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Organ Systems Form meets Function The organ systems of the human body and other vertebrates help to maintain balance and perform a variety of functions. The Body Worlds exhibit of preserved human bodies and allows visitors to view the amazing human body in never before seen ways. This unit will introduce the major parts and functions of each of the body systems. Image Levels of Organization The levels of organization in a multicellular organism include cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems Cells the basic unit in living things; specialized cells perform particular functions (EX heart cell) Tissues are groups of similar cells that perform a single function (EX connecting muscle to bone) An Organ is a group of tissues that work together to perform a complex function (EX Eyes for sight) An organ system is a group of organs that perform closely related functions (EX the digestive system) Image Cells Cells can be specialized (have a certain function Function = job Function is related to the cell structure Structure = how parts of the cell are put together Shape Material it’s made from Structure of a brain cell is different from muscle cell Can you tell which cells are neurons, fat, leukocytes, bone (osteocytes, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, cubodial (roll up to make tubes) Types of Tissues There are four basic types of tissues in the human body Epithelial tissue - Glands and tissues that cover interior and exterior body surfaces Connective tissue - Provides support for the body and connects its parts Nervous tissue - Transmits nerve impulses throughout the body Muscle Tissue - Along with bones, helps the body to move Examples of Epithelium Tissue Examples of Connective Tissue Examples of Nervous Tissue Examples of Muscle Tissue Organs Organ Systems There are 11 organ systems of the human body that work together to maintain homeostasis in the body Homeostasis is the process by which organisms keep internal conditions relatively stable despite changes in external environments Muscular system Skeletal system Nervous system Circulatory system Respiratory system Endocrine system Lymphatic/Immune system Digestive system Excretory system Integumentary system Reproductive system Image Muscular System Function: Works with the skeletal system to produce voluntary movement; helps to circulate blood and move food through the digestive system Major Structures: Skeletal Muscles – usually attached to bones and help with voluntary movement Smooth Muscles – found in the walls of hollow structures (stomach, blood vessels, intestines) and NOT under voluntary control Cardiac Muscles – found only in the heart and NOT under voluntary control Image Works Closely With: the skeletal system to move the body, with the help of signals from the nervous system Organization of the Skeletal Muscle Muscle Anatomy If you were to take one whole muscle and cut through it, you would find the muscle is covered in a layer of connective muscle tissue known as the Epimysium that protects the muscle from friction against other muscles and bones. Organization of the Skeletal Muscle Surrounding the muscle fiber is the Sarcolemma = fibers cell membrane then the Sarcoplasm = cells cytoplasm, containing Glycogen, Fats and Mitochondria for energy. Each muscle fiber itself contains cylindrical organelles known as Myofibrils. Myofibrils made up of bundles of Actin and Myosin proteins which run the length of the muscle fiber and are Important in muscle contraction known as the sliding filament theory. Muscles in Action SKELETAL SYSTEM Three types of Skeletal systems are: Exoskeleton Endoskeleton Hydrostatic Skeletal System Function: Supports the body; locomotion of voluntary muscles, protection of organs; helps to maintain calcium levels; provides a site for blood cell formation Major Structures: Bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments, tendons Types of Cells: Osteoblasts – build and produce new bone Osteoclasts – break down bone Bone Marrow – within the hollow center of bones, produces red and white blood cells and platelets Works Closely With: the 206 bones in the adult body works with the muscular system to move the body Image Work on your worksheets! Skeletal System In the outline of the Homo sapien on your Skeletal Systems page draw and label the following structures: clavicle, femur, fibula, humerus, patella, pelvis, radius, ribs, scapula, skull, sternum, tibia and ulna. Nervous System Function: Recognizes and coordinates the body’s responses to changes in its internal and external environment Major Structures: Central Nervous System = brain & spinal cord and Peripheral Nervous System = cranial nerves, ganglia and spinal nerves Types of Cells: Neurons – send the messages of the nervous system though electrical impulses Works Closely With: sensory receptors and the five senses (sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch) to interpret stimuli from the environment Image Central and Peripheral Systems Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. - sensory information goes down the dorsal roots - motor information goes down the ventral roots to the muscles and glands dorsal root ganglion (ganglia, plural) "Gray matter" in middle = cell bodies "White matter" surrounding = insulated axons Central and Peripheral Systems Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) receives signals from the spinal cord and transmits the message by way of peripheral nerves. Peripheral nerves in the cervical region serve the neck and arms; those in the thoracic region serve the trunk; those in the lumbar region serve the legs; and those in the sacral region serve the bowels and bladder. The PNS consists of somatic nervous system that connects voluntary skeletal muscles with cells specialized to respond to sensations, such as touch and pain autonomic nervous system is made of neurons connecting the CNS with internal organs. It is divided into - sympathetic nervous system which prepares the body for action: fight or flight -parasympathetic nervous system helps to restore the body, build up energy & supplies needed in the future, and relax Typical Neuron and Synapse Typical Neuron and Synapse cont Read the excerpts from the article entitled “Neuron” and very briefly describe the four steps of a nerve impulse down a neuron. Reflex Arc • A reflex arc is the pathway that a nerve reflex, such as the knee jerk reflex, follows. A tap on the knee stimulates sensory receptors, generating a nerve signal. The signal travels along a nerve to the spinal cord. In the spinal cord, the signal is transmitted from the sensory nerve to a motor nerve. The motor nerve sends the signal back to a muscle in the thigh. The muscle contracts, causing the lower leg to jerk upward. The entire reflex occurs without involving the brain. Place the number next to the FUNCTION correct part Occipital Lobe Center for processing visual and spatial information Medulla Temporal Lobe the end of the spinal chord is where many involuntary actions, heart beating, breathing, digestion, are regulated Center for processing auditory and temporal (time-related) information Limbic System Manages the transition between sleep and arousal Thalamus Involved in the processing of emotion and strong drives like sex, fear and hunger. Cerebral Cortex A region of high neuron concentration, divided into the following lobes, (one on each side of the brain). Various functions, including processing of physical sensation and new movements. Bottom of parietal lobe contains olfactory bulb, = taste/smell Helps control what information reaches the frontal lobes, regulates flow of consciousness and attention Where information for performing learned movements are stored. Parietal Lobe Hypothalamus Cerebellum The Frontal Lobes Cerebo-spinal Fluid Where thought occurs. Both are centers for memory, learning, problem-solving, feeling, awareness, and decision-making. The left side = analytical; right side = "openended" understanding and thinking Produced by glands in the brain to act as a protective cushion. Circulatory System Image Function - Brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells; fights infection; removes cells wastes; helps to regulate body temperature Major Structures - Heart, vascular system made up of blood vessels (arteries & veins), blood Heart Video Types of Cells Red blood cells – transport O2 & CO2 White blood cells – fight infection Platelets – allow blood to clot and stop bleeding Works Closely With: the respiratory system in gas exchange; digestive system to pick up and carry nutrients to the cells of the body the excretory system to filter and clean the blood the endocrine system to deliver hormones Close Up of a Blood Vessel Image The connective blood vessels of the body carry the cells of the circulatory system The vessels can sometimes become blocked with plaque (fatty buildup) shown in yellow Sounds of the Circulatory System Image The heart muscle contacts an average of 72 times per minute, sending blood throughout the body through a series of blood vessels. Sound File Respiratory System Function: Provides oxygen needed for cellular respiration and removes excess carbon dioxide from the body Major Structures: Upper respiratory tract – the nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx Lower respiratory tract – the trachea, bronchi and lungs Key Parts: Nose and nasal cavities, mouth, larynx, trachea, bronchi and their branches, diaphragm, and the alveoli Works Closely With: the circulatory system in gas exchange and the muscular system for inhalation and exhalation. Parts of the Respiratory System With each breath, air enters our body through the air passageways and fills up our lungs. Within each lung, the tiny alveoli are surrounded by blood vessels and oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse in and out of the vessels. Image Digestive System Function: Converts foods into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body; absorbs foods; eliminates wastes Major Structures: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum Key Parts: Villi – folded structures within the walls of the intestines which allow for nutrient exchange Works Closely With: circulatory system to deliver nutrients to the cells of the body Image Close UP of Digestive Villi The villi projections allow as much of the nutrients in the digestive system to move in to the circulatory system, providing energy for cells. Image Digestive Enzymes The pH in the huma n digestive tra ct va ries grea tly. The pH of sa liva is usua lly between 6.5 - 7.5. After we chew a nd swa llow food it then enters the upper portion of the stoma ch which ha s a pH between 4.0 6.5. This is where "predigestion" occurs while the lower portion of the stoma ch is secreting hydrochloric a cid (HCI) a nd pepsin until it rea ches a pH between 1.5 - 4.0. After the food mixes with these juices it then enters the duodenum (sma ll intestine) where the pH cha nges to 7.0 - 8.5. This is where 90% of the absorption of nutrients is ta ken in by the body while the wa ste products are pa ssed out through the colon pH 4.0 - 7.0. Excretory System Function: Eliminates waste products from the body in ways that maintain homeostasis Major Structures: Skin, lungs, kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Key Parts: Kidneys – remove waste products from the blood Bladder – collects urine (wastes filtered through the kidney) Works Closely With: the circulatory system to filter and clean the blood Image Lymphatic/Immune Systems Function: Helps protect the body from disease; collects fluid lost from blood vessels and returns the fluid to the circulatory system Major Structures: White blood cells, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph vessels Key Types: Non-specific Defense – works against a wide variety of invaders using barriers, phagocytes, proteins and the inflammatory response Specific Defense - works against specific pathogens using various white blood cells called lymphocytes or leukocytes Works Closely With: circulatory system to deliver the infection fighting cells and collect excess fluids Movie File http://www.pennmedicine.org/encyclopedia/em_D isplayAnimation.aspx?gcid=000073&ptid=17 Image TYPES OF DEFENSE MECHANISMS Image Integumentary System Function: Protection is the most important function. It serves as a barrier against infection and injury Major Structures: Skin, hair, and nails Key Parts: Epidermis – outer layer of skin Dermis – inner layer of skin Hair – protects the skin and filters particles Nails – extension of the skin, grow 3 mm per day on average Works Closely With: nervous system through the five senses Integumentary System cont. The Skin is the human body's Largest Organ. The word INTEGUMENT comes from a LATIN word that means to COVER. FIVE Other Functions of the Integumentary System 1. Serves as a barrier against infection and injury. 2. Helps to regulate body temperature. 3. Removes waste products from the body. 4. Provides protection against UV radiation from the sun. 5. Produces vitamin D. The skin contains sensory receptors through which sensations such as pressure, heat, cold, and pain are transmitted to the nervous system. The skin is made up of two main layers – the epidermis and the dermis. Beneath the dermis is a subcutaneous layer of fat. 1. The outer most layer of skin , composed of five layers and four types of cells. 2. Most of the cells of the Epidermis undergo rapid cell division (MITOSIS) and are shed or washed away once every 14 to 28 days. 3. As new cells are produced, they push older cells to the surface of the skin. The older cells become flattened, lose their cellular contents and begin making Keratin. 4. Keratin is a tough fibrous protein and forms the basic structure of hair, nails and calluses. In animals it forms horns, scales, feathers, and quills. 5. The Epidermis contains melanocytes, cells that produce melanin, a dark brown pigment. 6. There are no blood vessel in the epidermis, which is why a small scratch will not cause bleeding. EPIDERMIS DERMIS 1. Second layer of skin composed of living cells. 2. Connective tissue layer composed of collagen and elastic fibers, fibroblasts, macrophage and fat cells, hair follicles, glands, nerves and blood vessels. 4. Beneath the Dermis is the Hypodermis, (Subcutaneous layer), a layer of fat and loose connective tissue that insulate the body and acts as an energy reserve. 5. The Dermis contains TWO major types of GLANDS: Sudiferous (sweat) and Sebaceous (oil) Glands. 6. Oil Glands are connected by Tiny Ducts (Exocrine Glands) to Hair Follicles. Sebum coats the surface of the skin and the shafts of hair, preventing excess water loss and lubricating and softening the skin and hair. HAIR 1. Hair is produced by cells at the base of structures called Hair Follicles. Hair protects and insulates the body. 2. Hair Follicles are tube-like pockets of epidermal cells that extend into the dermis. Tiny Muscle fibers attach to Hair Follicles contract and pull hair upright when you are cold or afraid, producing Goose Bumps. 3. Individual hairs are actually large columns of dead cells filled with Keratin. 4. Rapid cell growth in the Hair Root causes hair to grow longer. Hair gets its color from Melanin. 5. Hair Follicles are in close contact with Sebaceous Glands. NAILS Nails grow from an area of rapidly dividing cells know as the Nail Matrix or Nail Root and is located near the tips of the fingers and toes. Nails rest on a bed of tissue filled with blood vessels, giving the nails a pinkish color. Nails grow at a rate of 0.5 to 1.2 mm per day, with fingernails growing faster than toenails. Place the number on the diagram on your worksheet Endocrine System Function: Controls growth, development, and metabolism; maintains homeostasis Major Structures: Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries (in females), testes (in males) Key Parts: Hormones – chemicals released in one part of the body, travel through the bloodstream, and affect cells in other parts Works Closely With: the nervous system which controls the release of hormones and the circulatory system to deliver them Image GLAND: Hypothalamus LOCATION: Ventral part of the forebrain. HORMONE: Secretes releasing or inhibiting hormones that act directly on the tissues of the pituitary gland. FUNCTION: It is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system. Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis. As a limbic system structure, it influences various emotional responses. GLAND: Pituitary LOCATION: Bean sized structure that dangles on a slender stalk of tissue at the base of the skull. The gland is divided into two parts: anterior and posterior HORMONE: Secretes hormones that directly regulate many body functions and controls the actions of several other endocrine glands. FUNCTION: Posterior Oxytocin Pituitary Antidiuretic Growth Prolactin Anterior Follicle-stimulating Pituitary Luteinizing Thyroid-stimulating Adrenocorticotropic Contraction of uterus and releases milk Tells kidneys to reabsorb water Protein synthesis and growth in bones Production of Breast Milk Stimulates production of ova and sperm Ovaries and testes Stimulates the thyroid gland Tells adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids GLAND: THYROID & PARATHYROID LOCATION: Base of neck and wraps around the upper part of the trachea. HORMONE: Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4) Calcitonin FUNCTION: Stimulate and maintain Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), which is the amount of energy the body uses Lowers blood calcium level LOCATION: The four glands are found on the back surface of the thyroid gland. HORMONE: Parathyroid hormone FUNCTION: Raises blood calcium level GLAND: Pancreas LOCATION: Just behind the stomach; upper left quadrant HORMONE: Insulin Glucagon FUNCTION: Cluster of cells called islets of Langerhans contain beta cells which secrete insulin and lower blood glucose levels and alpha cells which secrete glucagon and raise blood glucose levels GLAND: LOCATION: HORMONE: Adrenal Two pyramid-shaped structures that sit on top of thekidneys; each gland has an outer part, adrenal cortex, inner part, adrenal medulla Epinephrine and norepinephrine Glucocorticoids and Mineralocorticoids FUNCTION: Adrenal Epinephrine Medulla (adrenalin) and nor epinephrine (noradrenalin) Raise blood glucose level, increase metabolic activities, constricts some blood vessels; prepares the body for “fright, fight or flight” Adrenal Glucocorticoids Raise blood glucose levels Cortex Mineralocorticoids Promote reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ in kidneys and an GLAND: LOCATION: HORMONE: FUNCTION: Gonads Female – inside pelvis cavity Male – outside pelvic cavity Androgens, Estrogen, Progesterone Production of gametes and secretion of sex hormones Testes Androgen (Testosterone) Support sperm formation, promote development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics Ovaries Estrogen Stimulate uterine lining growth, promote development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics Progesterone Promotes uterine lining growth Reproductive Systems Function: Produces reproductive cells; in females, nurtures and protects developing embryo Major Structures: Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, and penis (in males); ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina (in females) fetus at 8 weeks Types of Cells: Sperm Cells – male reproductive cells created in the male reproductive system Ova – female egg cells created in the female reproductive system Works Closely With: endocrine system to receive sex hormones Slideshow of Conception