Download Chapter 3: Prenatal Development, Birth

Chapter 3: Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn Baby
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
3.1
List the phrases of prenatal development, and describe major milestones of each. (pp. 80-85)
3.2
Define the term teratogen, and summarize the four factors that affect the impact of teratogens
on prenatal development. (pp. 85-86)
3.3
List agents known or suspected of being teratogens; discuss the harmful impact of tobacco and
alcohol. (pp. 86-92)
3.4
Describe and distinguish between the three stages of childbirth. (p. 96)
3.5
Discuss the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery, and describe the appearance of the
newborn baby, including length and weight; explain the purpose and main features of the
Apgar Scale. (p. 97-98)
3.6
Describe natural/prepared childbirth and home delivery; note the benefits of social support
during the childbirth process. (pp. 99-100)
3.7
List common medical interventions during childbirth, circumstances that justify their use, and
any dangers associated with each; state the frequency of cesarean deliveries. (pp. 100-101)
3.8
Describe the risks associated with low birth-weight and distinguish between preterm and smallfor-date births, along with factors that help infants who survive a traumatic birth recover.
(pp. 101-106)
3.9
Describe the United States’ international standing in infant mortality; identify the social policies
of countries with lower infant mortality rates than the United States. (pp. 104-105)
3.10
Name and describe major newborn reflexes, noting the functions served by each, and discuss
the importance of assessing newborn reflexes. (pp. 106-108)
3.11
Describe the five infant states of arousal, with particular attention to sleep and crying. (pp. 108112)
3.12
Describe the newborn baby’s sensory capacities. (pp. 112-113)
3.13
Describe typical changes in the family unit after the birth of a new baby. (p. 115)
Note: Answers to practice tests are at the end of this document.
Practice Test 3
1.
The age of viability occurs sometime between ____ and ____ weeks.
a. 18; 22
c. 26; 30
b. 22; 26
d. 30; 34
1
2.
____ refers to a limited time span during which a body part or a behavior is biologically
prepared to develop rapidly and is especially sensitive to environmental events.
a. The age of viability
c. Range of reaction
b. A sensitive period
d. Canalization
3.
The likelihood of negative effects due to smoking during pregnancy
a. diminishes only if the mother stops before the placenta begins carrying food and oxygen to
the prenatal organism.
b. diminishes only if the mother stops before the period of the embryo.
c. diminishes immediately if the mother stops smoking.
d. is negligible.
4.
The ____ stage of labor is the longest.
a. first
b. second
c. third
d. fourth
5.
A study discussed in the text showed that mothers who had a companion staying with them
throughout labor ____ than mothers who did not have companionship.
a. interacted less with their newborns in the first hour after delivery
b. were more likely to be prescribed pain and labor medications
c. experienced shorter labors and had fewer complications
d. experienced more anxiety during childbirth
6.
The United States’ infant mortality rankings have slipped from seventh lowest in the 1950s to
twenty-eighth in 2012. Every country with lower infant mortality than the US provides which of
the following?
a. government sponsored health care benefits, access to good nutrition, quality medical care
and supports to promote effective parenting
b. higher numbers of well-trained pediatric nurses and midwives
c. more funding for prenatal surgery
d. higher rates of cesarean deliveries
7.
The cesarean delivery rate in the United States is approximately ____ percent.
a. 5
c. 20
b. 10
d. 30
8.
Researchers believe that most newborn reflexes disappear during the first six months due to
a. a gradual increase in voluntary control over behavior as the cerebral cortex develops
b. a lack of use, particularly for the primitive survival reflexes
c. proximodistal development impacting gross motor control
d. cephalocaudal development impacting fine motor control
2
9.
10.
Why might infants spend so much time in REM sleep?
a. REM sleep provides stimulation that may promote central nervous system development.
b. REM sleep allows the body to conserve energy needed for growth.
c. REM sleep assists with temperature regulation and digestion.
d. REM sleep minimizes boredom.
Which of the following statements is false?
a. Newborns can distinguish several basic tastes.
b. Newborns can hear a wide variety of sounds.
c. Newborns are highly sensitive to pain.
d. Newborns cannot yet see colors.
Chapter 4: Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
4.1
Describe major changes in body growth over the first 2 years of life, including the
cephalocaudal and proximodistal trends. (pp. 120-121)
4.2
Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, including programmed cell death,
synaptic pruning, and myelination. (pp. 121-122)
4.3
Describe the development of the cerebral cortex, and explain the concepts of brain
lateralization and brain plasticity and their significance. (pp. 124-126)
4.4
Describe how both heredity and early experience contribute to brain organization. (pp. 125 &
127-128)
4.5
Discuss changes in the organization of sleep and wakefulness between birth and 2 years of age.
(p. 128)
4.6
Discuss cultural variations in infant sleeping arrangements and the practice of co-sleeping.
(p. 129)
4.7
Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition contribute to early physical growth. (p. 130)
4.8
Discuss the nutritional needs of infants and toddlers and the advantages of breastfeeding.
(pp. 130-131)
4.9
Note the percentage of the world’s children that suffers from malnutrition; discuss the impact
of severe malnutrition on the development of infants and toddlers. (p. 132)
4.10
Distinguish between classical conditioning and operant conditioning and explain their roles in
infant learning. (pp. 133-134)
4.11
Define habituation and recovery, and explain their use in studying infant perception and
cognition. (pp. 134-135)
3
4.12
Discuss imitation in infants and the role of mirror neurons complex social abilities. (pp. 135136)
4.13
Describe motor development during the first 2 years, along with factors that influence it. (pp.
137-138)
4.14
Explain the dynamic systems theory of motor development, and discuss support for this
approach stemming from cross-cultural research. (pp. 138-140)
4.15
Summarize the development of hearing and vision, including perceptual narrowing, and depth
and pattern perception during infancy. (pp. 140-145)
4.16
Describe intermodal perception and differentiation theory. (pp. 145-147)
Practice Test 4:
1.
Alicia was 20 inches long and weighed 7 pounds at birth. Assuming normal growth, what can
we estimate her measurements will be on her first birthday?
a. 25 inches and 14 pounds
c. 25 inches and 21 pounds
b. 30 inches and 14 pounds
d. 30 inches and 21 pounds
2.
Which of the following is not a normal part of early neural development?
a. myelinization of neural fibers
b. programed death of neurons
c. neural hypersensitivity
d. synaptic pruning
3.
One reason many parents have trouble getting their newborns to sleep through the night is
that not until the middle of the first year
a. is the brain sufficiently lateralized to promote control over sleep rhythms
b. is the secretion of melatonin much greater at night than during the day
c. is the production of neurons in the cerebral cortex complete
d. does REM sleep emerge
4.
One explanation for the high frequency of bedtime struggles in American homes is that
a. American children are more dependent on their parents than are children from other
cultures
b. young children often feel stress when they are required to fall asleep alone
c. American children often eat an abundance of sugary foods in the evening
d. American parents are often lax in enforcing bedtime rules and rituals
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5.
Which of the following is supported by research on breast- versus bottle-feeding?
a. Breast-fed infants are more likely than bottle-fed infants to have tooth decay.
b. Bottle-fed infants accept new solid foods more easily than do breast-fed infants.
c. Breast-fed infants are more likely than bottle-fed infants to become constipated or have
diarrhea.
d. Breast-fed infants have fewer illnesses and allergic reactions than do bottle-fed infants.
6.
Research indicates that over ____ percent of the world’s children do not get enough to eat.
a. 5
c. 15
b. 10
d. 25
7.
When infants are taught that sucking on a special pacifier triggers various sounds, they will suck
faster to hear interesting sounds. This is an example of
a. classical conditioning
c. habituation
b. operant conditioning
d. extinction
8.
Dynamic systems theory provides convincing evidence that the development of motor skills
a. is profoundly influenced by the physical environment
b. always follows a proximodistal trend
c. is genetically determined
d. is hardwired
9.
Infants with a lot of crawling experience.
a. are more likely to refuse to cross the deep side of the visual cliff.
b. are more likely than their inexperienced agemates to remember object locations.
c. neither a nor b
d. both a and b
10.
Babies perceive input from different sensory systems in a unified way by detecting
a. amodal sensory properties
c. kinetic depth cues
b. contrast and boundaries
d. optical flow
Ch. 3:
1. b
2. b
3. c
4. a
5. c
6. a
7. d
8. a
9. a
10. d
Ch. 4:
1. d
2. c
3. b
4. b
5. d
6. d
5
7. b
8. a
9. d
10. a