Download aneurysms

An aneurysm is a localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel or the
heart
 Types:
1-"true" aneurysm
it involves all three layers of the arterial wall (intima, media, and
adventitia) or the attenuated wall of the heart.
 e.g. Atherosclerotic, syphilitic, and congenital aneurysms, and
ventricular aneurysms that follow transmural myocardial infarctions.
2- “false” aneurysm
(also called pseudo-aneurysm)
 is a breach in the vascular wall leading to an extravascular hematoma
that freely communicates with the intravascular space ("pulsating
hematoma").
 E.g. ventricular ruptures after MI that are contained by a pericardial
adhesion
 E.g. a leak at the junction of a vascular graft with a natural artery.
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aneurysms are classified by macroscopic shape and size
(aspects of shape and size are not specific for any
disease or clinical manifestations) :
Saccular aneurysms
spherical outpouchings (involving only a portion of the
vessel wall, and often contain thrombi.
Fusiform aneurysms
diffuse, circumferential dilation of a long vascular
segment;
they vary in diameter and length and can involve
extensive portions of the aortic arch, abdominal aorta,
or even the iliacs.
The two most important causes are:
1- atherosclerosis : the most common cause
 causes thinning and weakening of the media. The intimal
plaques compress the underlying media and also
compromise nutrient and waste diffusion from the vascular
lumen into the arterial wall. The media consequently
undergoes degeneration and necrosis, thus allowing the
dilation of the vessel
2- cystic medial degeneration of the arterial media.
 Other causes include trauma, congenital defects (e.g., berry
aneurysms), infections (mycotic aneurysms), systemic
diseases, such as vasculitis.
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Infection of a major artery that weakens its wall is called a
mycotic aneurysm
 possible complications: thrombosis and rupture.
 can originate from:
(1) embolization of a septic thrombus, usually as a
complication of infective endocarditis
(2) extension of an adjacent suppurative process;
(3) circulating organisms directly infecting the arterial wall
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Mycotic AAAs are atherosclerotic lesions infected by
lodging of circulating microorganisms in the wall, e.g.
bacteremia from a primary Salmonella gastroenteritis.
suppuration further destroys the media, potentiating rapid
dilation and rupture
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Atherosclerotic aneurysms occur most frequently in the
abdominal aorta (abdominal aortic aneurysm, often abbreviated
AAA)
the common iliac arteries, the arch, and descending parts of the
thoracic aorta can also be involved
Pathogenesis
AAA occurs more frequently in men and rarely develops before age
50.
Atherosclerosis is a major cause of AAA
other contributors include: hereditary defects in structural
components of the aorta (e.g., defective fibrillin production in
Marfan disease affects elastic tissue synthesis)
an altered balance of collagen degradation and synthesis mediated
by local inflammatory infiltrates and the destructive proteolytic
enzymes
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Usually positioned below the renal arteries and above
the bifurcation of the aorta
AAA can be saccular or fusiform
as large as 15 cm in diameter, and as long as 25 cm.
Microscopically: atherosclerosis with destruction and
thinning of the underlying aortic media
the aneurysm frequently contains a laminated mural
thrombus
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Caused by The spirochetes T. pallidum
A vanishingly rare complication in the U.S. and West
thanks to early recognition and treatment of syphilis
Tertiary stage of syphilis can cause obliterative
endarteritis of the involve small vessels in any part of
the body, including the vasa vasorum of the aorta
this results in ischemic medial injury, leading to
aneurysmal dilation of the aorta and aortic annulus, and
eventually valvular insufficiency.
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Obliterative endarteritis:
luminal narrowing and obliteration, scarring of the vessel
wall, and a dense surrounding rim of lymphocytes and
plasma cells that may extend into the media
With destruction of the media, the aorta loses its elastic
recoil and may become dilated, producing an aneurysm.
valvular insufficiency and massive volume overload lead to
hypertrophy of the left ventricle.
The greatly enlarged hearts are sometimes called "cor
bovinum" (cow's heart).
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Rupture massive potentially fatal hemorrhage
- risk of rupture is directly related to the size of the aneurysm (of
5 cm or more)
- operative mortality for unruptured aneurysms 5%, emergency
surgery after rupture the mortality rate is more than 50%
Obstruction of downstream vessel tissue ischemic injury((e.g.
iliac (leg), renal (kidney), mesenteric (gastrointestinal [GI] tract),
or vertebral (spinal cord) arteries))
Embolism from atheroma or mural thrombus
Impingement and compression on an adjacent structure
(e.g.ureter or vertebrae)
Presentation as an abdominal mass (often palpably pulsating)
that simulates a tumor
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arises when blood enters the wall of the artery, as a
hematoma dissecting between its layers.
Dissections are often but not always aneurysmal.
Both true and false aneurysms as well as dissections
can rupture, often with catastrophic consequences
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is a catastrophic event whereby blood dissects apart the
media to form a blood-filled channel within the aortic
wall
Complications are :
- massive hemorrhage
- cardiac tamponade (hemorrhage into the pericardial
sac).
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1- Hypertension is the major risk factor
pressure-related mechanical injury and/or ischemic
injury.
2- inherited or acquired connective tissue disorders
causing abnormal vascular ECM
(e.g., Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome,
vitamin C deficiency, copper metabolic defects)
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The most common cause among the inherited or
acquired connective tissue disorders assosiated with
Aortic dissection
it is an autosomal dominant disease of fibrillin, an
ECM scaffolding protein required for normal elastic
tissue synthesis.
Patients have skeletal abnormalities (elongated axial
bones) and ocular findings (lens subluxation) in
addition to the cardiovascular manifestations
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1- The more common (and dangerous) proximal lesions
(called type A dissections), involving either the
ascending aorta only or both the ascending and
descending aorta (types I and II of the DeBakey
classification)
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2- Distal lesions not involving the ascending part and
usually beginning distal to the subclavian artery (called
type B dissections or DeBakey type III
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Previously, aortic dissection was typically fatal, but the
prognosis has markedly improved.
Rapid diagnosis and institution of intensive
antihypertensive therapy, coupled with surgical
procedures involving plication of the aorta permits
survival of 65% to 75% of patients