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Coding Guide ACPE Appendix 1 BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES – (Category Designation BS) 1BS01 Human Anatomy and Human Physiology Structure of major human body systems at the cellular, tissue, organ and system level. Steady state function and normal response reactions across the lifespan of non-diseased human cells, organs and systems. Previous coding: B01 Anatomy and Physiology B01.01 structure and function of major body systems: integumentary, muscular skeletal, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, urinary, reproductive, and body fluid and electrolytes B01.02 molecular aspects of cell biology B01.03 cell physiology and cellular structure and organization 1BS02 Pathology Basic principles, mechanisms, and metabolic sequallae of human disease. Previous coding: B02 Pathology/Pathophysiology B02.01 basic principles and mechanisms of disease, including: B02.1.1 inflammation and repair B02.1.2 degeneration B02.1.3 disturbances on hemodynamics B02.1.4 developmental defects B02.1.5 neoplasia B02.02 pathophysiology of disease states amenable to pharmacist intervention 1BS03 Medical Microbiology Structure, function and properties of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi) responsible for human disease, and rational approaches to their containment or eradication. Previous coding: B03 Microbiology B03.01 general principles of microbial concepts B03.02 principles of infectious disease B03.03 host-parasite relationships B03.04 pathogenic micro-organisms of man B03.05 inflammatory responses to infectious agents B03.06 clinical aspects of infection SOUZA, STRANG, O’BROCTA, SAPINORO 1 1BS04 Immunology Human immune system response to infection, injury and disease, and the augmentation of the human immune system to prevent disease. Previous coding: B04 Immunology B04.01 human immunity and immune response B04.02 principles of antigen-antibody relationships B04.03 molecular biology of immune response B04.04 genetic basis for antibody synthesis, development, function, and immunopathology 1BS05 Biochemistry Structure, properties, function and metabolic fate of macromolecules essential to life (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids) Previous coding: B05 Biochemistry/Biotechnology B05.01 chemistry of biomacromolecules (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and DNA) B05.02 enzymology and co-enzymes and kinetics B05.03 metabolic pathways to energy utilization B05.04 nucleic acid metabolism, including DNA replication and repair, RNA, and protein synthesis B05.5 recombinant DNA technology B06 Molecular Biology/Genetics B06.01 cell structure and components B06.02 ion channels and receptor physiology B06.03 mitosis and meiosis B06.04 chromosomes and DNA B06.05 gene transcription and translation processes B06.06 recombinant DNA technology 1BS06 Biostatistics Appropriate use of commonly employed statistical tests, and the evaluation of the validity of conclusions generated based on the application of those tests to data sets. Previous coding: B07 Biostatistics B07.01 understanding of commonly used statistical tests and their basis B07.02 management of data sets B07.03 evaluation of statistical results B07.04 understanding of statistical versus clinical significance SOUZA, STRANG, O’BROCTA, SAPINORO 2 PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES (Category Designation PS) 1PS01 Medicinal Chemistry Chemical basis of drug action and behavior in vivo and in vitro, with an emphasis on the application of physicochemical properties, structure-activity relationships, receptor binding and metabolism to therapeutic decisionmaking. Previous coding: B08 Medicinal Chemistry B08.01 physico-chemical properties of drug molecules in relation to drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) B08.02 chemical basis of pharmacology and therapeutics B08.03 fundamental pharmacophores for drugs used to treat disease B08.04 structure activity relationships in relation to drug-target interactions B08.05 chemical pathways of drug metabolism B08.06 application to making drug therapy decisions 1PS02 Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics and mechanisms of therapeutic and adverse drug action and interaction, and application of these principles to therapeutic decision-making. Previous coding: B09 Pharmacology B09.01 mechanism of action of drugs in various categories B09.02 role of pharmacology in drug choice and the treatment of disease B09.03 pharmacodynamics of drug action and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination B09.04 adverse effects and side effects of drugs B09.05 drug-target interactions B09.06 drug-drug, drug-food, drug-lab test interactions B09.07 drug discovery and development 1PS03 Natural Products and Alternative and Complementary Therapies Evidence-based evaluation of the therapeutic value and safety of pharmacologically active natural products, dietary supplements and cultural practices commonly selected by practitioners and/or patients for use in the prevention or treatment of disease. Previous coding: B10 Pharmacognosy and Alternative and Complementary Treatments B10.01 concepts of crude drugs, semi-purified, and purified natural products B10.02 variability of occurrence of pharmacologically active substances in plants and impact on regulatory aspects of herbal products B10.03 overview of classes of pharmacologically active natural products B10.04 dietary supplements (vitamins, minerals, and herbals) B10.05 alternative medical treatments B10.06 evaluation of alternative and complementary medicine purity, bioavailability, safety, and efficacy B10.07 herbal-drug interactions B10.08 Dietary Health Supplement and Education Act and impact on regulation of dietary supplements and herbal products SOUZA, STRANG, O’BROCTA, SAPINORO 3 1PS04 Toxicology Pharmacodynamics, mechanisms, prevention and treatment of the toxic effects of drugs and poisons, including poisons associated with bioterrorism. Previous coding: B11 Toxicology B11.01 mechanism of toxicity and toxicokinetics B11.02 acute and chronic toxic effect of xenobiotics on the body, including drug or chemical overdose and toxic signs of drugs of abuse B11.03 interpretation of drug screens B11.04 antidotes and approaches to toxic exposures B11.05 functions of poison control centers B11.06 bioterrorism and disaster preparedness and management 1PS05 Clinical Chemistry Application of clinical laboratory data to disease state management, including screening, diagnosis, progression, and treatment evaluation. Previous coding: B12 Bioanalysis/Clinical Chemistry B12.01 fundamentals of laboratory medicine and its importance to screening, diagnosis, and evaluation of patients B12.02 clinical data relevant to disease state management 1PS06 Pharmaceutical Calculations Mastery of mathematical skills required to accurately prepare prescriptions (including extemporaneously compounded dosage forms) that are therapeutically sound and safe for patient use. Previous coding: B16 Extemporaneous Compounding/Parenteral/ Enteral B16.04 dosage form preparation calculations D05.01 Performance accurate pharmaceutical calculations D05.02 Apply mathematical principles in pharmacy practice 1PS07 Pharmaceutics/Biopharmaceutics Physio-chemical properties and formulation of drugs in various sterile and non-sterile dosage forms, and application of dosage form science to drug stability, delivery, and pharmacokinetics Previous coding: B13 Pharmaceutics/Biopharmaceutics B13.01 physical-chemical principles of dosage forms B13.02 biological principles of dosage forms B13.03 principles of drug delivery via dosage forms (e.g., liquid, solid, semi-solid, controlled release, patches, and implants) B13.04 principles of dosage form stability and drug degradation in dosage forms B13.05 materials and methods used in preparation and use of dosage forms SOUZA, STRANG, O’BROCTA, SAPINORO 4 1PS08 Pharmacokinetics Mathematically determined rate of drug movement from one therapeutic or physiologic compartment to another, and application to therapeutically important parameters such as drug liberation, absorption, distribution, onset of therapeutic action, metabolism, duration of action, and excretion. Previous coding: B14 Pharmacokinetics/Clinical Pharmacokinetics B14.01 basic principles of in vivo drug kinetics (linear and nonlinear) B14.02 principles of bioavailability/bioequivalence B14.03 physiologic determinates of drug onset and duration B14.04 drug, disease, and dietary influences on absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion 1PS09 Pharmacogenomics/genetics Genetic basis for disease and endogenous individual differences in drug disposition that underpins the practice of personalized medicine. Previous coding: B15 Pharmacogenomics/genetics B15.01 genetic basis for disease and drug action B15.02 genetic basis for alteration of drug metabolism B15.03 genome and proteomic principles in relation to disease and drug development B15.04 genetic basis for individualizing drug doses 1PS10 Extemporaneous Compounding Preparation of sterile and non-sterile prescriptions which are pharmaceutically accurate regarding drug product and dose, free from contamination, and appropriately formulated for patient use, and the study of the scientific principles upon which these compounding requirements are based. Previous coding: B16 Extemporaneous Compounding/Parenteral/Enteral B16.01 United States Pharmacopeia guidance on compounding and FDA Compliance Policy Guidelines B16.02 techniques and principles used to prepare and dispense individual extemporaneous prescriptions, including dating of compounded dosage forms B16.03 liquid (parenteral, enteral), solid, semi-solid, and topical preparations B16.05 sterile admixture techniques B16.05.1 United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Chapter 797 B16.05.2 stability and sterility testing and dating B16.05.3 clean room requirements B16.05.4 infusion devices and catheters SOUZA, STRANG, O’BROCTA, SAPINORO 5 SOCIAL/ADMINISTRATIVE/BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES - (Category Designation SAS) 1SAS01 Healthcare Systems Examination of U.S. health systems in which patient-centered and/or population-based care is provided, and how social, political, economic, organizational and cultural factors influence providers’ ability to ensure patient safety and deliver coordinated interprofessional care services. Previous coding: B17 Health Care Delivery Systems B17.01 introduction to United States, state, and local health care delivery systems and their interfaces B17.02 social, political, and economic factors of the U.S. health care delivery system B17.03 principles that influence the distribution of pharmaceutical products and services B17.04 role of public and private insurers, pharmaceutical industry, and managed care on health care delivery in the United States B17.05 Medicare and Medicaid B17.06 Indigent care programs B17.07 incidence of and problems associated with drug overuse, underuse, and misuse in the U.S. health care system B17.08 new models of care, including integrated care systems, medical home models of care, accountable care organizations B22 History of Pharmacy B22.01 overview of the evolution of pharmacy as a distinct profession B22.02 moving from focus on the drug to focus on the patient and the drug, including clinical pharmaceutical care and other aspects of patient-provided pharmacist care B22.03 major milestones and contributors in the evolution of pharmacy B25 Social and Behavioral Aspects of Practice B25.01 pharmacy as a patient-centered profession B25.02 patient and other health care provider perceptions of pharmacists’ capabilities B25.03 role of the pharmacist related to patient care B25.04 role of the pharmacist related to interaction with other health care professionals B27 Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacist-Provided Care B27.01 overview of the pharmacy profession B27.02 issues of contemporary practice B27.03 emerging and unique roles for the pharmacist on the health care team B27.09 Interprofessional team decision making and care provision D11 Insurance/Prescription Drug Coverage D11.01 Assist a patient or caregiver in problems related to prescription medication coverage, health insurance, or government health care programs. SOUZA, STRANG, O’BROCTA, SAPINORO 6 1SAS02 Pharmacoeconomics Application of economic principles and theories to the provision of cost-effective pharmacy products and services that optimize patient care outcomes, particularly in situations where healthcare resources are limited. Previous coding: B18 Economics/Pharmacoeconomics B18.01 economic principles in relation to pharmacoeconomic analysis B18.02 concepts of pharmacoeconomics in relation to patient care B18.03 applications of economic theories and health-related quality-of-life concepts to improve allocation of limited health care resources 1SAS03 Practice Management The application of sound management principles (including operations, information, resource, fiscal, and personnel) to advance quality patient care and service delivery within and between various practice settings. Previous coding: B19 Practice Management B19.02 management of transformational change B19.03 emotional intelligence for leaders B19.04 creating/implementing shared mission and vision B19.05 management principles (planning, organizing, directing, and controlling resources) applied to various pharmacy practice settings and patient outcomes B19.06 management of staff within the practice setting, including pharmacists, technicians, and other supportive personnel B19.07 Principles of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling pharmacy resources. B19.08 tools, including informatics, needed to assess and address change, increase competitiveness, improve quality, and optimize patient services B19.09 basic drug procurement process B19.10 integration of clinical and distributive functions with medication therapy management and other patient care services B19.11 management of medication use safety systems B19.12 strategies to improve continuity of patient care as patients move between health care settings B19.13 marketing principles B19.15 basic accounting principles B19.16 infection control B19.17 project management B19.18 managing and improving the medication-use process B19.19 third-party administration and managed care systems B19.20 health care improvement mechanisms at the micro- and macro-system levels B26 Informatics B26.03 use of data in continuous quality improvement initiatives SOUZA, STRANG, O’BROCTA, SAPINORO 7 1SAS04 Pharmacoepidemiology Study of cause and effect patterns of health and disease in large populations in order to advance safe and effective drug use and positive care outcomes within those populations. Previous coding: B20 Pharmacoepidemiology B20.01 application of principles of epidemiology to the study of drug use and outcomes in large populations B20.02 studies that provide an estimate of the probability of beneficial effects in populations, or the probability of adverse effects in populations, and other parameters relating to drug use benefit B20.03 methods for continual monitoring for unwanted effects and other safety-related aspects of drugs 1SAS05 Research Design Evaluation of research methods and protocol design required to conduct valid and reliable studies to test hypotheses or answer research questions, and to appropriately evaluate the validity and reliability of the conclusions of published research studies. Previous coding: B33 Literature Evaluation and Research Design B33.01 fundamentals of research design and methodology B33.02 principles of evaluation of the primary literature B33.03 practical implications of the primary literature B33.04 principles of research design and analysis in practicing evidence-based pharmacy B33.05 levels of clinical evidence B33.06 regulatory and ethical principles for research 1SAS06 Pharmacy Law and Regulatory Affairs Study of the federal and appropriate state-specific statutes that regulate the practice of pharmacy. Previous coding: B21 Pharmacy Law and Regulatory Affairs B21.01 legal basis of pharmacy practice B21.02 pharmacist’s responsibilities and limits under the law B21.03 pharmacist’s role in reducing liability by reducing drug-related misadventure B21.04 civil versus criminal liability B21.05 business contract law 1SAS07 Ethics Exploration of approaches for resolving ethical dilemmas in patient care, with an emphasis on moral responsibility and the ability to critically evaluate viable options against the needs of patients and other key stakeholders. Previous coding: B23 Ethics B23.01 principles of professional behavior B23.02 ethical issues related to the development, promotion, sales, prescription, and use of drugs B23.03 dealing with ethical dilemmas B23.04 conflict of interest B23.05 ethical issues in delivery of patient-centered care and clinical research B23.06 principles of end-of-life care B23.07 ethical issues in teamwork SOUZA, STRANG, O’BROCTA, SAPINORO 8 1SAS08 Cultural Awareness Exploration of the potential impact of cultural values, beliefs, and practices on patient care outcomes. Previous coding: None 1SAS09 Professional Communication Study and practice of verbal, non-verbal and written communication strategies that promote effective interpersonal dialog and understanding to advance specific patient care, education, advocacy, and/or interprofessional collaboration goals. Previous coding: B24 Professional Communication B24.01 effective verbal and written interpersonal communication B24.02 health literacy B24.03 communicating with diverse patients, families, pharmacists, and other health professionals in a variety of settings, both individually and as a member of a team B24.04 interviewing techniques B24.05 active listening and empathy B24.06 assertiveness and problem-solving techniques B24.07 cultural influences on communication of health information B24.08 group presentation skills B24.09 strategies for handling difficult situations B24.10 documentation of pharmacist recommendations and consultations B24.11 principles of behavior modification B24.12 communicating research and clinical findings to interprofessional and interdisciplinary audiences 1SAS10 Professional Development Development of professional self-awareness and leadership, analysis of contemporary practice roles and innovative opportunities, and inculcation of professional attitudes, behaviors and dispositions. Previous coding: B19 Practice Management B19.01 leadership development B25 Social and Behavioral Aspects of Practice B25.05 development of leadership skills B25.06 importance of involvement in pharmacy organizational, regulatory, state, and federal issues SOUZA, STRANG, O’BROCTA, SAPINORO 9 CLINICAL SCIENCES - (Category Designation CS) 1CS01 Health Information Retrieval and Evaluation Critical analysis of relevant health sciences literature and other information resources to answer specific patient care and/or drug-related questions and provide evidence-based therapeutic recommendations to healthcare providers or, when appropriate, the public. Previous coding: B27 Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacist-Provided Care B27.12 identifying pharmacotherapeutic knowledge gaps in the professional literature B29 Pharmacotherapy B29.04 evaluation of clinical trials that validate treatment usefulness B29.05 application of evidence-based decision making to patient care B31 Drug Information B31.01 fundamentals of the practice of drug information B31.02 application of drug information skills for delivery of pharmaceutical care B31.03 technology of drug information retrieval for quality assurance B31.04 the ability to judge the reliability of various sources of information 1CS02 Health Informatics Effective and secure design and use of electronic and other technology-based systems to manage, analyze, and confidentially/legally share health information Previous coding: B26 Informatics B26.01 basic terminology (data, information, knowledge, hardware, software, networks, information systems, information systems management) B26.02 reasons for systematic processing of data, information and knowledge in health care B26.04 the benefits and current constraints in using information and communication technology in health care 1CS03 Public Health Exploration of national and community-based programs and implementation of activities that advance public health and wellness, as well as provide an avenue through which students become certified in immunization delivery. Previous coding: B19 Practice Management B19.14 public/population health principles SOUZA, STRANG, O’BROCTA, SAPINORO 10 1CS04 Patient Safety Analysis of the systems- and human-associated causes of medication errors, and exploration of strategies designed to reduce/eliminate them. Previous coding: B32 Medication Safety B32.01 causes of medication errors/systems approaches B32.02 human factors in errors B32.03 strategies for reducing errors B32.04 pharmacy leadership in medication safety B32.05 current National Patient Safety Goals as they relate to medication use B32.06 organizations devoted to assurance and advancement of quality health care (e.g., Joint Commission) B32.07 quality and improvement strategies, such as failure mode and effects analysis, root cause analysis, and lean principles 1CS05 Patient Assessment Evaluation of patient function and dysfunction through the systematic gathering of objective (physical assessment and lab data interpretation) and subjective (patient interview) data important to the provision of care. Previous coding: B27 Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacist-Provided Care B27.06 methods of outcome monitoring and assessment techniques B27.10 monitoring for positive and negative drug therapy outcomes B29 Pharmacotherapy B29.06 drug monitoring for positive and negative outcomes B29.07 diagnostic tests in the diagnosis, staging, and monitoring of various disease states B34 Patient Assessment Laboratory B34.01 obtaining a comprehensive patient history B34.02 familiarity with basic assessment techniques (inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation), terminology, and the modifications caused by common disease states and drug therapy B34.03 triage and referral skills B34.04 knowledge of therapeutic drug concentrations and their interpretation B34.05 knowledge of the basis for common clinical laboratory values and diagnostic tests and the influences of common disease states B34.06 false positive and false negative results B34.08 principles of electrocardiography and common EKG abnormalities B34.09 advanced cardiac life support 1CS06 Clinical Pharmacokinetics Application of basic pharmacokinetic principles and mathematical models to calculate safe and effective doses of drugs for individual patients, and adjust therapy as appropriate through the monitoring of drug concentration in biological fluids. Previous coding: B14 Pharmacokinetics/Clinical Pharmacokinetics B14.05 clinical pharmacokinetics of commonly used and low-therapeutic-index drugs B14.06 the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic interface SOUZA, STRANG, O’BROCTA, SAPINORO 11 1CS07 Self-Care Pharmacotherapy Therapeutic need assessment, drug product recommendation/selection, and counseling of patients on nonprescription drug products. Previous coding: B27 Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacist-Provided Care B27.14 home diagnostic devices B27.15 durable medical equipment B29 Pharmacotherapy B29.11 nonprescription drug therapies B29.12 dietary supplements B34 Patient Assessment Laboratory B34.07 OTC point-of-care testing devices (e.g., glucometers, pregnancy tests, home testing for HbA1c, drug screening) 1CS08 Pharmacotherapy Evidence-based clinical decision making, therapeutic treatment planning and medication therapy management strategy development for patients with specific diseases and conditions that complicate care and/or put patients at high risk for adverse events. Emphasis on patient safety, clinical efficacy, pharmacoeconomic considerations, and treatment of patients across the lifespan. Previous coding: B27 Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacist-Provided Care B27.04 concepts of pharmacist-provided patient care and medication therapy management services B27.05 principles of pharmacist-managed, patient-centered pharmacy services B27.08 role of pharmacy care plans in patient care B27.11 evidence-based practice and decisions B27.13 principles of clinical management of drug toxicity and overdosage B29 Pharmacotherapy B29.01 principles of clinical practice guidelines for various disease states and their interpretation in the clinical setting B29.02 integration of core scientific and systems-based knowledge in patient care decisions B29.03 reinforcement of basic science principles relative to drug treatment protocols and clinical practice guidelines B29.08 concepts of pain management and palliative care B29.09 promotion of wellness and non-pharmacologic therapies B29.10 disease prevention and monitoring B29.13 design of patient-centered, culturally relevant treatment plans B29.14 drug-induced disease B29.15 medication reconciliation for patients moving from one care setting to another B30 Pharmacist-Provided Care for Special Populations B30.01 pathophysiologic and pharmacotherapy alterations specific for special population patients (e.g., pediatric, geriatric, pregnant, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, celiac disease, genetic disorders, and others) for prescription and nonprescription medications B30.02 dosage calculation and adjustments in special-population patients B30.03 drug monitoring for positive/negative outcomes in special-population patients SOUZA, STRANG, O’BROCTA, SAPINORO 12 1CS08 Pharmacotherapy (continued) D03 Medication Information (knowledge of commonly used medications) D03.01 Summarize key information related to the use of common (Top 200) medications D03.02 Identify brand and generic names, dosage forms and usual dosing ranges for common (Top 200) medications D03.03 Describe the mechanism of action of common medications (Top 200) at the molecular, cellular, systems and whole organism levels D03.04 List and describe the mechanism(s) of common drug interactions D03.05 Cite the spectrum and common indications for commonly used antibiotics 1CS09 Medication Dispensing and Distribution Systems Pharmacist role playing experience in the preparation and dispensing of prescriptions, identification and prevention of medication errors and interactions, maintaining and using patient profile systems and prescription processing technology and/or equipment, and ensuring patient safety. Previous coding: B27 Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacist-Provided Care B27.07 problem identification (e.g., duplication, dosage, drug interactions, adverse drug reactions and interactions, frequency, dosage form, indication mismatches) and resolution B28 Medication Dispensing and Distribution Systems B28.01 preparation and dispensing of prescriptions B28.02 development and maintenance of patient medication profiles B28.03 identification and prevention of medication errors B28.04 identification and prevention of drug toxicity B28.05 issues of distribution systems associated with all types of practice settings B28.06 role of automation and technology in workload efficiency and patient safety B28.07 assurance of safety in the medication-use process B28.08 medication error reduction programs B28.09 continuous quality improvement programs SOUZA, STRANG, O’BROCTA, SAPINORO 13