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Drawing Circuits A circuit is a complete electrical path. A complete circuit allows for a constant flow of electrons and energy output. When drawing circuits, we use symbols and lines to show the direction of the electrons, as well as the devices used in the circuit. Types of Symbols Symbol Type Symbol Picture Connecting Wire: Used to conduct electricity through a circuit. Most wires are metal, as metals are the best conductors. Drawn simply as line between different parts of the circuit, it can either be straight or curved depending on the circuit. Cell: Can also be referred to as a battery or source of the electricity. One side of the cell or battery is positive and the other is negative. OR The longer line on the cell is always positive and the smaller is + always negative. Bulb: Light bulbs of different sizes and brightness can be used in circuits. The bulb symbol is connected to the wires with continuing lines. Switch: Switches are used to stop or continue a flow of electricity. They are simply a break or completion of the wire circuit. An example is a light switch. - + Resistor: A resistor restricts the flow of current. For example, a dimmer switch on a light switch can vary the brightness of a bulb depending on how much electricity is allowed to flow through. Old symbol: New Symbol: Ammeter: An ammeter is used to measure current. Voltmeter: A voltmeter is used to measure voltage or potential difference Summary statement: These are the basic symbols used in electrical drawings to show circuits and their parts. Parts of the Circuit Create a circuit with a bulb and a cell. Create a circuit with a bulb, cell, and 2 resistors. Create a circuit with a cell, a switch, a bulb and a voltmeter. Drawing to create Summary Statement: When drawing circuits, you must have a complete circuit or loop for your power source to work. If the connecting wire is not brought back to the original cell, the circuit is not complete and will not work. Explaining Circuits Electrical circuits consist of a power source and a load. The power source can be something like a battery or an outlet. A load can be something like an appliance or light bulb. How do Circuits Work? Electrical circuits are a part of our daily life. In your home, lamps, televisions, stoves, refrigerators, computers and many other appliances operate from the same source of electrical energy. Yet each appliance seems to operate independently of the others. Does turning on one appliance affect the current through or the voltage (potential difference) across, any other appliances? How are the circuits connected to allow each device to be turned on, while the others remain off? Summary Statement: Circuits are a part of our daily life and allow us to use energy. Circuits are wired to allow us to use energy in many different applications. Types of Circuits Series Circuits Series Circuits have only one path for current to flow. Electrons cannot accumulate, or pile up, at any point in the circuit. All electrons push the electrons in front of them ahead through the circuit. In a series circuit, this results in a smooth, even flow of current, because electrons cannot pile up. Therefore current at any one point on a series circuit is EXACTLY the same as the current at any other part of the circuit. The charges making up the current flow from one load, such as a light bulb, to the next. The charges pass through every load before returning to the power source to be energized again. Series Circuits Race Track Analogy Race track with several sharp curves. All cars fill up with gas at one pit stop and travel around one closed loop. Every car on the race track follows the same path. Draw the Race Track Here: Series circuits involve ONLY one path that electrons can travel on. Current is constant at all points of the circuit. All electrons are charged at the cell and travel around the connecting wire. Parallel Circuits In a parallel circuit, electrons have many paths to follow. Charges flow around two or more different loops. After leaving the power sources, they eventually reach a ‘fork in the road’. Some charges take one path, while other charges take the other. The current in a parallel circuit is not the same at different points. Never less, all charges must go back to the power source to be re-energized, after traveling around the different branches of the circuit. Parallel Circuits City Streets Analogy Cars have many paths to travel, each with its own sharp curves or narrow streets. One path might be a 6 lane highway, while the other is a 2 lane side street. Eventually all cars must return to the service station for more energy. Draw the City Street Here: Parallel circuits involve different or multiple paths that electrons can travel on. All electrons must eventually come back to the cell to be re-energized. Current is not even at every part of the circuit. Parts of the Circuit Create a SERIES circuit with one cell, one bulb and one switch Drawing to create Create a PARALLEL circuit with one cell, two resistors and one bulb. Create a PARALLEL circuit with two cells and two bulbs. Summary Statement: Circuits in series have constant current and only 1 path. Circuits in parallel have different current at different places in the circuit and can travel in different paths. Measuring Voltage, Current and Resistance in Circuits In electrical circuits, the amount of voltage, current and resistance can be measured using different equipment. Picture of Equipment Description Voltmeter: A voltmeter is used to measure voltage (in volts) in a circuit. Voltmeters need to be placed in a circuit in parallel and have very high resistance. If placed in series, this high resistance will cause the circuit to not work. Ammeter: An ammeter is used to measure current (in amps) in a circuit. Ammeters need to be placed in series such that the current flows through the meter. If placed in parallel the circuit will short out. Multimeter: A Multimeter can be used to measure current, voltage or resistance. Placement is not an issue as the device has a larger capacity. Bulbs in Circuit: When are they brighter? Rules of Thumb More current = more electrons moving = brighter bulbs More resistance = less current = less electrons moving = dimmer bulbs Demo 1 bulb in series circuit 2 bulbs in series circuit 2 bulbs in parallel circuit 3 bulbs in parallel circuit What happened?