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TEACHER’S GUIDE 15.What is an antibody? 16. How do phagocytes destroy microscopic invaders? 17.What does it mean to be immune to a disease? How can that happen? 18.What is the difference between active and passive immunity? 19. How can vaccines help us? 20.Why is it important to take a complete course of antibiotics even after you are feeling better? TEACHER’S GUIDE TEACHER’S GUIDE Suggested Print Resources • Balkwill, Fran. Cell Wars. Carolrhoda Books, Minneapolis, MN; 1993. • Brynie, Faith Hickman. 101 Questions About Your Immune System You Felt Defenseless to Answer ... Until Now. Twenty First Century Books, New York, NY; 2000. • Frielander, Mark P. The Immune System: Your Body’s Disease Fighting Army. Lerner Publications, New York, NY; 1998. Follow-up Discussion Research indicates that students will retain their previous misconceptions about a topic, in preference to new information, until they actively recognize and correct their own errors. Therefore, it is important to have your students re-examine the facts/beliefs they put on their “Everything We Think We Know About…” list. It might also be helpful to review the list by marking each entry with a “+” or “-” to show which facts were correct and which were incorrect. Thought-provoking discussions provide a good way to assess the overall depth of student understanding. The following are some suggested discussion topics. • Explain the inflammatory response. • Explain how the immune system “remembers” pathogens. • Discuss why the development of sanitation methods has saved more lives around the world than all medicines and medical treatment combined! Follow-up Activities • Encourage students to design experiments to determine if bacteria are growing on drinking fountains, doorknobs, coins or payphones. • Have students work in small groups to research specific vaccines that are required for school entrance and the history of the diseases they are designed to prevent, and report what they have learned to the class. • Using the Internet, have students find out about the work of three scientists who have contributed significantly to the field of immunology. Suggested Internet Resources Periodically, Internet Resources are updated on our Web site at www.LibraryVideo.com • kidshealth.org/kid/health_problems/allergy/allergies.html The Kid’s Health site developed by the Nemours Foundation explains how allergies are caused when a person’s immune system overreacts. • www.westnet.com/~rickd/AIDS/AIDS1.html This site was written by middle school students and contains various information on AIDS prevention, transmission, symptoms, treatment and how the immune system fights disease. 5 Immune System Grades 5–8 S tudents in grade 5–8 classrooms possess a wide range of background knowledge. Student response to this video program is sure to be varied, so the teachers at these grades need all the help they can get! This guide has been designed to help the 5–8 science teacher by providing a brief synopsis of the program, previewing and follow-up questions, activities, vocabulary and additional resources. Before Viewing: Extensive research tells how important it is for the teacher to discover what the students know — or think they know — about a topic, before actually starting a new unit.Therefore, after prompting discussion with the pre-viewing questions, lead your class to create an “Everything We Think We Know About…” list.You may also wish to preview key vocabulary words, and have students raise additional questions they hope will be answered. TEACHER’S GUIDE CONSULTANT Conrad M. Follmer 25 years as a K–5 Science & Math Coordinator for a Pennsylvania public school system, currently an independent consultant to elementary schools. TITLES • THE BRAIN & THE NERVOUS SYSTEM • CELLS • CIRCULATORY & RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS • DIGESTIVE & EXCRETORY SYSTEMS • GENES & HEREDITY Teacher’s Guides Included and Available Online at: • HEALTH & NUTRITION • IMMUNE SYSTEM • INTERRELATIONSHIP OF THE BODY SYSTEMS • REPRODUCTIVE & ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS • SKELETAL & MUSCULAR SYSTEMS After Viewing: Have your students share video excerpts that fascinated or surprised them, then challenge your students to prove or disprove the accuracy of the facts they put on their “Everything We Think We Know About…” list. Discuss what else they learned and use the follow-up questions and activities to inspire further discussion. Encourage students to research the topic further with the Internet and reading resources provided. 800-843-3620 S R CHLESSINGE MEDIA A DIVISION OF LIBRARY VIDEO COMPANY® Copyright 2001 by Schlessinger Media, a division of Library Video Company P.O. Box 580, Wynnewood, PA 19096 • 800-843-3620 Executive Producers: Andrew Schlessinger & Tracy Mitchell Programs produced and directed by Fabian-Baber, Inc. All rights reserved ® Program Summary Vocabulary The human body’s immune system always stands guard to protect us against microscopic germs that can cause infection and disease. Some common disease-causing microorganisms are viruses, fungi, protozoa and bacteria. These organisms that cause infectious diseases are commonly called pathogens.They find their way into our bodies through openings such as the eyes, nose and mouth. Fortunately, the human immune system maintains a number of lines of defense to protect us from pathogen invaders.The skin that covers our body is the first line of defense, acting as a barrier that keeps out germs. Bodily secretions like tears wash away some germs while saliva, gastric juices and mucus trap and kill many pathogens, and sneezing and coughing can expel others. The immune system’s second line of defense, the inflammatory response, takes over when the first line fails. Inflammatory literally means “on fire.” In the case of a cut on the skin, chemicals are released by special nearby cells that cause the temperature in the area of the cut to rise.This signals white blood cells to gather and destroy any foreign substances. Similarly, in the case of a general infection, the temperature of the whole body is raised, causing a fever. If the invader happens to be a virus, infected cells release chemicals called interferons that help prevent the virus from spreading. The third line of defense of the body’s immune system is the powerful lymphatic system.The lymphatic system filters foreign substances and cell debris from the blood and produces white blood cells known as lymphocytes.This system is a vast network of vessels, lymph nodes and organs such as the tonsils, thymus and spleen. Special lymphocytes called T cells patrol the bloodstream searching for pathogens.T cells “remember” the types of invaders that have entered the body before and are ready to tag them.When they find a familiar pathogen, they call in the B cells to produce antibodies that are specifically designed to match the pathogen, like keys in a lock. Next, the B cells signal for other lymphocytes called phagocytes to surround the pathogen and destroy it. Once the immune system destroys most of the pathogens carrying the specific disease, you start to feel better and get well.The T cells “remember” how to defeat it, and the antibodies in your immune system are ready and waiting to stop the disease in its tracks the next time you are exposed.This is called active immunity.A medicine that works with your immune system and prevents you from having to actually suffer through a disease is called a vaccine. Passive immunity to a disease comes when antibodies are introduced into the bloodstream from an external source, such as when a mother passes them to her unborn child. However, passive immunity does not last long because the body does not learn how to make those specific antibodies. While the immune system is truly a master of self-defense, many diseases can be prevented through good health, hygiene and lifestyle choices. It is important to keep your immune system strong by getting rest, eating a balanced diet and doing physical activity so it can continue to protect you throughout your life. The following words are included for teacher reference or for use with students.They are listed in the order in which they appear in the video. 2 phagocytes — Special lymphocytes that destroy pathogens tagged by B pathogens — Microscopic organisms like viruses, fungi, protozoa and bacte- and T cells. phagocytosis — The process of engulfing and digesting foreign particles. immunity — The ability of an organism to resist disease by identifying ria that can invade the human body, potentially causing disease. and destroying foreign substances or organisms. disease — Any illness that affects the health of an organism. infectious diseases — Also known as contagious diseases; illnesses caused passive immunity — Temporary immunity acquired by the introduction by pathogens that can spread from one person to others. Infectious diseases can be passed on through a handshake, a kiss, a sneeze, or by an infected person handling food that is eaten by other people. noninfectious diseases — Illnesses that cannot be spread by contact with infected persons. Noninfectious diseases are caused by heredity, unhealthy lifestyles, environmental hazards and the normal aging process. gene — A section of a chromosome, made up of DNA. A given gene provides the information that a cell needs to create a specific protein. Some diseases can be passed through genes. immune system — All the cells and organs in your body that protect you from disease, consisting of the skin, specialized blood cells, organs like the lymph nodes, thymus, spleen and tonsils, as well as secretions.The immune system is responsible for protecting the body from microscopic invaders. enzymes — Proteins made by living cells that are used by the body to start chemical reactions. inflammatory response — The immune system’s second line of defense, when the body raises the temperature of a local area to destroy pathogens and bring in disease-fighting white blood cells. interferons — Small proteins produced by a cell that has been taken over by a virus.These proteins rush to uninfected neighboring cells to plug up their receptors, preventing a virus from infecting them. of antibodies from an external source. Passive immunity occurs during pregnancy when antibodies from the mother are passed into the fetal bloodstream. Jonas Salk — (1914–1995) The doctor who, in 1954, developed a vaccine against a virus that causes a paralyzing disease called poliomyelitis, or polio. antibiotic — A medication that can slow the growth of disease-causing bacteria. Pre-viewing Discussion Before students generate their list of “Everything We Think We Know About…” for this topic, stimulate and focus their thinking by raising these questions so that their list will better reflect the key ideas in this show: • What are the body’s physical barriers against germs? • How do diseases spread? • What is a vaccine? After the class has completed their “Everything We Think We Know About…” list, ask them what other questions they have that they hope will be answered during this program. Have students listen closely to learn if everything on their class list is accurate and to hear if any of their own questions are answered. Focus Questions marrow. Some B cells produce antibodies, designed for specific pathogens, usually rendering them harmless. B cells can also act as a “homing device” to attract phagocytes in to destroy the tagged invader. (Continued) 1.What are pathogens? 2. How can bacteria be both helpful and harmful to living things? 3.What is an example of an infectious disease? 4.What are some noninfectious diseases? 5.What are the parts of the human body involved in the immune system? 6.What is the first line of defense of the immune system? 7.What is the second line of defense of the immune system? 8.What is a fever? 9. How do interferons help someone who has been infected with a virus? 10.What are the different parts of the lymphatic system? 11.What causes swollen glands? 12.What are lymphocytes? 13.What is one job of the T cells? 14. How do B cells disable intruders? (Continued) 3 4 receptors — The openings in cell walls through which cells get their nutrients.Viruses also enter host cells through their receptors. lymphocytes — White blood cells that respond to specific pathogens. antibodies — Proteins produced by B cells in response to foreign invaders in the blood stream.Antibodies fit into the invader’s surface and disable it. T cells — Special lymphocytes in the bloodstream that mature in the thymus gland.T cells have many roles; some regulate the activities of other immune cells, some identify and remember pathogens, and others destroy invaders. When a T cell identifies a pathogen (“remembering” it from previous infections), it calls in B cells to make antibodies. B cells — Special lymphocytes in the bloodstream that mature in the bone