Download Presidents

Constitution to
the Civil War
Kim De La Cruz, Alex Moyer,
Christian Ventura, Andrew Barker
Presidents
George Washington: 1789-1797
-Federalist
-Judiciary Act,1789
-Whiskey Rebellion,1799
-Jay Treaty,1795
-Pickney Treaty,1795
-Farewell Address,1796
-First Bank of US,1791-1811
Hamilton’s Economic Policy
Funding and assumption:
Funding from
Excise Tax(on whiskey) and tariffs; wanted to
assume war debts because it would be a
“national blessing”
Jefferson’s Reaction: Bank violated the
Tariffs:
between strict and loose constructionists led to
the formation of the first political parties- the
Federalists and the Democratic- Republicans
Wanted to strengthen American
industry and become independent from British
markets through a high protective tariff
Bank of the US: would provide flexible
currency, create adequate credit for business,
& generate income for the national
government; bank was “necessary and proper”
under the “elastic clause” in the Constitution
Constitution as there was no direct clause that
allowed for a central, state-sponsored bank
Growth of Political Parties: split
Presidents
John Adams: 1797-1801
-Federalist
-XYZ Affair, 1797
-Alien Act, Sedition Act, Naturalization Act, 1798
-”Midnight Judges,”1801
-Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, 1798
Presidents
Thomas Jefferson: 1801-1809
-Democratic-Republican
-Marbury vs. Madison, 1803
-Louisiana Purchase, 1803
-Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1805
-12th Amendment, 1804
-Embargo Act, 1807
Presidents
James Madison: 1809-1817
-Democratic-Republican
-Macon Bill, 1810
-War of 1812
-Hartford Convention, 1814
-First Protective Tariff, 1816
-Era of Good Feelings and Era of the Common Man starts
Wars: Causes and Effects
War of 1812
Dates: 1812-1814
Causes:
-British attempts to restrict US trade
President: Madison
-The Royal Navy’s impressment of American
seaman
Important Military Events:
-America’s desire to expand its territory
-England burned Washington, DC
Effects:
-Plattsburg battle
-Battle of the Thames
-Boosted nation confidence and a new spirit of
patriotism
-Siege of Baltimore
-Crushed Indian resistance in South and West
-New Orleans
-Industrialization began in New England
Treaty: Ghent
-Marked the demise of the Federalist Party
Terms of treaty:
-Ushered in the era of good feelings
-No resolution of original disputes
Presidents
James Monroe: 1817-1825
-Democratic-Republican
-Marshall’s Decisions: McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819; Dartmouth College v.
Woodward, 1819; Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824
-Transcontinental or Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819
-Missouri Compromise, 1820
-Monroe Doctrine, 1823
-Favorite Sons Election, 1824
Presidents
John Quincy Adams: 1825-1829
-Democratic-Republican
-”Corrupt Bargain”
-Erie Canal, 1825
-Tariff of Abominations
-Calhoun’s Exposition & Protest, 1828
Presidents
Andrew Jackson: 1829-1837
-Democratic
-Jacksonian Democracy
-The 2nd Bank of the United States (due to expire in 1836)
-Formation of the Whig Party, 1832
-Specie Circular
Presidents
Martin Van Buren:1837-1841
-Democratic
-Panic of 1837
Presidents
William Henry Harrison: 1841
-Whig
-Died, so he did nothing
Presidents
John Tyler: 1841-1845
-Whig
-Webster- Ashburton Treaty, 1842
-Canadian border set at 45th parallel
Presidents
James K. Polk: 1845-1849
-Democratic
-Manifest Destiny
-Texas becomes a state, 1845
-Oregon boundary settled, 1846
-Mexican War, 1846-1848
-Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848
-Wilmot Proviso
Wars: Causes and Effects
Mexican-American War
Dates: 1846-1848
President: Polk
Important Military Events:
-Buena Vista
-Siege of Veracruz
Causes:
-Manifest Destiny
-Texas boundary dispute
-South’s desire for new slave territory
Effects:
-Fulfilled Manifest Destiny
-Mexico City
-Re-opened debate over expansion of slavery
(Wilmot Proviso)
Treaty: Guadalupe Hidalgo
-Led to the Compromise of 1850
Terms of treaty:
-US got Mexican Cession
-Agreement on Texas Border
Presidents
Zachary Taylor: 1849-1850
-Whig
-Mexican War hero
-No political stance on slavery
-Died in 1850, of a stomach illness
-Had little effect on US division over slavery
Presidents
Millard Fillmore: 1850-1853
-Whig
-Compromise of 1850
-Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 1850
-Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852
Presidents
Franklin Pierce: 1853-1857
-Democratic
-Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854
-Popular sovereignty
-Japan open to world trade, 1853
-Underground Railroad
-Bleeding Kansas
-Ostend Manifesto,1854
-Gadsden Purchase
Presidents
James Buchanan: 1857-1861
-Democratic
-Dred Scott decision, 1857
-Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858
-John Brown Harpers Ferry, 1859
Presidents
Abraham Lincoln: 1861-1865
-Republican
-Civil War, 1861-1865
-Emancipation Proclamation
-Homestead Act, 1862
-Morrill Act, 1862
-Assassinated April 14, 1865 by J.W. Booth
Treaties
Treaty of Greenville (August 1795):
US given Northwest land; Indians
given lump- sum; right to hunt on
ceded lands; recognition of tribal
sovereignty status; brought only
temporary peace; led to War of 1812
Jay’s Treaty (August 1795): Britain
must evacuate forts on US soil and
pay damages for the recent seizures
of American ships; US must pay
debts to Britain; opponents of the
loose terms with BR cried for war
Pinckney's Treaty of 1795: with
Spain, granted the Americans
virtually everything they demanded,
including free navigation of the
Mississippi and the largely disputed
territory of Florida; Spain motivated
to negotiate because of Jay’s Treaty
with Britain
Treaty of Ghent (1814): BR & US
agreed to stop fighting and to
restore conquered territory
Treaties
Treaty of 1818: share Newfoundland
fisheries with Canada; boundary on
the 49th parallel; 10 year joint
occupation of Oregon
Webster- Ashburton Treaty (1842):
with Britain, established the
Northeastern border of the US
Adam-Onís Treaty (1819): Spain
ceded Florida; America abandons
claims to Texas
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848):
confirmed US title to Texas plus land
to the west; US paid $15 million;
ended Mexican-American War
Russo-American Treaty (1824): Tsar
retreated to the tip of the Alaskan
panhandle
Important Legislation
Bank of the US (1791):
first national
bank; debates between the strict and loose
constructionists; Hamilton v. Jefferson
Alien Act (1798):
made it more difficult
for aliens to achieve US citizenship
Sedition Act (1798):
made it a crime to
defame the president or Congress
{Both were passed by a Federalist Dominated
Congress in order to limit influence from the
Republican Party; seemed to challenge the 1st
Amendment}
Naturalization Act (1798): Federalists
raised the residence requirement for hopeful
citizens from 5 to 14 years; violated the
traditional US policy of open- door hospitality
and speedy assimilation
Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions
(1798): Jefferson and Madison so opposed to
the Alien & Sedition Acts that they put forth
the idea that a state had the right to nullify a
law it found to be inconsistent with the
Constitution
Embargo Act (1807):
attempt at peaceful
coercion over war with Britain; cut off all US
trade with foreign ports; crippled America’s
mercantile sector
Important Legislation
First Protective Tariff (1816): goal was
to make foreign goods more expensive in order
to increase consumption of American-made
goods
Missouri Compromise (1820):
maintained the balance between free and slave
states by allowing for the admission of 2 new
states, Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a
free state; also divided the LA Territory into
future slave/free zones
2nd Bank of the US (1816):
made to
stabilize the economy after the War of 1812,
provide stable currency, control inflation, &
restrain land speculation; Jackson later
destroyed the “monster” because it put “too
much power in the hands of a small elite”
Wilmot Proviso (1846):
Northern freesoilers tried, unsuccessfully, to ban slavery in
the Mexican Cession; could have helped to
prevent the Civil War
Tariff of Abominations (1828):
Compromise of 1850: admitted California
dramatically raised tariff rates on many items
and led to a general reduction of trade
between the US and Europe; SC tried to nullify
but President Jackson prevented it
as a free state, which pleased northern
politicians, and a harsher Fugitive Slave Law,
which pleased southern politicians; also banned
the slave trade in D.C.
Important Legislation
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854): mandated
that the question of slavery in these territories
be decided by popular sovereignty; led to the
violent Bleeding Kansas
Ostend Manifesto (1854): failed attempt
by southern elite to extend their slavery
empire further south into Cuba; tied to
Manifest Destiny
Gadsden Purchase (1853): acquired by
the US from Mexico as a possible southern
route for a transcontinental railroad
Supreme Court Decisions
Marbury vs. Madison- setup judicial
Fletcher vs. Peck (1810)- earliest clear
review, giving the Supreme Court the last word
on the question of constitutionality
assertions of the right of the Supreme Court to
invalidate state laws conflicting with the
federal constitution
McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)- power
of the federal government over the states
Cohens vs. Virginia (1821)- asserted the
right of the Supreme Court to review the
decisions of the state Supreme Courts in all
questions involving powers of the federal
government
Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)- the
Constitution conferred on Congress alone the
control of interstate commerce
Dartmouth College vs. Woodward
(1819)- safeguarded business enterprise from
domination by the states' governments'
Indian Removal Act (1830)-
moved the
Indian tribes past the Mississippi
Cherokee Nation vs. GeorgiaCherokees were not a foreign nation with the
right to sue the federal court
Supreme Court Decisions
Worcester vs. Georgia- the laws of
Georgia had no force within the boundaries of
Cherokee Nation
Dred Scott vs. Sandford-
1. Enslaved
Africans and their descendants are not and can
never be citizens; 2. US has no authority to
prohibit slavery in territories.
***Picture to the right is John Marshall who was
the Chief Supreme Court Justice for the
majority of this time period
Social Ideologies
Nationalism after the War of 1812: huge boost
in national patriotism; began Era of Good
Feelings (little political difference)
Civic Virtue: democracy depended on the
unselfish commitment of each citizen to the
public good
Era of the Common Man: beginning with
Jackson, more representation of the “common
man” in the government
Republican motherhood: women were the
keepers of the nation's conscience
Manifest Destiny: idea that the US was
entitled to the land to the west
Cult of Domesticity: women were limited in
influence to the home and family
Transcendentalism: idea of looking to oneself
or nature to describe the world
States powers: especially from the Articles to the
end of the War of 1812
Nativists: didn’t want immigrants to disrupt
their way of life; wanted to restrict
immigration
Anti-Federalists and Federalists: main
difference- states rights v. strong central
government
Popular Sovereignty: right of the people to
choose their own government
Strict/loose construction: Hamilton v. Jefferson
Women's Movement: wanted the right to vote
and to overcome Republican Motherhood and
the Cult of Domesticity
Sectionalism: grew increasingly following the
initial surge in nationalism after the War of
1812; differences between the North, South, &
West in culture and economics
Political Parties and
Foreign Policies
Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans
Federalists 1780-1801
•Strong central gov.
•“loose” interpretation of Constitution
•Advocated manufacturing and industry
•Popular in cities and Northeast
•Leaders- Washington, Hamilton, John Adams, and John Marshall
The founding fathers felt that political parties were a necessary evil
Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans
Democratic-Republicans 1780-1836
•Advocated states’ rights
•“strict” interpretation of Constitution
•Supported agriculture
•South and the West
•Jefferson, Jackson
Democrats vs. Whigs
Democrats 1836-1850
•Opposed banks and corporations
•Favored rural independence (right to own slaves)
•Demanded rapid territorial expansion through war
•Party of tradition
•Van Buren, Polk
Democrats vs. Whigs
Whigs 1836-1850
•Use gov. to expand banks and transportation
•Temperance, public schools and prison reform
•Favored industry and free labor
•Opposed Mexican War, but supported expansion
•Party of modernization
•Henry Clay, William Henry Harrison
Liberty/Free Soil Party
Liberty 1844
•Abolitionists
•Anti-Texas
•Took votes away from the Whigs in
1844 election losing Clay the election
•Leader- James Birney
Free Soil 1848
•Were not abolitionists, but opposed
the expansion of slavery into new
territories
•Martin Van Buren, 1848
Whigs Split late 1840’s
•Northern Whigs joined the Free Soil party (against the
expansion of slavery)
•Southern Whigs merge with the Democrats (support
popular sovereignty)
Republicans Emerge 1850’s
•Combination of Democrats, Free Soilers, and Whigs who opposed KansasNebraska Act
•Against popular sovereignty and any expansion of slavery, but allowed it to
exist where already established
•Advocated that slavery was a moral issue
•John C. Fremont, first Republican candidate for president 1856
American (Know Nothing) Party 1849-1856
•Nativists who opposed immigration and temperance
•Millard Fillimore 1856 candidate
•Attempted no position on slavery
•Merged with the Republicans after defeat in 1856
Democrats vs. Republicans during 1860
Democrats
•Split over the issue of slavery at nominating convention in Charleston, SC
•South nominates Breckenridge to support slavery
•North nominates Stephen Douglas who opposed gov. interference with slavery
Democrats vs. Republicans during 1860
Republicans
•Against slavery and popular sovereignty
•Promoted homestead act, protective tariffs, and transportation
•Abraham Lincoln
Foreign Policy
Isolationism
•Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation
•Monroe Doctrine
Isolationism
Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation 1793 and Farewell Address of 1796
•Stated the U.S. would remain neutral in European affairs
•No entangling alliances
•Maintain commercial trade with all nations, no favoring
Ex- French Revolution
Remained in place until 1949 when U.S. joined NATO
Isolationism
Monroe Doctrine 1823
•Stated that Europe could no longer colonize or intervene in Western
Hemisphere
•Allowed for existing colonies to remain untouched by U.S.
•Provoked by American fear of Spain, Russia, and other European powers
•Basis of the Roosevelt Corollary and U.S. intervention in South America
Amendments of the Time Period
The Bill of Rights
1-freedom of religion, speech, press,
assembly and petition
2-right to bear arms
3-right not to quarter soldiers
4-right to protection from unreasonable
searches and seizures
5-right to due process of law, including
protection from self-incrimination
6-right to a jury trial, confront witnesses
and to defense counsel (criminal cases)
More Amendments
7-right to a jury trial and other legal protections
(civil cases)
8-right to protection from unreasonable and cruel punishment
9-other rights not specifically discussed in Constitution
10-right of individuals or the states to powers not delegated to the
United States by Constitution
11- judicial power not construed to extend any suit in law or equity,
commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of
another state or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state
12- President and Vice-President must be on the same ballot
Famous Publications- Constitution
The Constitution- Outlines the basic structure
of the government and the functions of the
three branches. Adopted on September 17,
1787 and ratified by 11 states, going into
effect on March 4, 1789. Ratification fought
for by Hamilton, Jay, and Jefferson in the
Federalist Papers
Famous Publications- Thoreau
Henry David Thoreau On Civil
Disobedience (1849)- Protested
taxes through nonviolent protest.
While not directly useful in this
era, the book eventually inspired
other non-violent protesters in
the 1960s, such as Martin Luther King, Jr.
Famous Publications- Uncle Tom’s
Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle
Tom’s Cabin (1852)- Designed to
show the evils of slavery, this book
was one of the causes of the
Civil War and eventually convinced
Abraham Lincoln to issue the
Emancipation Proclamation.
Notable Authors
James Fenimore Cooper- created a unique
form of American Literature and his
masterpiece is The Last of the Mohicans.
Ralph Waldo Emerson- Led Transcendentalist
movement of 19th century and a champion of
individualism. Created famous essays, such as
Self-Reliance, The Over-Soul, Circles, The
Poet, Experience, and Nature.
Technology
Eli Whitney- invented interchangeable parts
and the famous cotton gin. He also might have
invented the milling machine, but he blends in
with a lot of other inventors and the details
are hazy at best.
Cotton Gin- key component in Industrial
Revolution and impacted the United States
socially and economically.
Technology- Continued
The Cotton Gin contributed to the Outbreak of
the Civil War by persuading Southern
plantation owners to get more slaves.
Interchangeable Parts- Whitney incorrectly
credited as inventor, but he did promote and
popularize the idea until they were invented.
Useful in creating mass quantities of weapons
in a short time period.
Activity
Whiskey Rebellion
Historical Search
Hamiltons Economic
Policy
Dred Scott decision
Emancipation
Proclamation
Liberty Party
Know Nothing Party
Republicans
Isolationism
Alien and Sedition Acts
Treaty of Ghent
Marbury vs. Madison
Adam-Onis Treaty
Hartford Convention
Embargo Act
Washington’s Neutrality
Proclamation 1793
The Bill of Rights
War of 1812
Missouri Compromise
1st Amendment
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Constitution
McCulloch vs. Maryland
Civil Disobedience
Transcendentalism
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Federalists
The Last of the Mohicans
Democratic-Republicans
Eli Whitney
Democrats
Interchangeable Parts
Tariff of Abominations
Jacksonian Democracy
Panic of 1837
Webster-Ashburton Treaty
Wilmot Proviso
Compromise of 1850
Gadsden Purchase
Whigs