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Lasbela, U. J.Sci.Techl., vol. V, pp.126-131, 2016 ISSN 2306-8256 RESEARCH ARTICLE Public Perception on Tsunami Risk in the Coastal Areas of Lasbela Balochistan Azra Marri1* and Syed Ainuddin2 1 Department of Geography, University of Balochistan, Quetta 2 Department of Disaster Management and Development Studies, University of Balochistan, Quetta Abstract:-The potential vulnerability of Pakistan’s coastline to tsunamis need remain on prime level to work on community risk perception about tsunami. The main purpose of study is to understand the tsunami risk in the six coastal communities of Lasbela District, Balochistan, that how it is necessary to aware the poor and illiterate public about the risk perception of tsunami and prepare to save the human lives. For this we have to understand regional tectonics of an area, instrumentally recorded events, historical records, field investigations, geomorphology and external links. As a base of methodology Questionnaire surveys on tsunami risk perception was carried out among 200 residents of Gaddani, Sonmiani, Winder (Daam), Goth Allana, Goth Khuda Bakhsh and Rais Pariya Goth, using simple random sample techniques. Qualitative and quantitative data was collected by using a survey skills i.e. interviews, group discussion and observation. The results revealed that most of the respondents have inaccurate knowledge about the tsunami hazard and its impacts. The results also indicate that government and other stakeholders need to work on this neglected area. The research findings lead to raise a number of recommendations like basic knowledge of tsunami hazard, including education, trainings and encouraging voluntary work. A requirement for research into resilience also emerges, to prepare communities to cope with disasters. Tsunami can mitigated through Mangroves trees whose twisted roots grow above the ground in coastal swamps; Mangroves trees are more effective than actual barriers in reducing erosion, and dissolving the energy of breaking waves. Keywords: Tsunami Hazard, Coastal Areas, Balochistan, Risk Perception country in the world as shown in the table 1. When there are travelling waves on mass level in long length with period produce disorders in occurring earthquakes, the disorders includes volcanic eruptions and the plate’s movement in consequent collision causes Tsunami (Goff, 2014). It is time tested fact that tsunami is a massive risk to life, property assets and to ecosystem which changes the total values of human life in the effected zones (2004 IOT) (Mamo, 2009). The history of large earthquakes along the Makran, Balochistan in toward zone is suggestive of the potential vulnerability of Pakistan's coastline to Tsunamis. A figure in year 2004, which affected the following regions in addition to Indonesia i.e. Thailand, India, Maldives, Tanzania, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Somalia, Seychelles and Kenya In this context, The figures of causalities have been narrated by (Wei, 2013), as under Table 2. The about 280,000 human fold was hit by the greatest one i.e. (IOT) tsunami in 26 December 2004 and the INTRODUCTION When the impact of a natural hazard is not minimized by effective prevention, preparation and recovery strategies, it has the potential to become a disaster (Bryant, 2005). In developed and under developed countries the risk of disasters in hazardous areas are expanding due to population growth (Guzzetti, 1999), The UNDP predicted in year 2006 that the world population in the next 15 years will be two times greater, as such the costal zones play important role in economics of human lives, we at present have only 4 percent of the world’s land area consisting of coastal and on other side the human residing is the 3/4 of the global population, and they includes very vast in ecosystems to the extent of coastal area rich in biological side and of high fiscal importance. Besides this the trend of growth in population in using residence on coastal area is also proving to nature in hazardous manner (Cochard, 2008). Tsunamis have been accountable for significant damage and loss of life in many coastal areas, mostly around the Pacific Ocean (Clague, 2003). Historically Japan has suffered more tsunami than any other *Corresponding author: [email protected] 126 Table 1. Ten Deadliest Tsunami in the History Area Country 1 Sumatra Indonesia 2 Lisbon Portugal 3 Karakatau Indonesia 4 Enshunada Sea Japan 5 Nankaido Japan 6 Northern Chile Chile 7 Sanriku Japan 8 North Pacific Coast Japan 9 Ruckus Island Japan 10 Ise Bay Japan Year 26 December 2004 01 November, 1755 27 August, 1883 28 October, 1498 28 October, 1707 13 August, 1868 15 June, 1896 11 March, 2011 24 April,1771 18 January, 1586 Casualty 230,000 60,000 40,000 31,000 30,000 25,000 22,000 18,000 12,000 8,000 Source: http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/science-environment/2011/03/the-10-most-destructivetsunamis-in-history Table 2. The figures of causalities have been narrated by (Wei, 2013). Year Region Casualties 2011 East Japan 15853 various places as such the impact comes out bending down in poles and angle at Makran zone and this is said to be the greatest muddy layer piece in the earth face covering several kilometers of residue in occurrence of greatest tsunami’s (Jaiswal, 2009). While going through above studies many areas of Pakistan are on risk in prediction to future earth quakes which includes Northern zone of country, Azad Kashmir, District Muzaffarabad, District Quetta, Pak Afghan Border, District Sibi, and Coastal region of Makran (Anuddin, 2012). In 1945, an earthquake measuring 8.5 on the Richter scale generated a tsunami along the Balochistan coastline, killing nearly 4,000 people in the fishing town of Pasni. Gwadar and Karachi were also threatened (Larsen, 2014). Huge earthquakes produce greater tsunami. In addition, if tsunami is active the earthquake will be on low down fewer by 30 kilometers. However, deep earthquakes in rarely cause adequate alteration to generate tsunami (Heidarzadeh, 2008). Around the globe most of the countries still practice the post-disaster relief approach. Because of this many individuals and communities remain vulnerable to natural hazards. However, the Hyogo Framework for Actions is ongoing, toward relief to initial alarming systems stressing community pliability to hazard qualification for hazard. Once we know the risks and vulnerabilities, better improvement and advance strategies will less such impacts of disaster (Anuddin, 2013). In this Economical Losses 220 bn$ Source: (Yamazaki, 2013). region was covered around East Africa and South Asia (Morin, 2008).Any risk attached with natural disaster it is good to keep knowledge of all regions but the most important is the region where we are residing and what remained the past history of losses due to natural disasters in this context our province Balochistan being the biggest in area wise around 347190 S/Km’s, the population figure in census has lastly been numbered in 1998 by 6.6 million where the most of population in villages is illiterate, poor and jobless with highest poverty rate, the climate in northern region remain cold even in minus and it remained a more emergency point when any of natural disaster occurred in winter while the temperature was minus, therefore, before planning in best way to meet the disaster after effects to the human lives and their economic sustainability, Balochistan witnessed natural calamities and disasters including the Cyclone Yemyin 2007, Ziarat Quake 2008, floods 2010, flash flood in 2012 and Awaran quakes 2013 (Khawaja, 2013). Again by both impacts of earthquake and Tsunami in November 28, 1945 occurred which caused causalities about 4,000 in Pakistan (Pararas, 2006). The major cause of earthquake which cause damages about 80% relates to drifting of plates particularly Indian, Iranian plates moving beneath or upward each other and caused affected zone /(s) at 127 Province the length of coast runs from Hub to boarder of neighboring country Iran including five bays in which starts at Sonmiani bay to Gwader Bay (Figure 1). While going through sketch and physical visit it enshrines the consisting of forest of mangrove in 3 patches, that are Gwader, Kalmat Khor and Minihor bay and all of these three covering about 7,500 ha in Balochistan. It is the benefit of these 3 mangrove forests which protect our coastal land from tsunami as they impede the harsh winds which create wave action (Mukhtar, 2012). Risk Perception of Tsunami Hazard While considering the ground realities which focus to face the un toward scenes the most contributable will be emergency planning, plantation of plants i.e. Mangroves as such these will be precautionary measures to save the losses both financial and human lives from the terrible effects of tsunami. As a matter of fact, each and every one has to play his role either the Government functionary's responsible for or the local folk (Rechamalia, 2011). The flow of information to the gross root level and preparedness strategies will certainly reduce the risk to life and it is concomitant to be adopted specially at the costal beach regions of Lasbela district. Going and learning lesson from the past experiences as such motivating the individuals to attain necessary knowledge either of advance level or natural in nature (Wachinger, 2013). Furthermore, each and every person alongwith communitity based be mobilized to produce capacity to prepare in meeting the effects of future tsunami (Hatthakit, 2011) and logical instrument utilized with focus on both subjective and quantitative exploration. District Lasbela is situated on the border of Sindh and Balochistan the head quarter of the district is in “Uthal” town, while the district consists of five tehsils and 22 Union Councils. District Lasbela is one of the big districts of seven other Districts in Balochistan which covers area of 15,153 S/Km's. Lasbela District (covering 1075 Km), exists in east longitudes 65°12'11"- 67°25'39" and North latitudes by 24°53'2"-26°39'20" North latitudes, on south-east side by (218 degrees bearing) of Islamabad and 116 km towards north west direction (333 degrees bearing) from Karachi Sindh. The total population of district Lasbela includes 313000 humans by censes of 1998. The reason of selection of Lasbela district as a study area is its hazardous site. The sea cyclone “PHET” of 2010 also caused damages to standing crops, livestock and infrastructure in the area Gaddani and Somiani, the coastal towns encounter disasters due to Tsunami in the Arabian Sea the fishing villages sustained heavy losses fishing crafts got damaged and huts were washed away. The respondents selected for present study was those population belonging to those coastal villages are situated in tsunami hazard prone so the research has grasped the factors responsible for increased risk at 128 community level in this regard the respondents selected for present study was those population belonging to both the ship breaking workers and the residents of villages including all age group males and females. construction, unawareness about building codes, the general public is unaware about the community based disaster activities and mitigation measures of tsunami impacts. No specific projects are implemented at the general public or tehsil level for community awareness and disaster risk minimizing factors. The above graph shows that the majority of the sample respondents were living near to the coast. But, they had lake of knowledge about the tsunami hazard except few. When they were asked about the biggest threats to their village, 31% answered about the Drought, 30% about tsunami hazard, 21% about Flood, 20% about the earthquake and 7% don’t know about anything. The graph show that unfortunately 58% of sample residents don’t know about the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004 even more than 50% respondents don’t know about the Makran subduction zone tsunami in 1945. The sample respondents had little knowledge about the generation of tsunami hazard they knew that earthquake can generate the tsunami but they were does not know about the other options. When the sample respondents asked that Lasbela district could be affected by tsunami 57% said yes 6.5% said no while 36.5% does not know about it. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The questionnaire surveys on the tsunami risk perception were carried out amongst 200 residents of coastal areas of Lasbela District Balochistan using random sampling techniques. The study is essentially exploratory in the nature in view of both primary and secondary sources of information and data where both data set was utilized which are installed with both qualitative and quantitative exploration system, basically the aim of research is to recognize the issues of vulnerable community which are related with their awareness about the tsunami hazard and the paper develop framework for risk reduction of tsunami hazard in coastal area of Balochistan Lasbela district. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The lack of seismic hazard education in general public. There are not sufficient CBOs to work for community before and after the disaster. Poor Fig. 2. Tsunami Risk Perceptions Fig. 3.Tsunami Risk Perceptions The above graph show almost 42% of the sample respondents knew about the last Tsunami which affected the Balochistan region while 31% of the sample respondents answered they don’t know about it. When sample respondents were asked that do they think Tsunami could have any of the effects. 57% of the sample respondents said that Tsunami could cause the death and injuries while 129 16% of sample respondents knew that Tsunami could be responsible for the damages and destruction to homes and business, furthermore 31% of the sample respondents did not know about any effect of Tsunami. 58% of sample respondents answered that they don’t know Lasbela region have any tsunami warning system while 29% surreally said there are no any warning system existing. 56% of the sample respondents agreed that Lasbela needs a Tsunami warning system while 39% of the sample respondents said they don’t know about it. The respondents were asked if tsunami strikes the Lasbela region what do they think the maximum flood height could be they had no knowledge about it. 20% of the sample respondents sure that tsunami could not strike the Lasbela region. 55% of the sample respondents rate the importance of tsunami risk as hazard in Lasbela compared to other hazard. 21% of the sample respondents rate no importance of tsunami risk in Lasbela region while 24% of the sample respondents were doesn’t know about it. perception and implementation of building codes. REFERENCES Ainuddin, S., 2012. Institutional framework, key stakeholders and community preparedness for earthquake induced disaster management in balochistan. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 21(1): 22-36 Ainuddin, S. A., 2013. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 6. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 6: 5058. Bryant, E. A., 2005. Bryant, E. 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Disaster CONCLUSION At present no work has been done to aware the community about the tsunami hazard. This paper suggests further knowledge and to engage the community regarding to tsunami preparedness through public education. Further, the paper is also focusing and forcing on taking the practical steps with true spirit. The paper has recommends to raise awareness of tsunami hazard in coastal areas of labela Balochistan. Tsunami education camping’s should be arrange there. Tsunami risk reduction strategies should be used and aware the general public through electronic and print media. Naturally the tsunami can be mitigated through Mangroves, trees whose twisted roots grow above the ground in coastal swamps. They are more effective than actual barriers in reducing erosion, trapping sediments and dissolving the energy of breaking waves. Although, proper warning system to be launched in such regions. 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Pure and Applied Geophysics, 170(6-8): 1309-1331. Yamazaki, Y. C., 2013. Modeling of the 2011 Tohoku Near‐Field Tsunami from Finite‐Fault Inversion of Seismic Waves. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 103(2B): 1444-1455. Received 15th October, Accepted 10th December, 2016 Manuscript can be viewed online at: http://www.lujst.com/ 131