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RETURN TO ISOLATIONISM AFTER WW1… U.S. returns to it’s traditional isolationism policy after WW1 More concerned with issues at home than abroad Wanted to go back to making $$ through international trade ORIGINS OF WW2: 1. Rise of Dictators (graphic organizer) 2. Failure of the League of Nations 3. Germany invades Poland 4. Japan attacks Pearl Harbor 1. RISE OF DICTAORS: Adolf Hitler Dictator The “Fuhrer” Benito Mussolini Dictator “Il Duce” Hideki Tojo Prime Minister “The Razor” Joseph Stalin Dictator “Man of Steel” 2. FAILURE OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS League of Nations failed to stop Hitler from rebuilding Germany's army and taking over territory in Europe (violates the Treaty of Versailles) Encouraged APPEASEMENT: giving in to satisfy the demands of a potential enemy (make them happy to prevent a war) Hitler saw this policy as weakness- convinced that he could not be stopped 3. GERMANY INVADES POLAND 1939- Hitler demands new territory in Poland This time, Britain and France refuse to “appease” him on his request Hitler and Stalin agree to sign a NONAGRESSION PACT that will secretly split Poland after Germany conquers it September 1, 1939, Hitler invades Poland and war is declared by Britain and France NON-AGRESSION PACT “BLITZKREIG” To overtake Poland, Germany unveiled a new type of warfare: Blitzkrieg: rapid coordinated attacks by airplanes, tanks, and troops AMERICA PRESEVES A CAUTIOUS NEUTRALITY USA is too busy recovering from the Great Depression to get involved in oversea affairs To avoid problems, U.S. issues Neutrality Acts that prohibit Americans from selling weapons and traveling to nations at war CASH-AND-CARRY: US can sell non military goods to countries that oppose war, but on a “cash only” basis (avoid another Lusitania) In 1941, FDR issued the LEND-LEASE ACT, which would lease or lend war supplies to any country who ‘s defense protected the USA. LEND-LEASE ACT FDR said “If your neighbor’s house was on fire, you don’t sell him a hose. You lend it to him and take it back after the fire is out.” ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY: U.S. WAS CONSIDERED THIS BECAUSE WE POSSESSED THE ECONOMIC RESOURCES TO PRODUCE MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF WAR MATERIALS. FDR WARNS US OF GROWING UNREST IN THE WORLD: While Hitler was taking territory in Europe, Japan was invading China (1937) FDR warned the US that we should ISOLATE ourselves from all conflict and boycott all aggressors Britain attempted to help China by sending them supplies, but the route was cut off US volunteer fighter pilots known as the FLYING TIGERS helped fly in supplies to aid China, as well as destroy Japanese aircraft to support China FDR HELPS GREAT BRITAIN: U.S. helps G.B. with Lend-lease Act (war supplies) 1941- FDR meets with British Prime Minister WINSTON CHURCHILL- together they sign the ATLANTIC CHARTER- says that both countries sought NO territorial gain, want freedom of the seas, and an end to war **FDR feels that U.S. entry into the war was inevitable U.S.- JAPANESE TENSIONS GROW FDR cuts off all trade with Japan after they continue to invade Manchuria and Indonesia Roosevelt offers to resume trade if Japan withdraws from China- they refuse JAPAN ATTACKS PEARL HARBOR- DECEMBER 7TH, 1941 Japan believed a surprise attack would eliminate U.S. naval power in the Pacific and allow them to strengthen their own Pacific position PEARL HARBOR “Yesterday, December 7, 1941, a date which shall live in infamy” –FDR The attack killed or injured approx. 6000 Americans https://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=aYHgCPmGnAg U.S. ENTERS THE WAR: 1941 Dec. 8, 1941- U.S. declares war on Japan Four days later, Germany & Italy, allies of Japan, declare war on the U.S. USA is now involved in a 2 front war- ATLANTIC & PACIFIC USA realizes they are not as far away from the conflict as they once thought… AMERICA AT WAR: THE HOME FRONT Paying for the war- issued WAR BONDS (the war cost $350 billon- 10 times more than WW1) Rationing of food and raw materials Ration coupon books were issued to families to control consumption Industrial/factory production increased and brought an end to the Great Depression Victory Gardens: U.S. citizens plant vegetable gardens to increase food supply U.S. FINANCING THE WAR HOMEFRONT SUPPORT OFFICE OF WAR INFORMATION : created pro-allied propagandacontrolled the content/images of war messages. Used the radio, movies, posters Only allowed support of the war ( **remember Schenk v. U.S.) WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE For Women the war brought not only sacrifice, but also new opportunities for jobs and participation in the war. Women replaced jobs formerly held by men now in military service ROSIE THE RIVETER Rosie the Riveter American cartoon and poster. c1943, Celebrating the rising number of women employed in factories during World War II. MINORITIES ENTER THE WORKFORCE Like women, members of Minorities filled the workforce to replace men sent overseas Moved north and west to take factory jobs MINORITY OPPORTUNITY & OBSTACLES African American soldiers played a significant role in WWII even though they were forced to serve in segregated units. They had to battle the enemy overseas and prejudice at home. TUSKEGEE AIRMEN-African American fighter group in Air Corps. They provided air escort for pilots on bombing missions. They performed so well they were often specifically requested EXECUTIVE ORDER 8802 EXECUTIVE ORDER 8802 was signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 25, 1941, to prohibit racial discrimination in the national defense industry. It was the first federal action, though not a law, to promote equal opportunity and prohibit employment discrimination in the United States. “There shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries and in Government, because of race, creed, color, or national origin.“ (Executive Order 9981 was an executive order issued on July 26, 1948, by President Harry S. Truman. It abolished racial discrimination in the United States Armed Forces and eventually led to the end of segregation in the services.) JAPANESE INTERNMENT CAMPS The attack on Pear Harbor created fear and resentment of Japanese Americans. In Feb. 1942, FDR issued Executive Order 9066- Requires Japanese Americans to Relocate to designate internment camps where they lived in primitive and crowded conditions. FDR considered it a homeland security issue and a military necessity. Korematsu v. U.S. – Supreme Court upheld Roosevelt’s order due to the fact that civil liberties can be violated in a time of war. JAPANESE INTERNMENT CAMPS WAR IN EUROPE (ATLANTIC THEATER) FDR focuses on Germany Before Japan Hitler made his greatest mistake invading the Soviet Union before defeating Britain. Hitler trapped French and British troops at the port of Dunkirk (near English Channel) and thought he had defeated both. Before getting their surrender, Hitler removed his troops and 338,000 British and French troops escaped, known as “The Miracle at Dunkirk” CAMPAIGN IN AFRICA & ITALY 1942- Churchill convinced USA to attack Germany forces in N. Africa first, then cross the Mediterranean and head into Italy GEORGE PATTON- U.S. commander in N. Africa/Italy known for his high survival rates and his success in using tanks His troops captured large numbers of enemy soldiers He had also served under General John J. Pershing in WW1 THE ALLIES INVADE FRANCE & GERMANY By 1944, Germany suspected the allies would attempt to invade/liberate France June 6, 1944- known as D-DAY- 156,000 allied troops invaded 5 beaches on the NW coast of France at NORMANDY DWIGHT EISENHOWER was the commander of the operation, and he named General OMAR BRADLEY to lead the first American army to land in France https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=82RTzi5Vt7w "D" is short for "Day" in military terms, and D-Day signifies a particular date when a major operation was to begin. The days before a D-Day is signified as D-1, D-2, D-3, etc., and the days after a D-Day are D+1, D+2, D+3, etc. WWII: NORMANDY: D-DAY. American medics administer first aid to soldiers wounded in the initial attack on a beachhead, in Northern France, June 1944. WWII: D-DAY/NORMANDY. American troops wading ashore in Normandy on D-Day, June 6, 1944. The breakdown of US casualties was 1465 dead, 3184 wounded, 1928 missing and 26 captured. Of the total US figure, 2499 casualties were from the US airborne troops (238 of them being deaths). The casualties at Utah Beach were relatively light: 197, including 60 missing. However, the US 1st and 29th Divisions together suffered around 2000 casualties at Omaha Beach. BATTLE OF THE BULGE After D-DAY, the allies liberated Paris in August 1944. Dec. 1944- The Germans launched a surprise counter-attack in BATTLE OF THE BULGE- largest battle in WWII and largest battle ever fought by the U.S. Army General OMAR BRADLEY led his troops for the final offensive into Germany American, British, and French forces invaded Germany from the west, while the USSR invaded from the east May 1945- USSR captures German capital of Berlin WWII: WEST FRONT, 1945. U.S. Infantrymen of the 90th Division pass concrete dragon's teeth of the Siegfried Line of Habscheid, Germany, as they move to the front in February 1945. WWII: BATTLE OF THE BULGE. Tanks and infantrymen of the 82nd Airborne Division push through the snow in Belgium: December 1944. VERNON BAKER VERNON BAKER was one of the 1st African American soldiers to see combat in WW2. Spring, 1945- Baker, on his own, got control of 3 German machine gun nests, 2 observation posts, and 2 bunkers His own platoon awarded him with the Distinguished Service Cross for his selfless sacrifice 52 yrs. later, President Clinton finally awarded him the CONGRESSIONAL MEDAL OF HONOR The War in Europe Ends THE WAR IN EUROPE ENDS- “VE DAY” Soviets take Berlin – Stalin wanted to make it there before the Allies Hitler commits suicide Germany surrenders May 8, 1945 VE Day – Victory in Europe Yalta Conference – Feb 1945 Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill meet to discuss the end of the war They decide to split Germany and Berlin into four zones, each zone would be controlled by the major Allies (more info to come in the Cold War…) WWII: BERLIN FALLEN, 1945. Two Russian soldiers hoisting the Soviet flag on the destroyed Reichstag building. Picture taken May 1945 by J. Cheldej. NEW YORK: V-E DAY, 1945. Crowds fill Times Square, New York City, on V-E Day, 7 May 1945. THE HOLOCAUST THE HOLOCAUST Genocide- mass murder of an entire race/nationality The HOLOCAUST, or FINAL SOLUTION, was Hitler’s attempt at genocide of the Jews during WW2 Hitler blamed all of Germany’s problems on the Jewish people The Nazi party exterminated the Jews in CONCENTRATION CAMPS all across Europemost were killed with poison gas, some were forced to work and starved to death An estimated 6 million people were murdered by the Nazi party’s “final solution” USA LIBERATES THE CONCENTRATION CAMPS THE WAR IN ASIA & THE PACIFIC (PACIFIC THEATRE) While the allies were fighting in Europe, the Americans remained at war with Japan Geography played a major role on WW2- USA and Japan were separated by the large Pacific Ocean Japan had been achieving many victories (Indonesia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Philippines, Burma, etc.) and was threatening Australia, India, Midway, and Hawaii THAT’S A LOOOONG WAY!! BATAAN DEATH MARCH Japan had captured both U.S. and Filipino forces in the Philippines in 1942 The Japanese forced their prisoners to undertake a 60 mile march through the jungle, called THE BATAAN DEATH MARCH The prisoners faced starvation, disease, torture, extreme sun exposure, and no water Some were shot, bayoneted, beheaded, or just left along the route to dieabout half of the 5,000 Americans died THE WAR TURNS AGAINST JAPAN The U.S. gains Naval superiority in the Pacific with a strategy of “ISLAND HOPPING” – Liberating Pacific islands from Japanese one island at a time. The Battle of Midway was a Turning Point in the War because America went on the offense. Midway is a tiny mid Pacific island. U.S. Navy had deciphered secret Japanese codes and were aware they were planning a surprise attack. Under the leadership of Admiral Chester Nimitz, the U.S. destroyed 4 Japanese aircraft carriers effectively ending Japan’s strength in the Pacific. Americans raise the flag after high casualties at Iwo Jima- an island taken during “island hopping” NATIVE AMERICAN CONTRIBUTION Native Americans of the Navajo tribe played a key role in Pacific. Navajo Indians volunteered and allowed the military to use their language to create a secret code for communication. They were called the Navajo Code Talkers By using the Navajo language, American troops could transmit messages in code by radio or phone that the Japanese could not break TECHNOLOGY IN WWII The (OSRD) Office of Scientific Research and Development’s purpose was to create successful U.S. technology in WWII Radar- detect moving objects in the air Sonar- detect moving objects in the water Code breaking techniques Penicillin to treat soldier’s battle wounds AND…….. The Atomic bomb THE DECISION TO USE THE ATOMIC BOMB In 1939, a famous scientist, Albert Einstein warned president Roosevelt in a letter that the Germans were possibly developing an atomic bomb. Roosevelt gathered American, British and Canadian Scientist in a classified mission to develop an atomic bomb, known as The Manhattan Project. Shortly after Germany was defeated, Roosevelt dies of a heart attack and the vice president, Harry Truman takes over. Truman decides to use the newly developed Atomic bomb on Japan to …… 1. Stop any further American casualties and 2. QUICKLY Bring the war to an end. President Harry Truman U.S. BOMBS JAPAN AND ENDS WWII On August 6th , 1945 an atomic bomb exploded over Hiroshima. Then three days later another atomic bomb exploded over Nagasaki. Over 230,000 people were killed. Japan finally surrenders Crew that helped drop the atomic bombs on Japan NUREMBERG TRIALS 1945-1946 The liberation of concentration camps in Europe revealed millions of dead and Nazi brutality. The Allies put surviving Nazi leaders on trial for “Crimes against humanity” in Nuremberg, Germany. Many were found guilty and hanged or jailed. Nuremberg trials demonstrated that individuals are ALWAYS responsible for their actions, EVEN in times of war. NUREMBERG TRIALS defendents (front row, L-R): Hermann Goering, Rudolf Hess, Joachim von Ribbentrop, and Wilhelm Keitel. (Back row, L-R): Karl Doenitz, Roeder, Baldur von Schirach, Fritz Sauckel, and Alfred Jodl. 22 Nazi leaders prosecuted= 3 acquitted, 7 prison, 12 sentenced to death by hanging, in later trials= 24 more Nazi executions Similar trails held in Tokyo too. NUREMBERG TRIALS“End of the Road” DENAZIFICATION AFTER THE WAR After the war, Germany was divided into FOUR zones by the U.S., Britain, France and the Soviet Union. Each country occupied one zone and split the capital city of Berlin into 4 zones as well. Programs were introduced explaining the evils of Nazi beliefs to the German people. GERMANY Capital city, Berlin CREATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS The UNITED NATIONS: Founded in 1945 after WWII Maintains peace keeping troops to use force when necessary Replaced the ineffective League of Nations Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict.