two public institutions
did a majority of Russians trust,
according to a 2000 survey?
1707
1709
Social Science Question 853
Social Science Question 854
According to a 2000 survey,
the three public institutions least
trusted by Russians were
Which demographic of Russians is most
likely to have confidence in democracy,
according to a 2000 survey?
1711
1713
Social Science Question 855
Social Science Question 856
Why were hardline conservatives able
to retain political influence even after
the fall of the Soviet Union?
What prompted Yeltsin to appoint
Putin as Prime Minister and as his
preferred successor in 1999?
1715
1717
Social Science Question 857
Social Science Question 858
Prior to becoming Prime Minister,
Vladimir Putin served as
What was the outcome of the
December 1999 elections in Russia?
1719
1721
Social Science Question 859
Social Science Question 860
Vladimir Putin resigned
from the KGB following
Who introduced Putin
into Russian politics?
1723
Social Science Question 861
What position did Anatoly Sobchak
hold in the early 1990s?
1727
Social Science Question 863
For what three reasons was Putin
popular with the Russian public
in 2000?
1725
Social Science Question 862
Which three national-level positions
did Vladimir Putin hold before
heading the secret police?
1729
Social Science Question 864
Which interest group did Putin target
immediately after taking office?
1731
1733
Social Science Question 865
Social Science Question 866
What three objectives did Putin
have in his initial set of reforms?
How did Putin strengthen the
power of the central government?
1735
1737
Social Science Question 867
Social Science Question 868
Putin asserted his power
over the Duma by
Putin’s governmental appointees
were often former
1739
1741
Social Science Question 869
Social Science Question 870
How did Putin restrict press freedom?
Putin eliminated political opponents by
1743
Social Science Question 871
How was Alexander Litvinenko
eliminated as a potential
political opponent to Putin?
1745
Social Science Question 872
How did Putin undermine the
independence of the judiciary?
1747
1749
Social Science Question 873
Social Science Question 874
What percentage of the vote did Putin
win in the 2004 presidential election?
For what two reasons did Russians vote
to re-elect Putin as President in 2004?
1751
1753
Social Science Question 875
Social Science Question 876
Retrospective economic voting, or
pocketbook voting, is defined as
How did Putin intervene in the market
economy to keep prices affordable?
1755
Social Science Question 877
Why did Yeltsin launch a
second military campaign in
Chechnya in 1999?
1759
1757
Social Science Question 878
What three tactics
did Chechen terrorists use?
1761
Social Science Question 879
Social Science Question 880
In 2002, Putin intensified his
anti-terrorist efforts after
What policy did Putin adopt
towards the Chechen insurgency?
1763
1765
Social Science Question 881
Social Science Question 882
How did Putin respond
to the September 2004
Chechen terrorist attack?
Why did Putin’s response
to the Chechen insurgency
serve his own interests?
1767
1769
Social Science Question 883
Social Science Question 884
What two major objectives did
Putin’s economic policy pursue?
Putin changed parliamentary
rules in 2006 such that
1771
Social Science Question 885
What two changes did Putin make
to the electoral process in 2006?
1775
1773
Social Science Question 886
What crime, carried out in
October 2006, underlined the dangers
of criticizing the Russian government?
1777
Social Science Question 887
Social Science Question 888
How did Putin’s foreign policy
shift during his tenure?
Putin sought to tie Russia more
closely to international trade markets by
1779
1781
Social Science Question 889
Social Science Question 890
How did Putin cooperate with the
US in its war against Afghanistan?
What three signs of Western influence
in Russia’s ‘backyard’ did Putin oppose?
1783
1785
Social Science Question 891
Social Science Question 892
What constitutional amendment
did Putin propose in 2007?
What three positions did Medvedev hold
prior to being named Putin’s successor?
1787
1789
Social Science Question 893
Social Science Question 894
Which three economic fields
did Medvedev promote?
Medvedev formed the
Anti-Corruption Council to
1791
Social Science Question 895
What was the Russian public’s
attitude towards Medvedev’s
anti-corruption campaign?
1793
Social Science Question 896
Medvedev’s anti-corruption
campaign has been criticized for its
1795
1797
Social Science Question 897
Social Science Question 898
What prompted Medvedev’s reforms
of the Russian police force?
How did Medvedev reform
the Russian police force?
1799
1801
Social Science Question 899
Social Science Question 900
Why does the Polity IV Project
evaluate Putin relatively favorably?
For what two reasons did
Russia’s Polity IV score drop in 2007?