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Anatomy and Physiology Part 1 Anatomy - the study of the structure and relationship between body parts Physiology - the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole. Overview and Homeostasis Organelles – specialized subcomponents of cells that perform aspects of life functions. Cells - simplest units of structure and function in living things TissuesGrouping of cells specialized to do certain jobs in our body Examples? Overview and Homeostasis Organ- structure made of tissue that has a major role in life function Examples? Organ System- series of organs that work together to do a job. Examples? Overview and Homeostasis Differentiation or Specialization cells contain all the genes to be all kinds of cellsnerve, bone, skin, etc. Only those needed are “turned on” the rest are "turned off” Homeostasis maintenance of a stable environment How do animals get their food? filter feeding living in your food fluid feeding bulk feeding Getting & Using Food Ingest taking in food Digest mechanical digestion chemical digestion breaking down food into molecules small enough to be absorbed into cells enzymes intracellular digestion Absorb breaking up food into smaller pieces absorb nutrients across cell membranes diffusion active transport Eliminate undigested material passes out of body extracellular digestion Digestive systems Everybody’s got one! Digestive System (aka GI tract) Food is broken down so that it is small enough to enter body tissues and cells. Mechanical- ex. Mouthchewing with teeth increase the surface area of food Chemical- ex. Amylase in salvia breaks starch (complex carbs) down to glucose Digestive system is one-way passage through the body. Tube within a tube. Human Digestive System Mouth Ingests food Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food Begins digestion of starch teeth break up food chemical digestion (saliva) amylase enzyme mucus protects soft lining of digestive system lubricates food for easier swallowing buffers digests starch neutralizes acid to prevent tooth decay anti-bacterial chemicals kill bacteria that enter mouth with food Swallowing (& not choking) Epiglottis flap of cartilage closes trachea (windpipe) when swallowing food travels down esophagus Peristalsis involuntary muscle contractions to move food along mouth break up food digest starch kill germs moisten food Human Digestive System Esophogus - tube that connects mouth to stomach Food moves by peristalsis: slow rhythmic contractions of muscular contractions. Human Digestive System Stomach- muscular sac with gastric juices- HCl and digestive enzymes. Begins digestion of protein Peristalsis occurs here too. can stretch to fit ~2L food mouth break up food digest starch kill germs moisten food stomach kills germs break up food digest proteins store food sphincter sphincter Human Digestive System Small Intestine- 6.5 m long coiled tube. Intestinal juices and digestive enzymes break food down into small enough sizes for absorption. Ex. starch to glucose, protein to amino acid, lipids to fatty acid and glycogen. Inner lining absorbs food through villi- finger like projections increase surface area An individual eats a hamburger. Which two systems must interact to transfer the nutrients in the hamburger to human muscle tissue? A) respiratory and excretory B) digestive and immune C) digestive and circulatory D) circulatory and respiratory Human Digestive System Pancreas- manufactures and secretes pancreatic digestive enzymes to break down food and pancreatic juice (pH 8) to neutrilize it. Makes insulin. Liver- secretes bile (stored in gallbladder) to break down fats. filters the blood coming from the digestive tract mouth break up food digest starch kill germs moisten food liver produces bile - stored in gall bladder break up fats pancreas produces enzymes to digest proteins & starch stomach kills germs break up food digest proteins store food small intestines breakdown food - proteins - starch - fats absorb nutrients Before starch can enter a cell, it must be A) absorbed by simple sugars B) diffused into simple sugars C) digested to form simple sugars D) actively transported by simple sugars Teeth chewing food into smaller digestible pieces is known as A) chemical digestion B) circulation C) mechanical digestion D) regulation Human Digestive System Large Intestine- 1.5 m tube. Reabsorbs water from undigested food (85%) to create solid waste (feces). Absorbs Vit K made from intestinal bacteria Feces held in colon until time to exit! Sugar goes right into the digestive system immediately. Everything else needs to be broken down first. Crash Course - Digestion https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s06XzaKqELk The diagram below represents a portion of the human body. The principal function of structure X is to A) produce salivary enzymes B) secrete sex hormones C) absorb water D) digest bile Common Digestive Diseases Acid reflux Common Digestive Diseases Diabetes Type 2 Common Digestive Diseases Colon cancer “People born in 1990, like my son, have double the risk of colon cancer and quadruple the risk of rectal cancer” compared to the risk someone born in 1950 faced at a comparable age, said Rebecca Siegel, an epidemiologist with the American Cancer Society and the lead author of the new report, published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute on Tuesday” Common Digestive Diseases Crohn's Disease Common Digestive Diseases Appendicitis Common Digestive Diseases Intestinal Parasites EXCRETORY SYSTEM Excretion= Removal of metabolic waste from the body. Some of the wastes we produce in our cells are carbon dioxide, urea, and salts. Many of the chemicals we rid from our bodies can be toxic if they are not removed. EXCRETORY SYSTEM Lungs Carbon dioxide, the by product of chemical respiration is removed from our blood into the lungs. Each exhale contains water vapor and CO2 EXCRETORY SYSTEM Skin (Sweat Glands) Sweat glands sweat out wastes like salt, nitrogenous waste and water from the pores of your skin. Sweat glands are nestled deep within the pores of your skin. Each sweat gland is surrounded by small blood vessels that transfer the waste to your sweat gland through your pores to your skin. EXCRETORY SYSTEM Liver Filters dead red blood cells and toxins from the blood. The liver converts excess amino acids in our bloodstream into other compounds the body can use. Urea a waste product, is produced as a result. The urea then gets removed from the bloodstream by the kidneys Foie gras = $$$ $50/ lb!! EXCRETORY SYSTEM Kidneys Filters wastes out of blood. Reabsorbs nutrients and water. 48 gallons of blood are filtered and reabsorbs in each kidney every day Two kidneys in the lower back As long as a person has at least one kidney, their body can maintain homeostasis. EXCRETORY SYSTEM The Nephron Each kidney has millions of microscopic, filtering units. Microscopic webs of small blood vessels called capillaries filter back the water and nutrients. How to make urine: As blood passes through nephron, water urea and amino acids get filtered out. Most of these materials make their way back into the bloodstream. EXCRETORY SYSTEM Excess materials form crystals and eventually find their way out of the body. Glomerulus - a cluster of capillaries around the end of a kidney tubule, where waste products are filtered from the blood. EXCRETORY SYSTEM Testing urine proves if substances like drugs have been in a person's system recently. Finding certain substances in the urine, like glucose can indicate a problem like diabetes. EXCRETORY SYSTEM Bladder Collects urine until it is ready to be released. A tube called a ureter leaves each kidney and connect to the urinary bladder. The urethra connects the bladder to the outside of the body. EXCRETORY SYSTEM Malfunctions of the Excretory System Kidney Disease Gout Cirrhosis Jaundice EXCRETORY SYSTEM If you loose your kidneys you need to have your blood filtered by dialysis. It removes the wastes that could build up in the body. Kidney dialysis can be done with a machine but it is expensive and time consuming EXCRETORY SYSTEM Essential Questions How does the kidney maintain homeostasis? How is urine formed? What does the liver filter out of the blood? Which structure reabsorbs water and minerals from blood? What kind of things are in sweat? What are some common diseases of the excretory system? Gout Kidney Disease Cirrhosis Crash Course – Excretory System https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtrYotjYvtU THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Blood Vessels There are three types of blood vessels: •Arteries- thick walled vessels with cardiac muscle, moves blood away from the heart toward tissues •Veins - thin walled vessels without muscle, moves blood back toward the heart, one-way valves prevent back flow. •Capillaries- microscopic blood vessels only one cell thick, oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across the capillaries and body tissues. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Blood Blood is composed of 55% plasma and 45% red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Plasma is made up primarily of water but also contains salts, nutrients, hormones, and many other substances. It transports EVERYTHING except for oxygen. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Red blood cells transport oxygen. Hemoglobin is a protein located on red blood cells that binds to oxygen in the lungs and transports it to the tissues where the oxygen gets released. They are produced in the bone marrow. Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease where the red blood cells are crescent shaped and can't carry oxygen. The symptoms can be deadly. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM White blood cells fight disease. When you are sick, the number of white blood cells in the blood increases to help fight infection. They are produced from stem cells in bone marrow. White blood cells are the main components of the immune system. Different white blood cells have different roles. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Platelets clot the blood. Platelets are fragments of blood cells. Platelets become sticky when they come into contact with broken blood vessels. This causes clotting factors to be released, which can produce microscopic filaments called fibrins. The strands of fibrin act like a net and form a blood clot, which stops blood flow. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Heart The heart is a four chambered organ made of cardiac muscle and it acts like a pump The muscles of the heart contract and pump blood away from the heart (through the aorta) and to the tissues of the body. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Circulation of the heart Blood rich in oxygen flows in the pulmonary vein from the LUNG into the left atrium of the heart. Next, the blood flows into the left ventricle. When it contracts (with each heart beat) it pumps the oxygenated blood into arteries that carry blood to all organs Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through veins into the right atrium. After the blood flows into the right ventricle, it is pumped to the lungs through the pulminary arteries. Special valves in the heart prevent backflow! THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM More fun facts Your heart beats when the pacemaker (sinoatrial node located in the right atrium) sends an impulse that causes muscle contractions to occur. When your heart pumps, it produces a pressure in your arteries called blood pressure. Blood pressure is at a max when the ventricles contract called systolic pressure. The miniumum blood pressure is when the ventricles are relaxed called diastolic pressure. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Cardiovascular Diseases High blood pressure- makes the heart work harder and can lead to many problems such as weakening of the blood vessels and heart muscle. •Also, if you have high blood pressure, you are more susceptible to: •Heart attack, stroke, coronary artery disease, and other circulatory system diseases. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Cardiovascular Diseases Atherosclerosis occurs when fatty plaque deposits build up on the walls of blood vessels. If this condition occurs in the coronary arteries, it can block the flow of blood that supplies the heart with oxygen and nutrients. The part of the heart that isn't getting the supply of oxygen it needs can start to die, causing a heart attack. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Stroke occurs when the blood flow to part of your brain stops. •This can be due to some kind of blockage such as a blood clot or a burst blood vessel. •Without oxygen, cells in your brain die causing permanent damage such as limb immobility. Cardiovascular diseases can be prevented through the avoidance of smoking, regular exercise keeping your blood pressure low and balanced diet Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that causes defected clotting factor proteins, leading to the inability to clot blood. THE CIRCULATORY and RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS Crash Course https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fxm85Fy4sQ Respiratory System The main organ of the respiratory system is the lungs When the air enters the lungs, it travels through the bronchi to clusters of microscopic air sacs called alveoli wrapped in capillaries. Oxygen diffuses into alveoli and carbon dioxide moves out The next stop for the oxygen rich blood is the heart where it will then be pumped to all organs of the body Bronchioles- smallest tubes within the lungs Respiratory System Bronchi- two tubes that lead into each lung Trachea- the wind pipe that divides into bronchi The diaphragm is a muscle located underneath the heart and lungs that contracts to pull air into the lungs and relaxes to force air out of the lungs. Respiratory System Respiratory Diseases Many respiratory diseases can be caused by smoking. Chronic bronchitis is when the bronchi become swollen and clogged with mucus Emphysema is when your lungs loose their elasticity making it extremely difficult to breathe. Respiratory System Lung cancer is when the cells of your lungs spontaneously divide, and divide and divide. Smoking cigarettes can be deadly. Anemia is when your blood is low in iron Leukemia is cancer of the cells that produce white blood cells.
