Download Therapies

Therapies

Specialized process where trained
professional uses psychological
methods

Differing forms of psychotherapy have
differing methods
› Psychoanalytic: focuses on gaining insight
› Humanistic: focuses on gaining insight
› Social learning or behavior therapy: uses
forms of teaching
Therapies

Relationship involves power of therapist,
emotional patient divulging personal
data

Ethical Standards
› Goals of treatment understood/agreed to by
client; in best interest of client and society
› Careful consideration given to alternatives
› Therapist treats only within limits of expertise
Therapies

Ethical Standards
› Effectiveness of treatment must be
evaluated
› Rules and laws of confidentiality followed
› No abuse of therapist-client relationship
› Therapist must treat all humans with
dignity; respecting all genders, races,
sexual orientation, and other sociocultural
factors
Therapies

Psychoanalysis – founded by Freud
› Root of all problems is in unconscious
conflicts
› Imbalance in id, ego, and superego
› Conscious insight can resolve conflicts
› Special therapy techniques may be used
 Free association
 Dream interpretation
 Interpretation of resistance (from vague
forms to specific resistance)
Therapies

Psychoanalysis
› Transference – therapist-client relationship
takes form of client’s relationships with own
parents and other authority figures
› Catharsis – emotional experience or
temporary relief from discomfort (some insight
gained)
› Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression
 Emerged from psychoanalytic tradition
 Identifies sources of depression and goals for
therapy process; very successful outcomes
Therapies

Humanistic psychology – Carl Rogers
› People not born with unconscious mind
› Client-centered therapy or person-
centered
 Emphasis on client’s ability to help self –
feels emotionally safe enough to explore
own hidden emotions
 Therapist creates unconditional
atmosphere (warmth, genuine positive
regard, empathy)
› Reflection – therapist makes statements
to clarify client’s feelings and emotions
Therapies

Gestalt therapy – founded by F. Perls
› Humanistic psychotherapy approach
› Meanings of sensations organized into
whole perceptions
› Goal: create therapeutic experience
helping client achieve greater selfawareness
› Emotional atmosphere: therapists often
deal in confrontive, challenging
manner necessary to loosen denied
feelings
Therapies

Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT)
› Abnormal behavior learned from
inappropriate experiences through
 Classical conditioning
 Operant conditioning
 Modeling
› Learning is central goal of therapy;
therapist is teacher and client learns
adaptive behaviors
› Cognitions less important
Therapies

Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT)
› Fear reduction methods using
 Graded exposure - series of increasingly
fearful situations experienced for gradual
mastery
 Use of modern technology - computergenerated virtual reality
 Treats obsessive-compulsive disorders when
used with other methods
Therapies

Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT)
› Social skills training
 Shaping and positive reinforcement
used in role playing
 Teach use of adaptive skills enough to
handle real-life situations
 Focus on social skill problem of
unassertiveness
Therapies

Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT)
› Cognitive restructuring
 Assumes faulty cognitions – maladaptive
beliefs, expectations, and thinking
 Effective for treating anxiety, depression
 Cannot modify clients’ existing behaviors
because of inaccurate ways of thinking
about themselves
Therapies

Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT)
› Cognitive restructuring
 Patterns of cognition contributing to
emotional distress
– Selective abstraction
– Overgeneralization
– Arbitrary interference
– Magnification and
minimization
– Personalization
– Absolutistic thinking
What works best?
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Initial
3 wks
3 mos
6 mos
9 mos
Therapies

Group therapy
› Carried out with groups of 4 to 8 clients;
sees experience more effective than
individual therapy techniques





Receives encouragement from others
Sees problem experienced by others
Learn from others’ advice
Learn new ways to interact with others
Format of group therapy varies widely
Therapies

Family therapy
› Group composed of family members
› Therapist trained in psychoanalytic,
humanistic, and behavioral approaches
› Beliefs
 Family issues at root of problem
 Dynamics of family system need analysis –
function of each need to be understood
Therapies

Family therapy
› Therapists’ goals to resolve problems by
improving functioning of family system
 Give family members insights and correct
family dysfunctions
 Increase warmth and intimacy in family
 Improve family member communication
 Help members establish reasonable set of
rules for family regulation
Therapies

Ethnic, gender, and sexual issues in
mental health
› U.S. has one of most advanced mental
health system in world – does not cover all
citizens
 Hispanics - less outpatient care than whites
 African Americans – more likely than whites
to be committed to psychiatric hospitals
(often involuntarily)
Therapies

Ethnic, gender, and sexual issues
› U.S. mental health system
 Fewer women receive mental health
services than men
 Gender of therapist does not appear to
influence outcomes
› Feminist psychotherapy – radical
approach
 Women treated as second-class citizens
and Barbie dolls
Therapies

Goals of Feminist Psychotherapy
› Advocates equal relationship in therapy
› Encourage women to see how society limited
›
›
›
›
them to dependent roles
Encourage women to become aware of their
anger; find constructive ways of expressing
Have women define selves as independent
Women encouraged to consider own needs
Women should develop nontraditional skills
Therapies

Drug therapy
› Widely used to treat abnormal behavior
› Commonly used psychiatric drugs
• Effexor
• Paxil
• Prozac
• Zorloft
• Xanax
• Geodon
• Haldol
• Navane
• Risperdal
• Zyprexa
• Depakote
• Epilim
› Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
› Transcranial stimulation
 Magnetic field used on frontal cortex
Therapies

Psychosurgery
› Trephining
› Prefrontal labotomy
› Modern names for labotomy
surgeries conducted today
 Capuslotomy
 Cingulotomy
Trephining
operations were
apparently
performed in the
Middle Ages to
treat abnormal
behavior
Therapies