Download Faults

Name - - - - - - - - - -
Faults
Name the fault
Label the hanging wall and the foot wall
6
1
side view
side view
7
2
side view
side view
8
3
side view
/ ~z i /
~
~
4
9
side view
5
10
side view
side view
~
top view
Name
_
Class
Date
Faults
Fill in the answers for a through g.
a. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Fault
b.
c.
d. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Fault
e.
f.
g. - - -
Fault
Chapter 4
I
ACTIVITY 4.4:
.,.
Metamorphic Rocks
Objective: To identify metamorphic rocks.
Materials:
Metamorphic Rock Classification Key, more mystery rocks,
HCl, hand lens, Metamorphic Rock Chart, and writing
instrument.
Procedure:
Follow these instructions to guide you in your use of the
Metamorphic Rock Classification Key and in the identifi­
cation of metamorphic rocks.
1.
The Metamorphic Rock Classification Key classifies
rocks according to texture and then
according to compo~ition.
.
m~tamorphic
2.
Determine whether or not your rock is foliated.
The foliated rocks occupy about the top half of
the Key.
3.
Next, decide whether the rock is very fine, fine,
medium, or coarse-grained. You should now know
the ,name of your rock.
4.
If there is still a problem in identification, such
as with quartzite or marble, it is necessary to con­
sider the composition. With these two rocks, for
instance, decide whether ·they contain quart~or
calcite.
5.
Refer to the Metamorphic Rock Chart. From the infor­
mation provided on the Key, you can fill in the i~~
formation about Texture, Parent Rock, Metamorphic
Environment, and Rock Name. You can find Environment
in part IV C of Chapter 4.
~.
Below is your last practice run:
. A foliated, coarse-grained, banded rock is__ ~~
L , ....
A
non-foliate~,
co~~~s_~:grained
~~
rock composed of quartz is
,_.­
A foliated, very fine-grained rock is
_
"
";/-')
r .........:.--..\.
2rt,~
R()('l(
:~L'
METAMORPHIC ROCK CLASSIFICATION KEY
NAMF.
,
'.
,
[qz a Lned
Dl\RF.lIJ'T'
'IN
..•.
Very fine­
Shale;
SLATE
tuff
METAHORPHIC
ENVIRONMENT
R()('l(
/}p.rk,
~
H
Finegrained
C
,-'
I
PHYLLITE
SCHIST·
V~ .
\"Var•mica schist.,
chlorite schist,
amphibole schist,
etc. )
-,.
Medium to
coarsegrained
(oriented)
~
E-4
.
Abundance of dark, flaky,
and/or silicate minerals
(micas, chlorite, talc,
serpentine, hornblende,
etc.); quartz
Shale;
tuff
~...-k1 /5!;,;., f ~
~
r
z
o
G)
H
:J:;
:z:
~
0
~
Cfl
Shale; intermediate to
basic igneous rocks
"..
H
Z
C}
, ..
,I
~.
0«
H
H
0
tr..
~
=>
Medium to
coarsegrained
(banded)
GNEISS
(var. garnet
. gneiss, granite
gneiss, etc. )
t
~
Eo<
.
(" . QUARTZITE
..
1
'
I
!
,
..;...:.
Q
~
H
H
0
tr..
, MARBLE
,
j
z
Fine to
very finegrained
HOmiFDLS
<1d
0
Z
.
A: c
4/
Ii
t.:..
Limestone or dolomite
Regional or
with or without (impurities contact
Dark silicate minerals
predominant
Shale; slate; intermediate Contact
to mafic extrusive rocks
92-98% carbon
Peat, lignite, coal
!J~LIwl.;W (I I; trr c;<I~VV)
1
../ANTHRACITE
Regional or
contact
Calcite and/or dolomite
with or without Ca-Mg
silicates
I
;
Regional
//~"'f...:,4 ~
Quartz greatly predominant Normal and quartzose
sandstones
E-4
0«
Light to intermediate
igneous rocks; arkose;
graywacke, mica schist
\
,.'
Medium' to
coarsegrained
Feldspar abundant; varying amounts of quartz
and dark silicate min­
erals (such as amphi­
boles, pyroxenes, micas,
and garnet)
Regional or
contact
,
,
ol::>
f-J
....J
,
<
, ,,
\Iri
METAM0RPHIC ROCK CHART
NA1-1E
TEXTURE
COMPOSITION
PARENT ROCK
IDENTIFYING
CHARACTERISTICS
I
A
N
I
Planet Earth Mountains
1) What is the lowest, hottest place on Earth?
2) Who lives in the Ethiopia Highlands?
3) How do the Gelada Baboons live on the cliffs?
4) What do the Gelada Baboons mostly eat?
5) Who do the Gelada Baboons live by?
6) Who will attack the baboons and ibex?
7) What is the longest mountain chain on our planet?
8) The Andes have stable or unstable mountain weather?
9) What animal lives in the Andes?
10) Who is the lion of the Andes?
11) How fast does an avalanche move?
12) How many avalanches are there in the American Rockies every winter?
13) How long does the grizzly bear stay in her den?
14) What is the grizzly looking for on the Rocky slopes?
15) Mountains are worn down by
16) The Alps were formed
-'
million years ago (myo) as
17) Which famous mountain in the Alps is too steep to keep snow?
~,and
_
collided with
18) Which is the highest peak in Western Europe?
19) What caused the jagged shapes of the Alps?
20) What is the most powerful erosive force on our planet?
21) Where is the giant Baltoro Glacier found?
22) How large is it?
23) The mountains, including
, have taken more lives than any other mountains.
24) What animals live here?
25) The Karakovam are at the western end of the
_
26) These highest mountains of the world were created by
_
27) - - - - mya - - - - - collided with - - - - - 28) Why doesn't the Giant Panda bear hibernate?
29) The Giant Panda only eats
_
30) What other animal lives only in China?
31) The highest peak is :
_
32) Mount Everest is called:
33) 50,000 Demoiselle Cranes must cross the
to reach
------
34) The cranes are prey to what predator?
_
of continents.
Notes on Metamorphic Rocks and Deformation of Crust Mountains- Chapter 10, 5
Name _______________________
Date_____________Class_______
Vocabulary List (Number, write and define these words on another sheet of paper, those
that have a * please illustrate, be creative!) (35)
metamorphic rock
metamorphism
contact metamorphism
foliated*
unfoliated
fault
metamorphic rocks
anticline*
dome mountain*
fault plane
compression
fault-block mountain*
folded mountain*
folding
deformation
footwall*
fracture
graben*
hanging wall*
isostasy
isostatic adjustment
monocline
mountain belt
mountain range
mountain system
normal fault*
plateau
reverse fault*
shearing
strain
stress*
strike-slip fault*
syncline*
tension
thrust fault
Metamorphic Rocks
A. Introduction
1. Formed from existing rocks that were changed by high _________, high __________________, and
chemical reactions
2. _____________ (12 to 16 km beneath earth’s surface) squeeze the molecules closer together and
forms a denser rock
3. _____________ (100 C to 800 C) makes the rock soft enough for the minerals to change
4. Metamorphism make the original rock __________________________
5.______________ metamorphism- hot magma pushes through existing rock changing structure and
mineral composition of rocks near or touching the magma
6._________________ metamorphism- metamorphism over a large area due to plate tectonics
B. Types of metamorphic rocks
1. _____________- rocks that have layers of mineral crystals; they tend to break along these bands or
streaks
2. _________________- rocks that do not have bands of minerals; they do not break in layers
C. Examples of metamorphic rocks
1. Slate
a. Metamorphosed ____________
b. Fine-grained and foliated
c. Splits easily in one direction
d. Used for blackboards, roofing tiles and pool tables
2. Schist
a. Highly metamorphosed __________
b. Medium-grained and foliated
c. Looks like glitter (visible flaky crystals of mica)
2. Gneiss
a. Metamorphosed ______________
b. Coarse-grained and foliated (dark and light bands)
3. Quartzite
a. Metamorphosed ______________ (crystalline quartz)
b. Very resistant to weathering (hard and dense) and unfoliated
c. Can be white, gray, brown, or red
4. Marble
a. Metamorphosed __________________ (crystalline calcite)
b. Very resistant to weathering (hard and dense) and unfoliated
c. Used to make tiles, rolling pins, trophy bases, etc.
d. Anthractie (hard) coal
5. Metamorphosed __________________
a. Harder and more lustrous than bituminous coal and unfoliated
b. Breaks with concoidal fracture (like obsidian)
c. Usually forms in folded mountain regions (eastern PA)
Rock Chart
Sediment
Original
Mud (Mica)
Metamorphic Rock
Slate
Slate
Magma
Gneiss
Sandstone
Marble
Fossils
Chapter 5 Deformation of the Crust
5.1 How the Crust is Deformed
1.What is meant by deformation of crust?
-The ___________________________ of Earth’s crust
-Major cause for deformation is _____________________, but not the only force that shapes the crust
2.What is isostasy and isostatic adjustments?
-Isostasy- balance of upward force from the mantle and the downward force of the weight of the
____________
-Isostatic adjustments- the up and down movements that causes the crust to bend and rocks to
_______________________
3.What kind of isostatic adjustment is occurring near the Appalachian Mountains?
-Due to weathering and erosion, the overall weight and height of the mountains has decreased causing
the __________________
4. What kind of isostatic adjustment has occurred near the Mississippi River and areas where glaciers were
once present?
-The ___________________ carries larges amounts of sediments from North America into the Gulf of
Mexico, the weight of all of these sediments is causing the surrounding area to sink
-_____________________ caused the crust underneath to sink, but now is the presence of no ice Canada
and Northern Europe are rising
5. What are the three types of stress placed on crustal rocks?
-___________________- rocks are squeezed together, reduces the volume of rocks (become more
dense), tends to push the rocks up or deeper into the crust
-_______________- rocks are pulled apart, rocks tend to become thinner
-__________________- pushes rocks in opposite horizontal direction, causing rocks to bend, twist or
break apart as they slide past each other
5.2 The Results of Stress
1.What three scenarios occur to rocks that are folded?
-_________- upcurved folds in the layers
-_________- downcurved folds in the layers
-_________- gently dipping bends in horizontal rocks layers
2.What occurs when there is large scale folding of anticlines and synclines
-anticlines- produce _________
-synclines- produces _________
3.What’s the difference between faulting and folding?
-Cooler temperatures causes rocks to fault rather than _________
4. What’s the difference between a fracture and a fault?
-fracture- ____________ along either side of a break
-fault- when rocks do move
5. What is a hanging wall and a footwall?
-_______________- rocks above the normal fault plane
-_________________- rocks below the fault plane
6.What are the four basic types of faults?
-__________________- occur along divergent boundaries, occur in a series of parallel fault lines,
forming steep step-like landforms (ex. Great Rift Valley)
-__________________- compression causes the hanging wall to move up relative to the footwall
-__________________-a special type of reverse fault, fault plane is at a low angle or nearly horizontal,
common in steep mountains such as the Rockies and Alps
-__________________-rocks on either side of the fault plane slide horizontally, occur usually at
transform boundaries such as the San Andreas Fault
5.3 Mountain Formation
1.What is the difference between a mountain range, a mountain system and a mountain belt?
-__________________-a group of individual mountains make up a range (Mt. St. Helen’s part of
Cascade Range, and Mount Everest is part of the Himalayan Range)
-Mountain system- groups of adjacent mountain ranges make up a system (Great Smokey, Blue Ridge,
Cumberland and Green mountain ranges make up the Appalachian mountain system)
-__________________-the largest mountain systems are part of larger mountain belts (two major belts
of the world- Eurasian-Melanesian belt and Circum-Pacific belt)
2.What results when oceanic and continental crust collide?
-Volcanic mountains due to subduction of oceanic crust (ex. Cascades Mountains in NW U.S.)
-__________________- part of the oceanic crust are scraped off and become mountains on the
continental crust
3.What results when two oceanic plates collide?
-One oceanic plate subducts underneath the other creating volcanic mountains forming an
__________________on the ocean floor (ex. Mariana Islands, in the N. Pacific Ocean are peaks that
rose above sea level)
4. What results when two continental plates collide?
-Produces intense deformation creating _________________ (ex. Indian plate collided with Eurasian
plate creating the Himalayan Mountains)
5. How do scientists classify mountains?
-By the way in which curst was deformed and shaped by _____________________
6.Describe folded mountains and plateaus:
-Highest mountains on Earth, found where continents have ______________
-Rocks are squeezed together like __________________
-Ex: Alps, Himalayas, ___________________________________
-Same force uplifts ______________- large flat-topped rocks high above sea level that have been slowly
uplifted usually found next to mountain ranges (ex: Colorado plateau and Tibetan plateau)
7. Describe fault-block mountains and grabens:
-Mountains formed by faults where large blocks of Earth’s crust are lifted and tilted
-Ex: __________________, form nearly parallel ranges every 80 km
-________________- long, narrow valleys that develop when steep faults break the crust into blocks and
slip downward relative to the surrounding blocks, ex: Death Valley in CA
8.Describe what type of volcanic mountains form at these locations:
-__________________- large underwater mountain chains- such as mid-ocean ridge, sometimes peaks
rise above water = Iceland and the Azores
-__________________- subduction zones causes Cascade Range and Island Arcs of N. Pacific
-__________________-largest volcanoes on Earth, form on middle of plate, Hawaiian Islands are
30,000 feet tall from bottom of ocean
9.What is a dome mountain?
-Molten rocks rises to the crust and pushed up rock layers in a circular dome pattern, eventually the rock
layers erode away and the hardened rock is exposed such as the
____________________________________Tracking Plate Movements (page 90-91)
1.What is the purpose of the Lageos sphere and how does it work?
-From an orbit it reflects laser from a station on Earth and calculate the movement of
__________________
-It enables scientists to predict the future geography of Earth, predict geologic activity, study minute
changes in Earth’s gravity and __________________
The Disappearing Mediterranean (page 93)
1.What two plates are causing the Alps to grow in height and shrinking the Mediterranean?
-African Plate and Eurasian Plate
-Italy is part of the African plate, eventually it will be completely ___________________________ the
Eurasian plate along with the Mediterranean
Name __________________________
How Do Rocks Undergo Change?
Go to: http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/navigation/investigation.cfm, or Mr.
W’s enote page and look for the classzone link (easier!!)
Scroll down to chapter 6 and click on ‘How Do Rocks Undergo Change?’
Step 1: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic Rocks
1. Where are igneous rocks created in Hawaii, how do they become sedimentary?
Step 2: Interactive Rock Cycle Animation
1. What occurs in each of these stages?
a. Lava Flow (you should have seen this before)b. Click on the rain cloud for evidence of erosion. Describe and identify the location
of the following features:
-Glaciated Valley __________________________________________________
-River Valley _____________________________________________________
-Arches _________________________________________________________
-Sea Cliffs _______________________________________________________
-Desert Monuments ________________________________________________
-Sand Dunes ______________________________________________________
-Underground Cavern _______________________________________________
c. Transportation of Sediments- observe the animation of steam flow
d. Deposition of Sediments, observe the animation
-What does the stream flow do as it enters deep water? _____________________
-What types of sediments accumulate near the shore, why? ___________________
__________________________________________________________________
-What size grains settle out next? _______________________
-What is the last size grain to settle out of moving water? ____________________
e. Compaction and Cementation of Sediments, observe the animation
-How do sand grains get cemented together? ______________________________
-What are the two ingredients that make up sandstone? ______________,
_____________
f. Metamorphism, observe the animation
-What are the three minerals found in diorite? __________________,
_______________, _____________________
-How are these minerals arranged? _____________________________________
-What happens underground to this rock? _________________________________
-What happens to the mineral grains as they are squeezed? ___________________
_________________________________________
-What are aligned grains called? ___________________________
-What is the igneous rock called, what mineral was replaced and what is the new
mineral called? __________________________, __________________________
g. Melting of metamorphic rock, observe animation
-What happens to the metamorphic rocks? _______________________________
Step 3: Rock Cycle Diagram
1. What does a red arrow represent? ___________________________________
What rock formed in step 2 above that best represents a red arrow? _______________
2. What does a green arrow represent? _________________________________
What rock formed in step 2 above that best represents a green arrow? _______________
3. What does a purple arrow represent? _________________________________
What rock formed in step 2 above that best represents a purple arrow? _______________
Now go to http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/navigation/visualization.cfm,
scroll down Chapter 7 and click on ‘Observing an animation of how coal forms.’
1. What is peat and how does it form?
2. What is lignite and how does it form?
3. What is bituminous coal, how does it form and what type of rock is it?
4. What is anthracite coal, how does it form and what type of rock is it?
Name
Go to: http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/navigation/investigation.cfm, and scroll down to
chapter 11. Click on the following and answer the questions below.
How Do Rocks Respond to Stress?
ES1102 Brittle and Ductile Deformation
1. What are the two ways rocks respond to stress? ________________________________________
2. When a rock breaks, it is called ______________________.
3. When rocks bend or flow, like clay, it is called _________________________
4. Which image shows an example of brittle deformation? _________________________
5. Which image shows an example of ductile deformation? ________________________
ES1102 Stress Simulations: Choose an environmental condition for rocks, then select a type of stress to apply.
Examine the animations and resulting structures for each combination
Low temperature and pressure conditions: brittle deformation
1. What is created when compression occurs? ______________________
2. What is created when tension occurs? ______________________
3. What is created when shear occurs? ______________________
High temperature and pressure conditions: ductile formation
1. What is created when compression occurs? ______________________
2. What is created when tension occurs? ______________________
3. What is created when shear occurs? ______________________
ES1102 Geologic Structures: Click each image to see a larger version. Examine the photograph and try to
identify the geologic structure. To see an outline of the structure, move your cursor over the image.
a. _________________
b. _________________
c. _________________
d. _________________
e. _________________
Next back out of this activity and click on:
What Forces Created These Geologic Features?
ES1106 Faults and Folds: analyze the following diagrams and predict what caused them.
ES1106 Interpreting a Fault: Sketch the fault including layers A and B. Label the fault, hanging wall, and
footwall. Name the type of fault, and draw arrows to indicate the direction of stress.
ES1106 Interpreting Another Fault: Sketch the fault including layers A and B. Label the fault, hanging wall,
and footwall. Name the type of fault, and draw arrows to indicate the direction of stress.
ES1106 Basin and Range
1. What can you infer about the forces that built the mountains of the Basin and Range province?
ES1106 Northern Rocky Mountains
1. What type of stress was responsible for building the northern Rocky Mountains?
ES1106 Rio Grande Rift
1. What type of faulting is indicated by the cross section of the Rio Grande rift?
2. What type of stress formed the mountains near Albuquerque, New Mexico?
ES1106 Appalachian Mountain Belt
1. What type of force was responsible for creating the folds and faults in the Appalachian Mountains?
2. What tectonic process might be responsible for applying this force over an area as large as the
Appalachian Mountains?
Scroll back out and move to the top menu and click on “Visualizations”, scroll back down to chapter 11 and
click on “ES1105 Observe an animation of the Himalayas forming.”
Please summarize how the Himalayas formed:
Mountain Formations
Name______________________________
Purpose: To ‘experience’ a virtual field trip using Google Earth on different types of mountain formations.
Directions: Open Google Earth and complete the following activities. Save this file as
Layers: Check the following layers only: Borders and Labels, Under Labels-Geographic Features, Volcanoes (under
Gallery), Geographic Web
Go to the website: http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/Homework/mountains.htm Use this website to help
identify one mountain from each of the 4 types of mountains: Folded, Fault Block, Dome, and Volcanic (use section 5.3
for examples). Also travel to the Tibetan Plateau for your last field trip.
For each of the locations you visit, describe the appearance of the mountains in this area. Comment on issues
concerning a lot/little vegetation, are they snow capped, what shape are they, do they connect to each other or
are they isolated peaks? Describe when the mountains formed and how they formed. Find the highest peak in
each range in meters and feet. Click on the highest peak (green mountain icon), read the summary of the
mountain and fly on a tour.
Fill in your descriptions below:
Type of Mountains
Folded
Name-
Fault Block
Name-
Dome
Name-
Volcanic
Name-
Tibetan Plateau
Name-
Appearance
Shape
Formation
Name of highest
peak and
elevation
2 Interesting
Facts