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The Pancreas
The Pancreas
• Located near the small intestine
• It produces 2 non-steroid hormones:
1. Glucagon
2. Insulin
• Glucagon and Insulin are produced in a
regions of cells of the pancreas called the
Islets of Langerhans
Diabetes Animation
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NazZCu1lwOE&feature=rellist&playnext=1&list=
PL49290BC728D88B75&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active
Explain how insulin and glucagon are
antagonistic hormones?
• Antagonist hormones – hormones that do
opposite things
• Insulin is produced in response to HIGH
levels of glucose in the blood
• Glucagon is produced in response to LOW
levels of glucose in the blood
Glucose homeostasis
Insulin
Beta cells
of pancreas stimulated
to release insulin into
the blood
High blood
glucose level
STIMULUS:
Rising blood glucose
level (e.g., after eating
a carbohydrate-rich
meal)
Body
cells
take up more
glucose
Liver takes
up glucose
and stores it as
glycogen
Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose level
(about 90 mg/100 mL)
Blood glucose level
rises to set point;
stimulus for glucagon
release diminishes
Figure 26.8
Blood glucose level
declines to a set point;
stimulus for insulin
release diminishes
Liver
breaks down
glycogen and
releases glucose
to the blood
STIMULUS:
Declining blood
glucose level
(e.g., after
skipping a meal)
Alpha
cells of
pancreas stimulated
to release glucagon
into the blood
Glucagon
What effect does insulin have on the body?
1. It increases the amount of glucose
that gets stored in the liver
2. It causes muscle to store glucose
3. Glucose is used to make fat
Insulin STORES glucose in the body
What effect does glucagon have on the body?
1.
It increases the levels of glucose in the
blood
2.
It causes liver cells and muscle cells to
release glucose
3.
Fat tissue releases glucose
Glucagon RELEASES glucose from the body
• Amelia's Story... a baby's journey with Type 1
(juvenile) Diabetes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sEbCW3b
BNG8&feature=related
What happens when the body does not make
enough insulin?
1.Type 1 Diabetes
(also called Diabetes Mellitus)
2.Type 2 Diabetes
What is Type 1 Diabetes?
• An autoimmune disease, where the body’s
own immune system attacks the insulinproducing cells in the pancreas
• The body stops being able to make insulin
What is Type 2 Diabetes?
• Considered an adult disease, the body can
make insulin, however the amount may not be
enough or the body is unable to recognize it
• Poor diet & exercise can lead to this
Why is Diabetes so dangerous?
• Sugar level in blood (& urine) is too high
• Glucose restricted from entering the cells,
causing the body to lose its main source of
fuel even though the blood contains large
amounts of glucose.
What are the symptoms of diabetes?
•
•
•
•
•
Fatigue
weight loss
constant thirst
excessive urination
irritability
How is diabetes treated?
• daily injections of insulin
• injections of short acting before meals and
injection of long lasting at bedtime
• diabetics should regularly check their blood
sugar with a glucometer
http://www.iflscience.com/health-andmedicine/trial-announced-diabetes-drugfollowing-success-mice
• Fredrick Banting (surgeon) and Charles Best
(chemist) discovered a way to treat Diabetes
– disabled the pancreas in dogs to induce diabetes
– isolated an insulin extract which was given to
patients
Diabetes in NL
According to Canadian Diabetes Association (2010)
• 47000 people reported having Type 1 or Type 2
Diabetes (9.3% of the population)
• Cost of Diabetes to the province $254 million
• Hospitalization (16%)
• Mortality/disability (84%)
• These statistics are expected to rise in the next 10 years.
Why?
Provincial Initiatives
(Since 2005)
• Wellness Plan
• Go Healthy Initiatives
• Coverage for insulin pumps/supplies for
individuals up to age 25
Type II diabetes on the rise among children
http://video.msnbc.msn.com/nightly-news/47238850#47238850
Diabetes Lab
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lt7RCIfud
YQ&safe=active