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Sociology 12 – Exam Review
Instructions: Match each term with the correct definition by putting the letter of the correct definition in the box
to the left of each term. (1.1 describe the discipline of sociology as a social science through the examination of
selected social issues)
F
1. Anthropology
2. Economics
H
G
3. Geography
D
4. History
A
5. Political science
C
6. Psychology
B
7. Social science
E
8. Sociology
A. The branch of knowledge that deals with systems of
government.
B. The scientific study of human society and social
relationships.
C. The scientific study of the human mind and its functions,
especially those affecting behavior in a given context.
D. The study of past events, particularly in human affairs.
E. The study of the development, structure, and functioning
of human society. The study of human problems.
F. The study of the origins, physical and cultural
development, biological characteristics, and social customs
and beliefs of humankind.
G. The study of the physical features of the earth and its
atmosphere, and of human activity as it affects and is
affected by these.
H. The study of the production, distribution, and consumption
of goods and services.
Instructions: Match each definition with the correct perspective. Put the correct letter in the box. (1.2
demonstrate an understanding of major sociological perspectives)
C
1. The sociological approach that view groups in society as
engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce
resources.
A. Feminist
Perspective
E
2. The sociological approach that views society as a stable,
orderly system. This stable system is characterized by
societal consensus whereby the majority of members share a
common set of values, beliefs, and behavioural expectations
(i.e. social solidarity).
B. Post-modern
Perspective
3. The sociological approach that views society as the sum of
the interactions of individuals and groups. This approach is
based on a microlevel analysis, which focuses on small
groups rather than large-scale social structures.
C. Conflict
Perspective
B
4. The sociological approach that attempts to explain social life
in modern societies that are characterized by postindustrialization, consumerism, and global communications.
D. Symbolic
Interactionist
Perspective
A
5. The sociological approach that focuses on the significance
of gender in understanding and explaining inequalities that
exist between men and women in the household, in the paid
labour force, and in the realms of politics, law, and culture.
E. Functionalist
Perspective
D
Sociology 12 – Exam Review
Instructions: For each question, write the letter in the box to which methods it belongs. (1.3 analyze a variety of
appropriate sociological research methods)
C
D
B
A
C
D
B
A
1. This method uses a carefully designed situation in which
researchers study the impact of certain variables on subjects’
attitudes or behaviour (create “real-life” situations under
controlled circumstances).
2. In this method a number of respondents are asked identical
questions through a systematic questionnaire or interview.
3. In this method researchers use existing material and analyze data
originally collected by others.
4. This method is the study of social life in its natural setting;
observing, interviewing people where they live.
5. This method giver the researcher the ability to isolate the
experimental variable, but the results can be artificial.
6. A strength of this method is it enables researchers to assess the
relative importance of a number of variables, but a weakness is
the questions tend to force responses into categories.
7. An advantage of this method is the data is readily available and
often inexpensive to obtain, but data may be incomplete,
inauthentic, or inaccurate.
8. This method gives the researcher the opportunity to view from
the inside what may not be obvious to outside observer, but data
collected in natural settings are descriptive and do not lend
themselves to precise measurement.
A. Field Research
B. Secondary
Analysis of
Data
C. Experiment
D. Surveys
Instructions: Match each definition with the correct term. Put the correct letter in the box. (2.1 demonstrate an
understanding of the concept of culture)
F
G
C
E
B
D
A
1. Consists of the physical or tangible creations that members of a society
make, use, and share
2. The values and standards of behaviour that people in a society profess to
hold
3. consists of classical music, opera, ballet, and other activities usually
patronized by elite audiences
4. The values and standards of behaviour that people actually follow
A. Culture
5. Consists of the abstract or intangible human creations of society that
influence people’s behaviours
6. Consists of activities, products, and services that are assumed to appeal
primarily to members of the middle and working classes
7. The knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are
passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a
human group or society
E. Real culture
B. Nonmaterial
culture
C. High culture
D. Popular culture
F. Material culture
G. Ideal culture
Sociology 12 – Exam Review
Instructions: Pick the letter the correctly completes each statement. (2.2 analyze factors related to cultural variation)
1. ___ is the process of reshaping existing cultural items into a new form.
(a) Cultural Lag
(b) Diffusion
(c) Discovery
(d) Invention
2. ___ refers to the belief that the behaviours and customs of any culture must be viewed and analyzed by the
culture's own standards
(a) Cultural Diversity (b) Cultural Lag
(c) Cultural Relativism
(d) Culture Shock
3. ___ is a gap between the technical development of a society and its moral and legal institutions
(a) Cultural Lag
(b) Diffusion
(c) Discovery
(d) Invention
4. ___ is a group that strongly rejects dominant societal values and norms and seeks alternative lifestyles
(a) Counterculture
(b) Culture Shock
(c) Ethnocentrism
(d) Subculture
5. ___ refers to the wide range of cultural differences found between and within nations.
(a) Heterogeneous societies
(b) Homogeneous societies
(c) Cultural diversity (d) Subculture
6. ___ refers to the disorientation that people feel when they encounter cultures radically different from their own
(a) Counterculture
(b) Culture Shock
(c) Ethnocentrism
(d) Subculture
7. ___ is the tendency to regard one's own culture and group as the standard, and thus superior, whereas all other
groups are seen as inferior
(a) Counterculture
(b) Cultural Relativism
(c) Ethnocentrism
(d) Subculture
8. ___ is the process of learning about something previously unknown or unrecognized.
(a) Cultural Lag
(b) Diffusion
(c) Discovery
(d) Invention
9. ___ includes people who are dissimilar in regard to social characteristics such as nationality, race, ethnicity, class,
occupation, or education
(a) Heterogeneous societies
(b) Homogeneous societies
(c) Cultural diversity (d) Subculture
10. ___ is the transmission of cultural items or social practices from one group or society to another.
(a) Cultural Lag
(b) Diffusion
(c) Discovery
(d) Invention
11. ___ includes people who share a common culture and are typically from similar social, religious, political and
economic backgrounds
(a) Heterogeneous societies
(b) Homogeneous societies
(c) Cultural diversity (d) Subculture
12. ___ is a group of people who share a distinctive set of cultural beliefs and behaviours that differ in some
significant way from that of the larger society
(a) Counterculture
(b) Culture Shock
(c) Ethnocentrism
(d) Subculture
Instructions: Match each Role or Definition with the correct Term. Terms may be used more than once. (3.1 explain
the process of socialization)
F
1. are central to our cognitive, emotional, and physical
development, primary source of emotional support, we
acquire our specific social position in society
A. Socialization
E
2. teach specific knowledge and skills, have a profound effect
on self-image, beliefs, and values
B. Peer groups
C
3. inform us about events, introduces us to many people,
makes us aware of products and services, provides an
array of viewpoints on current issues, and entertain us
C. Mass Media
B
4. contributes to our sense of belonging and feelings of selfworth, reinforce cultural norms, provide important
information about “acceptable” behaviour
D. Agents of socialization
A
5. the lifelong process of social interaction through which
individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental,
and social skills needed for survival in society
E. School
D
6. the persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we
need to know in order to participate in society
F. Family
Sociology 12 – Exam Review
Instructions: Match each number with the correct letter. Some letters are used more than once. (3.2
investigate the relationship between socialization and the development of individual personality)
A
F
I
N
K
1. It is in opposition to both id and ego
2. This perspective emphasizes that socialization is a
collective process in which children are active and creative
agents.
3. We imagine how other people judge the appearance and
personality that we think we present.
4. We begin to construct his, or her, own role and to anticipate
other's responses.
5. Eight psychosocial stages of development (accompanied
by a crisis)
D
J
L
M
E
6. It is all id which remains throughout life (psychic energy)
7. We try out different roles and gain an appreciation of them
(hope to ascertain the intention or direction of the acts of
others).
8. We develop a self-concept. If we think the evaluation of
others is favourable, our self-concept is enhanced. If we
think the evaluation is unfavourable, our self-concept is
diminished.
9. This perspective is based on the belief that people have two
basic tendencies: the urge to survive and the urge to
procreate.
10. States that genetic makeup is the major factor in shaping
human behaviour.
H
B
G
C
11. The person plays at her or his particular role.
12. We discover their most basic desires are not always met by
others.
13. We imagine how our personality and appearance will look
to others.
14. States that social influence is the most important in human
development.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
Freud’s Stage 3
Freud’s Stage 2
Nurture (Sociologists)
Freud’s Stage 1
Nature (Sociobiologists)
Symbolic Interactionist
Perspective
Looking-glass Stage 1
Role-playing
Looking-glass Stage 2
Role-taking
Erikson
Looking-glass Stage 3
Psychoanalytic Perspective
Role-making
Sociology 12 – Exam Review
Instructions: Match the definition with the correct type of group. Put the letter in the box. (4.1 describe the
role of groups in the organization of human societies)
K
1. A collectively small enough for all members to be acquainted with one
another and to interact simultaneously
A. Secondary
group
Is an organizational model characterized by a hierarchy or authority, a clear B. Dyad
C. Outgroup
division of labour, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in
D. Formal
personnel matters
organization
Is a series of social relationships that link an individual to others
E. Triad
F. Bureaucracy
Is a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, G. Social group
H. Ingroup
emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time
I. Reference
Consists of two or more people who interact frequently and share a
group
common identity and a feeling of interdependence
J. Primary group
K. Small group
A group composed of two members
L. Social network
F
2.
L
3.
J
4.
G
5.
B
6.
C
7. Is a group to which a person does not belong and toward which the person
may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility
I
8. Is a group that strongly influences a person's behaviour and social
attitudes, regardless of whether that individual is an actual member
A
9. Is a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more
impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time
D
10. Is a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain
tasks or achieving specific goals
H
11. Is a group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a
sense of identity
E
12. A group composed of three members
Sociology 12 – Exam Review
Instructions: Match each description with the correct term. (4.2 examine the role of social stratification in the
organization of human societies, in relation to gender, race, and socio-economic status)
F
A. Role distancing
K
1. is a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal
choice, merit, or direct effort
2. occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that a
person occupies
3. occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear
B
4. are material signs that inform others of a person’s specific status
D
5. is the hierarchical arrangement of large social groups based on their
control over basic resources
6. is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in
life
7. is how a person actually plays the role
D. Social
stratification
E. Role performance
H
O
E
J
A
L
M
P
C
B. Status symbol
C. Role conflict
F. Achieved status
G. Role expectation
8. occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central
to their identity
9. occurs when people consciously foster the impression of a lack of
commitment or attachment to a particular role and merely go through
the motions of role performance
10. is the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure
H. Role strain
11. is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by
certain expectations, rights, and duties
12. is a set of behavioural expectations associated with a given status
K. Role ambiguity
I. Status set
J. Role exit
L. Social
marginality
M. Status
I
13. occurs when incompatible role demands are placed on a person by two
or more statuses held at the same time
14. is made up of all the statuses that a person occupies at a given time
N
15. is the most important status a person occupies
G
16. is a group’s or society’s definition of the way a specific role ought to be P. Role
played
N. Master status
O. Ascribed status
Sociology 12 – Exam Review
Instructions: Match each social institution’s role with the correct perspective. (4.3 examine the role of social
institutions in the organization of human societies)
A
C
D
B
A
E
B
C
B
E
B
D
1. Crucial for promoting social solidarity and stability in society, it’s the
influence exercised by adults on those not yet ready for social life. Moral
education is conveyed. Its role is to ensure a high level of literacy, develop a
love of learning, and to prepare students for citizenship.
2. It serves as a reference group to help them define themselves. Religious
symbols provide meaning for many people.
3. State supported a system in which women were controlled in the household,
performing unpaid labour for capitalist system and keeps them from political
process
4. It exists for the benefit of the wealthy and politically powerful elite who
impose their will on the masses. It slows social change, and it’s the tool of the
capitalists to mislead the workers; it promotes strife between groups and
societies
5. Important in maintaining the stability of society and the well-being of the
individual. Its functions include sexual regulation, socialization, economic
and psychological support, and provision of social status.
6. A means of educational consumption that allows students to consume
educational services and eventually obtain “goods” such as a degree
7. Families are a source of social inequality and an arena for conflict over
values, goals, and access to resources and power.
8. People find moral meaning and a sense of identity through work, or work is
dehumanizing, oppressive and alienating (less work = feel free)
9. Education perpetuates class, racial-ethnic, and gender inequalities as some
groups seek to maintain their privileged position
10. It emphasizes that families are diverse and variable. It is permeable and
reflects the individualism, particularity and irregularity of social life in the
Information Age.
11. Business cycles are a result of capitalist (elite) greed, workers’ wages are
suppressed and surpluses result in layoffs and alienation
12. It assigns a different role to men and women; so women look at religion
differently. Religious symbolism and language typically create a social
definition of the roles of men and women (e.g. higher male deities and lower
female deities).
A. Functionalist
B. Conflict
C. Symbolic
Interactionist
D. Feminist
E. Postmodern
Sociology 12 – Exam Review
Instructions: Match each statement with the correct term. Some answers are used more than once. (5.1 analyze
ways in which societies exercise social control to achieve conformity)
G
1. internalization of norms and values by a process known as
socialization
A. formal methods
F
2. consists of attachment to others, commitment to conventional
behaviour, involvement in conventional activities, and belief
in conventional values and norms
B. socialization
I
3. insulated by self-control, a sense of responsibility, and
resistance to unlawful diversions.
C. deviance
M
4. Systematic practices developed by social groups to encourage
conformity and to discourage deviance.
D. Social Control Theory
K
5. insulated by supportive family, friends, reasonable social
expectations, and supervision by others.
E. restorative justice
J
6. holds that the probability, of deviant behaviour increases
when a person's ties to society are weakened or broken.
F. social bonding
L
7. A second form of social control occurs through use of ___ to
punish rule-breakers and nonconforming acts.
G. informal methods
C
8. Any behaviour, belief, or condition that violates culture
norms in the society or group in which it occurs.
H. community corrections
H
9. shifts responsibility for corrections back to the community
and minimizes the separation of the offender from society
I. Inner containments
L
10. ___ can be effective since one of the functions of punishment
is deterrence which seeks to reduce criminal activity by
instilling a fear of punishment
J. Social Bond Theory
E
11. seeks to return the focus of the justice system to repairing the
harm that has been done to the victim and to help
communities reintegrate victims and offenders
K. Outer containments
A
12. External sanctions enforced by government to prevent the
establishment of chaos and anomie in society
L. negative sanctions
D
13. states that certain factors draw people toward deviance while
others “insulate” them from such behaviour.
M. social control
B
14. One form of social control takes place through the process of
___, whereby individuals internalize societal norms and
values.
B
15. ___ will be effective and deviance will be limited if people
share common cultural goals and agree upon the appropriate
means for reaching them.
Sociology 12 – Exam Review
Instructions: Match each description with the correct terminology. Put the letter in the first column. (5.2
investigate deviance as a form of social behaviour)
J
1. People may resort to deviance to obtain goals they are denied access
to, for self-preservation, and to express their feelings.
2. Social bonds keep people from becoming criminals. When ties to
family, friends, and others become weak, an individual is most likely
to engage in criminal behaviour.
3. An act that violates criminal law, and the punishment ranges from
minor to major offences
4. The powerful use law and the criminal justice system to protect their
own class interests.
5. Deviant behaviour is learned in interaction with others. A person
becomes delinquent when exposure to law-breaking attitudes is more
extensive than exposure to law-abiding attitudes.
6. For deviance to occur, people must have the opportunity. Access to
illegitimate opportunity structures varies, and this helps determine the
nature of the deviance in which a person will engage.
A. Knowledge as
power
B. Negative
implications of
deviance
C. Differential
association
D. Behavioural
deviance
D
7. It is a person’s intentional or inadvertent action
B
8. Deviance may result in conflict, harm, hate fear, and discrimination;
it may lead to more deviance and dependence on deviance.
9. Power, knowledge, and social control are intertwined. In prisons, new
means of surveillance that make prisoners think they are being
watched all the time give officials knowledge that inmates do not
have, giving officials a form of power over the inmates.
10. Historically, women have been ignored in research on crime. Liberal
feminism views women’s deviance as arising from gender
discrimination; radical feminism focuses on patriarchy; and socialist
feminism emphasizes the effects of capitalism and patriarchy on
women.
G. Deviance is
relative
H. Social control /
social bonding
H
E
L
C
O
A
F
I
G
N
M
K
11. Deviance occurs when access to the approved means of reaching
culturally approved goals is blocked
12. An act becomes deviant when it is socially defined as such, which
varies widely from place to place, from time to time, and from group
to group.
13. Acts are deviant or criminal because they have been labelled as such.
Powerful groups often label less powerful individuals.
14. It is any behaviour, belief, or condition that violates cultural norms in
the society or group in which it occurs
15. Primary deviance is the initial act. Secondary deviance occurs when a
person accepts the label of “deviant” and continues to engage in the
behaviour that initially produced the label.
E. Crime
F. Feminist
approach
I. Strain Theory
J. Positive
implications of
deviance
K. Primary /
secondary
deviance
L. Conflict
approach
M. Deviance
N. Labelling theory
O. Opportunity
theory
Sociology 12 – Exam Review
Instructions: Match each description with the correct term. (5.3 investigate the issue of crime as an example of
deviant behaviour)
G
1. include break and enter, theft, and arson
A. Morals crime
E
2. include serious crimes (homicide, sexual assault, robbery, and
break and enter)
B. Political crime
F
3. divides crimes into summary conviction and indictable offences
C. Violent crime
L
4. includes all violent crime, certain property crimes, and certain
morals crimes (robbery, assault, and break and enter)
D. Organized crime
J
5. consists of illegal activities committed by people in the course of
their employment or in dealing with their financial affairs
E. Indictable offences
D
6. is a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for
profit (drug trafficking, prostitution, liquor and cigarette
smuggling, loan-sharking, money laundering, and large-scale
theft)
F. Legal approach
H
7. minor offences (fraudulently obtaining food, causing a
disturbance, willfully committing an indecent act) punishable by
fine (up to $2000) and/or 6 months jail
G. Property crime
C
8. actions involving force or the threat of force
H. Summary
conviction offences
K
9. categorize crime based on how they are committed and how
society views the offences
I. Corporate crime
B
10. refers to illegal or unethical acts involving the misuse of power by
government officials, or illegal or unethical acts perpetrated
against the government by outsiders seeking to make a political
statement, undermine the government, or overthrow it
J. Occupational crime
A
11. illegal action voluntarily engaged in (prostitution, illegal
gambling, private use of illegal drugs, illegal pornography)
K. Sociological
approach
I
12. illegal acts committed by corporate employees on behalf of the
corporation and with its support.
L. Street crime