Download Northern Renaissance and Protestant Reformation

Towns and Commerce
-Revival of Trade-
The Crusaders
of trade
in Europe.
Date brought about a revival
The
Black
Death Crusaders brought home silk and spices from
the Near East (Jerusalem) and the Far East (China).
Europeans demanded more goods from the Middle East and Asia, especially silk and spices.
-Black
International
tradeDeathfairs were held in towns and people began to use money.
Also
-Towns and -Cities-
known as the Bubonic plague.
- Itofstarted
in Death,
the 1340’s
lasts
10 years.
- Because
the Black
manyand
people
willabout
abandoned
their manors and come to towns.
- Towns
population
centers,
larger than
then cities.
- are
About
25million,
one-third
of villages,
Europe’ssmaller
population
dies.
- The New
cities and
towns were independent
of the
and encouraged
trade.
- Started
in Asia(Mongolia),
spreads
to lords
Northern
Africa and
Western Europe.
Topics
Middle Ages
Renaissance
-How it Spread- Caused by the bacteria carried by Fleas that were on Rats.
Society
- Merchant Ships brought the rats to Europe – also by the Silk
Small and based
Larger and based on
Roads.
on agriculture
Trade/Commerce
-Why it could not be StoppedPower - Ignorance
Feudal
about Lords
what caused the sickness
Merchants/middle
– Blamed the stars,
class
God or the Jews.
- Ineffective cures: Repentance of one’s sins, Poor hygiene and
Status
Bloodletting.
Birthright
Wealth and ability
-How it changed Europe- Agriculture
to new,
heaver
plows,
(faster then an ox)
- Theadvanced
plague due
ended
in the
1350’s,
butharness
it did allowing
flare up horses
periodically
to plow and
a threeout
field
system for planning crops.
through
history.
- Guilds
merchants
& and
artisans
{Skilled
Craftsman}
who formed a business association to
- were
Peasants
revolt
demand
more
freedom.
control local industries. Example: Carpenters, blacksmiths, masons
- Working class people moved to larger cleaner cities
and tailors…
- Itowned
reduced
power
- Masters
theirthe
own
shopsof
andFeudal
tools. lords.
- Apprentices worked for a master to learn the trade.
-Summary-
- Middle Class were people whom no longer needed land to make a living. They started their
own business selling goods.
- Commerce is trade on a large scale. Trade expanded because of new towns roads and
seaports.
- Currency is a general accepted medium of exchange - need for a common medium of
exchange because of trade.
- Banks developed due to overseas trade and the exchange of money.
-
At first, the Church forbade money lending; only Jews loaned money at interest.
Black Death
-Black Death• Also known as the Bubonic plague.
• It started around 1347 and lasts to about 1351
• About 25million, one-third of Europe’s population dies.
• Started in Asia(Mongolia), spreads to Northern Africa and Western Europe
-How it Spread• Caused by the bacteria carried by Fleas that were on Rats.
• Merchant Ships brought the rats to Europe – also by the Silk Road.
-Why it could not be Stopped• Ignorance about what caused the sickness – Blamed the movement of stars &
planets, God or the Jews.
• Ineffective cures: Repentance of one’s sins, Poor hygiene and Bloodletting.
• The church said bathing led to immorality and allowed for diseases:
a) According the church’s medical treaty of the 16th century, “Water baths
warm the body, but weaken the organism and widen pores. That’s why
they can be dangerous and cause different diseases, even death.”
b) They also felt that with the pores widened after a bath, this resulted in
infections of the air having easier access to the body.
c) They would mainly wash their hands, clean their faces and rinse their
mouths.
• Flagellants: they whipped themselves, Self-inflicted “penance for our sins!”
• The song “Ring around the Rosie” was about the black death
How it changed Europe• The plague ended in the 1350’s, but it did flare up periodically throughout
history.
• Peasants revolt and demand more freedom.
• Working class people moved to larger cleaner cities
• It reduced the power of Feudal lords.
The Renaissance
- Time Period of 1350A.D. to 1600A.D. – A “Rebirth” and a cultural awakening.
- It began in Italy- reasons: (1) Avoided the economic crisis of the late middle ages.
(2) Preserved their heritage. (3)Resisted kings and Feudalism{developed city-states}.
(4) Wealth and ability mattered more than a title.
-Humanists- Humanism- literature, ideas and art were based on human worth.
- The world is where we live - so let’s deal with it.
- Humanism was a balance between intellectual reason and religious faith.
- Believed in enjoying life on earth to the fullest, they were less focused on
the spiritual world.
- They challenged church traditions.
-City-States- Florence a city-state:
a) The premier city in the 1400’s
b) Medici Family rule- A rich Banking family introduced income
tax and tax reforms to help the poor. Controlled Florence for
many years. Supported the arts
c) Economic prosperity based on banking and textiles
a) Girolamo Savonarola- a Dominican friar who disparaged all
pretense of wealth and church corruption. Helped oust the
Medici family from power. he’ll criticize the church and will be
hanged/burned for heresy.
- Rome -1500 Rome replaced Florence as the premier city.
a) The Pope and Cardinals living in the Vatican, were the
wealthiest and the most powerful.
b) Popes acted as political leader, religious leaders and tax collectors.
-Venice- served as a link between Europe and Asia.
a) Held a Trade Monopoly with Asia, which helped make it the
wealthiest city-state.
b) A republican form of Government- headed by an elected Doga{duke}.
c) Council of Ten – elected Doga and wealthy merchants passed laws.
Renaissance Life
-Education- Scholasticism emphasizes learning from reason as well as faith.
- Broke away from writing in Latin and stressed the subjects:
history, philosophy, literature and logic and math.
- Universities developed when the need for teachers and lawyers
arose. No longer was education the responsibility of the church.
- Vernacular is the language of everyday speech. Now each
country’s own language was being used. This helped each
country in Europe define its own separate identity.
-Renaissance Society- During the Middle Ages a person lived in poverty to prove their
Piety{devoutness} to God.
- During the Renaissance it will be acceptable to live well and
enjoy life.
- Clothing was fancy, with jewels and colorful fabric.
- Used lots of heavy perfume{Did not believe in bathing a lot}.
- Lower class people’s way of life did not change much, but had
more freedom over their own lives.
-Renaissance Women- Spent most of their lives bearing children – every 24 to 30
months (A Florence women had 36 children, but most died).
- About 30% of the children survived.
- Women obeyed their fathers and husbands.
- Women were allowed an education(Mostly nobles).
- Married while in their teens.
- Property always in the man’s name.
- If divorced their children went to the husband’s family.
Renaissance Art
Humanists- Humanists expressed their own values, emotions and attitudes in their
work.
- Stress the importance of human beings
- Humans were the subjects of their creations not just religion.
- Made their subjects lifelike, the human body was very important.
- Created perspective, which gave their paintings depth things in the
foreground are big and things in the background are small.
- Artists studied classical art from ancient Greece and Rome.
- Writers studied classical literature from ancient Greece and Rome.
-Famous Sculptors and Painters- A fresco - painting with water colors on damp plaster.
- Jan and Hubert van Eyck painters who develop oil paints.
- Ghiberti, the New Testament scenes on bronze doors for the Florence
cathedral (21 years to do it).
- Donatello - first statue cast in bronze, David.
- Michelangelo - a brilliant sculptor, David and painted the ceiling of
the Vatican, Sistine Chapel.
- Raphael - His School of Athens is a painting of ancient Greek
philosophers.
- Leonardo Da Vinci - painted the Last Supper and the Mona Lisa. An
Engineer / Inventor and Studied science: Human anatomy, astronomy,
botany, geology, and engineering (A Renaissance Man).
Writing- Present real individuals with real human problems in this world.
- Machiavelli- wrote the book “The Prince”. A book on Politics and
how to be a Strong ruler.
- Thomas More – Wrote “Utopia”, an Ideal society where all citizens
are equal.
- Dante wrote The Divine Comedy, which is considered a masterpiece.
It is the story of how one man (Dante) travels to Hell, Purgatory, and
Heaven.
- William Shakespeare – Wrote many famous plays that dealt with
human qualities, like Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet.
- Sonnets are short 14-line poems.
Renaissance Spreads North
- The Renaissance Art and humanists Ideas spread to the north {England, France,
Netherlands and other parts of Europe} via War, Trade, Travel and the invention of the
Printing Press.
-War-
- 1494- France invaded Italy- They discovered Italian art and fashion & brought it back to
France.
-Travel- As some Italian art filtered out, Northern Europeans artists traveled to Italy to study with
the Italian masters.
-Trade- With the help of the Crusades and the arrival of New Cities trade will flourish. Which
allows for cultural diffusion again.
- Inventions- The invention of the movable type printing press, by John Gutenberg, allows books to be
printed quicker and cheaper.
- Causes a larger part of the population to read and write.
-
-French Renaissance –
Pierre Ronsard wrote sonnets about love, the passing of youth and immortality
Francois Rabelais wrote comic tales- believed that people should enjoy life to the fullest.
-Northern EuropeGermany, Belgium, Luxembourg and Netherlands area.
More religious than Italy- Christian humanists wanted reforms in Catholicism
Hieronymus Bosch was a painter. He lived in the Netherlands. He was obsessed with painting the Devil.
He painted distorted people: They gave in to temptation on earth and were doomed to suffer tortures in
hell. His most famous painting is The Garden of Earthly Delights.
- Pieter Bruegel - interested in individual people & realistic details, painted scenes from
peasant life
- Albert Durer German engraver emphasized realism{looks real}
-English Renaissance- Started about 1485- after the War of the Rose – the Tudor family invited Italians scholars
to England.
- Hans Holbein One of the great German artists who did most of his work in England.
Protestant Reformation
-Protestant Reforms- By 1500’s reforms were being called for in the way’s the church
was teaching and practicing Christianity.
- Disiderius Erasmus, the first Christian humanist. In his book, Praise of
Folly, he criticized the Catholic church for forgetting about the spiritual
needs of individuals
- Martin Luther (a monk) led a split in the German churches; Roman
Catholics & Protestants.
-
-
-Martin LutherJustification by faith- a person does right and goes to heaven by having faith
in god.
He was against Indulgences- certificates that canceled the punishment for a
person’s sins.
Indulgences were being sold by, John Tetzel for the church.
In 1517 - he posted 95theses{essays}, criticizing the church’s actions. Many
people took notice of his message.
Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs.
Council of Worms in Germany - decided Luther needed to take back his
criticism.
Pope Leo X (Medici) was the Pope during the height of the corruption.
Pope Leo X will excommunicate Martin Luther for his essays.
He also translated the New Testament(Latin) into German, which allows the
common people to read it on their own.
Luther forms the Protestant faith: “Lutheranism”- salvation by faith.
Religious truth and authority lie only in the Bible.
All occupations are important not just priesthood. Priesthood was a
Vocation{A calling}. This was appealing to business people because god did
not look down on then for making money.
Luther Dies at age 67, with his wife and children by his side.
Spread of Protestantism
-John Calvin- John Calvin a reformer from the city of Geneva, “The City of God”–
Switzerland.
- Wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion, belief that God possessed
all encompassing power and Knowledge.
- Preached Predestination, God determines the fate of every person when
you’re born.
- Calvin believed:
a) Salvation through Predestination
b) At birth it is decided if you will go to heaven or hell
- Calvinism a strict form of Protestantism, who’s democratic structure
attracted many.
- It was started in Switzerland and then spreads:
a) Scotland = Presbyterians
b) Holland = Dutch Reform
c) France = Huguenots
d) Germany = Reform Church
e) England = Puritans
-Swiss Reforms- Huldreich Zwingli led the Swiss Protestant movement,
“
Zwinglism”. A Mixture of religion and politics.
- Set up churches known as reforms -Believed salvation can be done by Faith
alone.
- Denounced many Catholic practices like Purgatory and Indulgences.
- Established a Theocracy{a Church-run state} lost the city of Zurich,
Switzerland to the Catholics.
- Anabaptists, believed baptism should not happen until adulthood.
England’s Reformation
- England’s Reform -
 Henry the VIII created the Anglican Church, “Church of
England”.
 He wanted a male heir to his throne. His wife Catherine of
Aragon did not produce one. The King decided to marry
Anne Boleyn in hope she will give him a male child.
 The Pope refused his request for a divorce. In 1534 Henry
got Parliament to pass laws separating Church and Gov’t.
Anne gave him a girl instead, so Henry had her beheaded. He
had Six wives and no male heirs(that lived to adulthood).
-The Six Wives of Henry VIII1. Wife Number One... Catherine of Aragon - Divorced
2. Wife Number Two…Anne Boleyn - Beheaded
3. Wife Number Three...Jane Seymour - Died of an illness
4. Wife Number Four…Anne of Cleves – Marriage annulled.
5. Wife Number Five...Kathryn Howard - Beheaded
6. Wife Number Six…Katherine Parr – Outlived Henry VIII
 The Act of Supremacy, named the King of England and not
the Pope the head of the, “Church of England.”
-Bloody Mary and Elizabeth I-
 Edward VI died of tuberculosis on 6 July 1553, aged 15.
 In 1553 Henry’s daughter Mary ruled England – She was a Roman
Catholic gave church back to pope.
 She burned 300 Protestants, this act made people support the
Protestants more. After (5 years of rule) her death, her sister Elizabeth
will rule.
 In 1558 Queen Elizabeth I ruled England – Reforms the English
church – It was Protestant with Catholic features.
 Those in England who rejected the Catholic rituals and want “Purity”
were called Puritans.
-How Protestants and Catholics are Similara) Both are Christians
b) Believe in same god and Jesus is his son
c) Baptism and Communions
d) Use the same bible
The Catholic Reformation
- The Catholic reformation was a counter action against the
Protestants. They eliminated many abuses, clarified its theology
and reestablished the Pope’s authority over the church.
-Redefining Catholicism- 1542 the church set up an Inquisition{a court}- to try Heretics
(non-Catholics) and to reestablish the popes authority.
- The Council of Trent met from 1545 to 1563 to clearly define
Catholic teachings:
a) Salvation, it could be achieved by faith and work.
b) Latin translation of the Bible - only accepted
c) Forbade the selling of indulgences
d) Clergy were to live by strict rules
e) Mass said in Latin
-Spreading Catholicism- John Wycliffe, an Englishman who taught that Jesus is true
head of church and not the Pope. Church officials shouldn’t own
land or be wealthy. Bible is final Authority.
- Jan Huss, a Czechoslovakian preacher – taught bible is the
higher authority and did sermons in Czech instead of Latin.
- Ignatius of Loyola – A Spanish missionary – created the
Society of Jesus (the Jesuits).
- Jesuits- spread Catholicism through education and started
Universities – lived simply: Obedient to the Pope, wore black
robes and lived peacefully.
- Results of the Reformation- Europe would be roughly divided into Protestant North and
Catholic South, which will cause Full-scale religious wars.