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Islam and Muslim Empires Essential Question: What are the major physical features of the Arabian Peninsula and what challenges do they create for the people living there? Map of Arabian Pennisula On your map- label The following: *Arabian Peninsula *An Nafub Desert *Rub al Khali Desert *Red Sea *Arabian Sea *Persian Gulf *Hijaz Mountains *Asir Mountains 1. Geography Mostly covered in desert Intense heat Sandstorms are common Water found at oases 2. Geography In the mountains, enough rain falls to support plants like juniper and olive trees 3. Little water causes problems Lack of water source for farming Transportation is difficult 4. So… how do they adapt? • • • • • • • Nomads / desert herders Water comes from oases Use of camels for travel Organized themselves into tribes Trade was very important Caravans Irrigation systems for farming 5. Nomads / Desert Herders • • • • Called “bedouins” Went from oasis to oasis to water / graze their animals (camels, sheep, goats) Lived in tents Ate dried fruit / nuts 6. Villages / Towns • • • • Most Arabs lived in villages / towns Located near an oasis Farmed and raised animals Merchants travel in caravans for safety What would you choose? • • If you were an Arab living in the Arabian Peninsula, would you choose the life of a Bedouin, or would you choose to live in a village or town? Complete the handout. 7. Makkah (Mecca) • • • • Founded as trade grew Largest / richest town in Arabia Religious site Crossroads for merchants 8. Muhammad (review) • • • Founder of Islam Born in Mecca Wealthy merchant 9. Five Pillars of Islam • • • • • Declaring only one God Prayer 5 times a day Giving to the needy Fasting during Ramadan Pilgrimage to Mecca How did the religion of Islam change the culture and economy of Makkah? 10. Before Islam • • Polytheistic culture / economy based on idols Housed in Kaaba 11. Kaaba • • Low, square building surrounded by statues of Gods and Goddesses Muhammad and followers took over Kaaba and dedicated it to Allah 12. Shari’ah • Moral Code / Religious Law of Islam 13. Women are given rights! • • • • • • Girls can be educated Women can refuse prospective husband Women can divorce in certain cases Divorced women have rights Can own / inherit property Polygamy permissible but discouraged 14. Church and State (religion and politics) • • • No separation of church and state Shari’ah Islamic State: a government that uses its power to uphold Islam. How was Makkah different before and after Islam? Complete the venn diagram on the handout. Struggles within Islam • EQ: How did a disagreement over leadership following Muhammad’s death affect Islam? 15. After Muhammad’s death • • When Muhammad died, conflict began over who should be the next caliph Caliph: successor to the Messenger of God (Muhammad) 16. Who succeeded Muhammad? • • Abu Baker, Umar, Uthman, and Ali All had a personal connection to Muhammad 17. Umayyad caliphs • • • • • 660-750 AD Chose Damascus, Syria for their capital Muslims entered India and Afghanistan Lost power in 750 AD because they angered many Muslims 18. The Split of Islam • • • Islam split into two groups Shiites: believed that Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law should succeed him and that all future caliphs should be Ali’s descendants Sunnis: (outnumbered Shiites) accepted the Umayyad dynasty as the rightful caliphs 19. Abbasid Empire • • • • Dynasty after Umayyads New caliph descendant of Muhammad’s uncle Devoted energy to trade, scholarship, and the arts Baghdad- new capital • 20. What is religious tolerance? Means to be accepting of someone else’s religion EQ: How did religious tolerance facilitate the expansion of the Muslim Empire? • • • • 21. Abbasid Empire Dynasty that came after the Umayyads Lost power because they angered the Muslims Persians felt that Arab Muslims got special treatment (best jobs, paid fewer taxes) Built a new capital in Baghdad 22. How did trade play a role in the expansion of the Muslim Empires • • • • When the Muslim Empires expanded, they spread the Arabic language Arabic became the language of trade Muslim rulers provided merchants with coins Merchants kept detailed records- this practice eventually turned into “banking” 23. Cultural Achievements • • • • • • Algebra Numbers 0-9 are “Arabic numerals” Founders of chemistry Blood circulation Spread of diseases Astrolabe 24. Taj Mahal • • • Built by Shah Jahan as a tomb for his wife Made of marble and precious stone Took 20 years to build