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A Compensating A mental strategy where you round a number and then add or subtract a smaller amount Complementary Having a sum of 90° Composite number A whole number with more than two factors Concurrent Passing through the same point Cone A solid with a circular base and a slanting curved surface that tapers to a point called the apex Constant term The part of an expression without any pronumerals Continuous numerical Data that can take any number value Coordinates Numbers or letters used to give a location or position, often an ordered pair written in the form (x, y) Corresponding angles Pairs of angles in the same position, formed by two lines cut by a transversal Cube A solid (3D shape) with six square faces that are congruent (the same size and shape) Cylinder A solid with two circular faces joined by a curved surface U N SA C O M R PL R E EC PA T E G D ES Acute triangle A triangle in which all the angles are acute (less than 90°) Adjacent Next to each other Alternate angles Two angles that lie between two lines on either side of a transversal Angle sum The total measure of the interior angles in a 2D shape Approximation A value that is close to the real value Arc Part of the circumference of a circle between two points Area The amount of surface a shape covers Ascending Going up, from smallest to largest Associative law The result of adding or multiplying three or more numbers does not depend on how they are grouped 591 Glossary Glossary B Backtracking A method of solving equations systematically by applying opposite operations Base (Measurement) One side of a shape, at right angles to the height Base (Number) The number that is being raised to a power or index C Capacity How much liquid or gas a container can hold Categorical data Data that can be placed into categories or types of objects Celsius Scale used for measuring temperature, where water freezes at 0° and boils at 100° Census Collection of data from the whole population Chance The likelihood of an event happening Chord A line interval joining two points on the circumference of a circle Coefficient A numeral placed before a pronumeral Cointerior angles A pair of angles lying between two lines on the same side of a transversal Collinear Lying on the same straight line Column graph A graph where the height of each column represents a value Commutative law When adding and multiplying, the order in which two numbers are combined does not matter D Data Information (often numerical) gathered by observation, survey or measurement Datum One score or piece of data Decimal point Symbol that separates the whole part of a number from its fractional part Denominator The bottom part of a fraction Descending Going down, from largest to smallest Diameter A line interval passing through the centre of a circle with its end points on the circumference, or the length of that interval Discrete numerical Data that can only be collected in whole number values Distributive law Adding numbers and then multiplying the total gives the same answer as multiplying each number first and then adding the products Dividend The number being divided Divisibility test A way to work out whether a whole number is divisible by another whole number, without actually doing the division Divisor The number you are dividing by Dot plot A graph in which each dot represents one score Uncorrected 3rd sample pages • Cambridge University Press © Greenwood et al, 2017 • ISBN 978-1-316-64866-7 • Ph 03 8671 1400 592 Glossary E K U N SA C O M R PL R E EC PA T E G D ES Equation A mathematical statement that two expressions have the same value Equilateral triangle A triangle with three equal sides and three equal (60°) angles Equivalent Equal in value Equivalent expressions Expressions that are always equal in value Equivalent fractions Fractions that represent the same amount Estimate An informed guess Evaluate To find the numerical value of an expression Experiment A series of repeated probability trials that lead to outcomes Expression A group of mathematical terms that does not contain an equals sign Exterior angle The angle formed between the extended side of a shape and the adjacent side Isosceles triangle A triangle with at least two equal sides and two equal angles F Factor A whole number that will divide into another number exactly Factor tree A diagram showing the breakdown of a number into its prime factors Formula An equation that shows the relationship between variables Fraction Part of a whole H HCF Abbreviation of ‘highest common factor’ Highest common factor (HCF) The largest number that is a factor of all the given numbers I Image The result of transforming a figure Improper fraction A fraction where the numerator is greater than or equal to the denominator Index form A method of writing numbers that are multiplied by themselves Input A number that is changed according to some rule Integers The set of positive and negative whole numbers and zero Interior angle Any angle inside two adjacent sides of a shape Kilogram Unit of metric measurement for mass Kite A quadrilateral with exactly two pairs of equal adjacent sides L LCD Abbreviation of ‘lowest common denominator’ LCM Abbreviation of ‘lowest common multiple’ Like terms Terms with the same pronumerals Line A set of points forming a straight path that extends forever in opposite directions Line graph A graph that shows the data as points joined with line segments Line of symmetry The line (axis) along which a figure could be folded to produce identical halves Lowest common denominator (LCD) The smallest common multiple of the denominators of two or more fractions Lowest common multiple (LCM) The smallest number that two or more numbers divide into evenly M Mean An average value calculated by dividing the total of a set of numbers by the number of values Median The middle score when all the numbers in a set are arranged in order Metre The standard metric unit for length, equal to 100 centimetres Metric system A measurement system using the base-ten number system Mixed number A number with a whole number part and a fraction part Mode The score that appears most often in a set of numbers Multiple A multiple of a number is the product of that number and any other whole number N Negative number A number less than zero Number line A line on which numbers are represented by points Uncorrected 3rd sample pages • Cambridge University Press © Greenwood et al, 2017 • ISBN 978-1-316-64866-7 • Ph 03 8671 1400 Glossary Probability The likelihood that an event will occur, measured on a scale between 0 and 1 Product A number that is the result of multiplication Pronumeral A letter or symbol used to represent a number Proper fraction A fraction where the numerator is less than the denominator Proportion One part considered in relation to the whole Protractor A semicircular or circular tool for measuring or drawing angles Pyramid A solid where the base has straight sides and the other faces are triangles meeting at a vertex (the apex) U N SA C O M R PL R E EC PA T E G D ES Number plane A plane on which every point is related to a pair of numbers called coordinates Numerator The top part of a fraction Numerical data Data that can be counted or measured 593 O Observation Survey and observation of data from those visible to us Obtuse triangle A triangle with one obtuse angle (between 90° and 180°) Order of rotational symmetry The number of times a figure matches its original position during rotation of 360° Origin The point with coordinates (0, 0) on the number plane Outcome One of the possible results of a trial Outlier A value that is much larger or much smaller than the rest of the data Output The result from applying a rule to the input P Parallel lines Lines in the same plane that are a fixed distance apart and never intersect Parallelogram A quadrilateral with two pairs of opposite sides parallel Partitioning A mental strategy where you break up a number into parts, e.g. 123 = 100 + 20 + 3 Per cent (%) Per hundred, out of a hundred Perfect square A number with a square root that is a whole number Perimeter The total distance (length) around the outside of a figure Perpendicular At right angles Place value The value of a digit in a number, which is determined by its position Plane A flat surface that extends endlessly in all directions Point A position in space, marked with a dot and named with a capital letter Power (index) The number that a base is being raised to Primary source Information collected from the original source by the person needing the data Prime number A whole number with only two factors, itself and 1 Prism A solid with two parallel congruent faces, joined by parallelograms (often rectangles) Q Quadrilateral A four-sided plane (2D) shape with straight sides Quotient A number that is the result of division R Radius A line interval from the centre of a circle to its circumference (boundary), or the length of that interval Range The difference between the highest and lowest numbers in a set Ray Part of a straight line, extending forever in one direction Reciprocal A fraction in which the numerator and denominator have changed places Rectangle A quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides equal and parallel, and with four right angles Reflection Flipping a geometrical figure across a line Remainder Leftover amount after one number has been divided by another Revolution A full turn or circle (360°) Rhombus A quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel and all sides equal Right triangle A triangle in which one of the angles is a right angle (90°) Rotation A turn around a centre point Rotational symmetry When a figure rotated less than 360° matches its original position Rounding Approximating a number to a specified number of places Uncorrected 3rd sample pages • Cambridge University Press © Greenwood et al, 2017 • ISBN 978-1-316-64866-7 • Ph 03 8671 1400 Glossary S Sample Collection of data from a smaller subset of the whole population Sample space The list of all the possible outcomes of a trial Scalene triangle A triangle with no equal sides or angles Secondary source Information collected, published and summarised by someone else before we use it Segment A section of a straight line (also called an interval) Sequence A set of numbers ordered according to a rule Simplifying Finding the simplest possible expression Solving Finding the value of an unknown variable Square A quadrilateral with all sides equal in length and four right angles Square number The result of multiplying a number by itself Square root (of a given number) The number that, when multiplied by itself, gives the number Stem-and-leaf plot A table that lists numbers in order, grouped in rows Substitute To replace pronumerals with numbers Supplementary Having a sum of 180° Transformation Changing a figure’s position, size or shape through a mathematical process Translation Moving a shape a certain distance in a given direction Transversal A line that cuts two or more lines Trapezium A quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides Travel graph A line graph that describes a traveller’s position at different times Trial One run of a chance experiment Triangle A plane (2D) shape with three straight sides and three angles U N SA C O M R PL R E EC PA T E G D ES 594 T Table of values Pairs of numbers related by a rule, often used for plotting points on a number plane Term One of the numbers in a sequence U Unknown A pronumeral with a value that is yet to be found to make the equation true V Variable Something that is measurable and observable, which is expected to change over time or between each observation Vertex A point where two straight lines meet to make an angle Vertically opposite Opposite each other across a common vertex Vinculum The separating line in a fraction Volume The amount of three-dimensional space in (or occupied by) an object X x-axis Horizontal axis of the number plane Y y-axis Vertical axis of the number plane Uncorrected 3rd sample pages • Cambridge University Press © Greenwood et al, 2017 • ISBN 978-1-316-64866-7 • Ph 03 8671 1400