Download Cellular Processes

Cellular
Processes
Competency Goal 7.L.2.1
“How do cells grow and divide to
produce more cells”?
September 25,2013
Karen Storey
Winston Salem Preparatory Academy
According to Cell Theory, cells are the basic unit
of life, they come from pre-existing cells, and they
grow and divide to produce more cells
The Cellular Level of Organization
Living things are constructed of cells.
Living things may be unicellular or multicellular.
Cell structure is diverse but all cells share common characteristics.
Cells are small so they can exchange materials with their surroundings.
Surface area relative to the volume decreases as size of cell increases.
- limits the size of cells
TEACHER HINT! KNOW THIS….
__________CELL THEORY_______ states:
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in organisms.
3. All cells come only from other cells.
There are 2 factors that limit cell
growth
Cell Volume
&
Surface Area
As the cell grows the volume increases faster than the
surface area. (Surface Area/Volume) Ratio
The cell membrane regulates what moves into and out of
the cell.
When a cell reaches the point where the becomes to
small to let things into or out of the cell membrane , the
cell must divide in order to survive.
The Cell Cycle: Consists of 3
Stages or Phases. 1.“INTERPHASE”
http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/2001/press.html
where the cell
duplicates its
DNA. This is
known as
2. MITOSIS
production of two
daughter cells
from a single
parent cell
3. CYTOKINESIS
Cell divides
INTERPHASE
Interphase
The cell prepares for division
• Animal Cell
– DNA replicated
– Organelles replicated
– Cell increases in size
• Plant Cell
– DNA replicated
– Organelles replicated
– Cell increases in size
Interphase
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
MITOSIS
Mitosis
The process of cell division which results
in the production of two daughter cells
from a single parent cell.
The daughter cells are identical to
one another and to the original parent
cell.
Mitosis can be divided into 4 stages
http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase
Prophase
The cell prepares for nuclear division
• Animal Cell
– Packages DNA into
chromosomes
• Plant cell
– Packages DNA into
chromosomes
Prophase
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
Metaphase
The cell prepares chromosomes for
division
• Animal Cell
– Chromosomes line up
at the center of the cell
– Spindle fibers attach
from daughter cells to
chromosomes at the
centromere
• Plant Cell
– Chromosomes line up
at the center of the cell
– Spindle fibers attach
from daughter cells to
chromosomes at the
centromere
Metaphase
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
Anaphase
The chromosomes divide
• Animal Cell
– Spindle fibers pull
chromosomes apart
– ½ of each
chromosome (called
chromotid) moves to
each daughter cell
• Plant Cell
– Spindle fibers pull
chromosomes apart
– ½ of each
chromosome (called
chromotid) moves to
each daughter cell
Anaphase
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
Telophase
The cytoplasm divides
• Animal Cell
– DNA spreads out
– 2 nuclei form
– Cell membrane
pinches in to form
the 2 new
daughter cells
• Plant Cell
– DNA spreads out
– 2 nuclei form
– New cell wall forms
between to nuclei to
form the 2 new
daughter cells
Telophase
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
Mitosis Q & A
1. What is the primary purpose of mitosis?
2. Each of your skin cells (the parent cell) contain
46 chromosomes. When your skin cells divide,
how many daugher cells are produced? ______
How many chromosomes are in each daughter
cell? (HINT: Daughter cells are also called
diploid cells)
3.
Grasshoppers have 16 chromosomes in each of
their somatic (body) cells. When their cells
divide how many daughter cells are produced?
How many chromosomes are in each daughter
cell?
Animal Mitosis -- Review
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Interphase
Plant Mitosis -- Review
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Interphase
Now lets talk about Meiosis
• Cell division by which eggs and sperm are
produced.
• The production of sex cells, which are not
genetically identical, through a series of 2
cell divisions.
MEIOSIS
Process is for producing sex cells
(gametes) also called haploid cells
because they have ½ the number of
chromosomes in each cell.
1 parent cell produces 4 daughter cells.
Each daughter cell contains ½ the number
of chromosomes in each cell.
http://www.palaeos.com/
Meiosis Q & A
1. What is the primary purpose of meiosis?
2. If your cells contain 46 chromosomes, when your
cells divide to produce gametes how many daugher
cells are produced? ______ How many
chromosomes are in each daughter cell? (HINT:
Daughter cells are also called haploid cells)
3. Grasshoppers have 16 chromosomes in each of
their somatic (body) cells. When their cells divide
to produce gametes how many daughter cells are
produced? How many chromosomes are in each
daughter cell?
So let’s do a review of Mitosis and
Meiosis
Write down 5 ways Mitosis and Meiosis are alike.
Compare your answers with your partner.
Now write down 5 ways Mitosis and Meiosis are
different.
Compare your answers with your partner.
Further Information can be found at:
http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm