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Lesson 1 The Atmosphere and Weather Lesson 2 Clouds and Precipitation Lesson 3 Severe Storms Lesson 4 Climate How can we tell what the weather will be? insolation troposphere weather air pressure humidity global wind barometer How does the Sun warm Earth? 180° sunlight 150° sunlight 120° sunlight 90° sunlight What are the layers of the atmosphere? thermosphere mesosphere stratosphere troposphere What changes air pressure? lower air pressure at top of mountain • volume • temperature • height above Earth’s surface • amount of water vapor higher air pressure at sea level What are global winds? polar easterlies prevailing westerlies trade winds trade winds Key heated air prevailing westerlies cooled air polar easterlies wind What are local winds? sea breeze day Key warm air cold air land breeze day How do we measure air pressure and wind? anemometer aneroid barometer Main Idea What causes winds? Heat energy from the Sun causes changes in air pressure. High-pressure air moves toward low-pressure air. The moving air is wind. Vocabulary The condition of the troposphere at a particular time and place is called ____________. ____________ Air pressure is the force put on a given area by the weight of the air above it. Insolation is the solar energy that reaches ____________ a planet. air pressure insolation weather Vocabulary Global winds blow steadily over long distances ____________ in a predictable direction. Humidity ____________ is the amount of water vapor in air. The ____________ is the layer of gases closest to Earth’s surface. A ____________ measures atmospheric pressure. barometer global winds humidity troposphere Compare and Contrast How does the heat energy over an area at the equator compare to an area at the poles? Heat energy strikes Earth more directly at the equator. The Sun creates heat energy. Heat energy is spread over a greater area at the poles. End of Lesson air mass front weather map How do clouds form? cumulus clouds cirrus clouds Clouds form when water vapor in the air cools and condenses around tiny particles of dust stratus clouds How does precipitation form? rain sleet hail snow What are air masses and fronts? mP maritime polar cool, moist air polar cP continental cold, dry air mT maritime tropical warm, moist air cT continental tropical hot, dry air What are highs and lows? Low-pressure Systems High-pressure Systems warmer, humid air colder, drier air What do weather maps tell you? A weather map shows the weather in a specific area at a specific time. Main Idea What can water vapor form? Water vapor can form clouds, fog, rain, hail, sleet, or snow. Vocabulary An _____________ is a large region of air that has a similar temperature and humidity. A _____________ shows the weather in a specific area at a specific time. A _____________ is the meeting place between two different large air masses. air mass front weather map Draw Conclusions What type of cloud is a blanket-like layer of low-altitude clouds? blanket-like layer at low altitude This is a stratus cloud. End of Lesson thunderstorm blizzard tornado hurricane storm surge cyclone What are thunderstorms? A thunderstorm is a rainstorm that includes lightning and thunder. 3 2 1 Fronts 2 Thunderheads 3 Precipitation 1 What are winter storms? In the United States, a blizzard is a snowstorm with 35mile-per-hour winds and enough snowfall that you can only see up to one quarter of a mile. What are tornados? A tornado is a rotating, funnel-shaped cloud with wind speed up to 500 kilometers (300 miles) per hour. What are hurricanes? A hurricane is a very large, swirling storm with very low pressure at the center, and wind speeds greater than 119 km/h. How are storms tracked? Doppler radar weather balloons airplane Main Idea What causes storms? Storms are caused by the collision of air masses that have different characteristics. Vocabulary A ____________ is a snowstorm with 35-mile-perhour winds and enough snowfall that you can only see up to one quarter of a mile. Hurricane winds can cause waves to form a bulge of water in the ocean known as a ____________. A ____________ is any storm with a low-pressure center that causes a circular pattern of winds to form. blizzard cyclone storm surge Vocabulary A ____________ is a tropical storm that has wind speeds that reach more than 119 kilometers (74 miles) per hour. A ____________ is a rainstorm that includes lightning and thunder. A ____________ is a rotating, funnel-shaped cloud with wind speeds up to 500 kilometers (300 miles) per hour. tornado thunderstorm hurricane Cause and Effect What causes a hurricane to form? warm water evaporates warm, moist air rises warm, moist air rises cooler air flows toward the space where warm air was The air begins to rotate and forms wind. Wind speed increases to more than 74 miles per hour. End of Lesson climate current rain shadow El Niño What is climate? Climate means the average weather of a place. What affects climate? • distance from water • ocean currents • winds • altitude • mountain ranges What is El Niño? normal conditions El Niño conditions La Niña conditions El Niño occurs every two to seven years when the cold current sinks and stops pushing cold water up to the surface. Main Idea How is climate determined? Climate is determined by looking at the average weather patterns in an area or the type of plant growth in an area. Vocabulary Every two to seven years, the cold current sinks and stops pushing cold water up to the surface causing a change in weather conditions known as ____________. Climate ____________ is the average weather of a place. A ____________ is a constant movement of ocean water. A ____________ is the dry area on the leeward side of the moutain. climate El Niño rain shadow current Classify If data showed the cold current along the coast of Peru moved closer to the surface, which weather condition is happening? Weather Weather Condition dry weather in South America air pressure increases in the western Pacific wet weather in Australia air pressure decreases in the eastern Pacific End of Lesson