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Nombre Clase Fecha Demonstrative adjectives and comparisons CAPÍTULO 8 In English Demonstrative adjectives point out people and things. They must agree in number with the nouns they refer to. We use this and these for things that are nearby, and that and those for things that are further away. SINGULAR PLURAL this I like this shirt. these Do you like these shirts? that I need that book. those He wants those notebooks. The following formulas are used to make comparisons with adjectives: adjective + -er than She is taller than me. more + adjective + than He is more intelligent than Gunther. less + adjective + than Roberta is less careful than Monica. as + adjective + as That tree is as tall as our house. The adjective + -er than formula is generally used when the adjective is only one syllable long. (quicker than, lighter than, stronger than). A Circle the demonstrative adjective and indicate whether it is singular or plural. Also underline the phrase that expresses the comparison. Plural Singular 1. This movie is longer than Ben-Hur. ✓ 2. That shirt is more expensive than mine. 3. Those men are as rich as the Vanderbilts. 4. That kid is smarter than Einstein! 5. My backpack is as heavy as those dumbells. 6. This dress is less stylish than that skirt. 7. You’re as crazy as that March hare. In Spanish Demonstrative adjectives also point out people and things. They must agree in number and gender with the nouns they describe. We use forms of este for things that are nearby, and forms of ese for things that are further away. SINGULAR PLURAL este/esta this estos/estas these ese/esa that esos/esas those ¿Te gustan estos zapatos, o prefieres esas sandalias? Use these expressions to compare things with adjectives. The adjective agrees in gender and number with the first noun in the comparison. más + adjective + que Ella es más lista que yo. menos + adjective + que Pedro es menos fuerte que Sansón. tan + adjective + como Esas chicas son tan altas como tú. Holt Spanish 1 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Grammar Tutor 43 Nombre Clase Fecha CAPÍTULO 8 DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND COMPARISONS B Circle the demonstrative adjective and indicate whether it is singular (S) or plural (P), masculine (M) or feminine (F). Underline the phrase expressing comparison. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. C S, F Esa blusa es más pequeña que mi camisa. Estos calcetines son tan largos como esos calcetines. Mi vestido es menos bonito que ese vestido azul. Tu chaqueta de cuero es más cara que esa chaqueta. Esos pantalones cortos son más feos que tus pantalones cortos. Ese sombrero está menos pasado de moda que otros. Esta falda de algodón es menos corta que una minifalda. Make sentences with these words and using all of the different comparison formulas. Be sure that the demonstrative adjectives agree with the nouns. 1. Este / profesora joven / estricto / ese/ profesor mayor Esta profesora joven es más estricta que ese profesor mayor. ______________________________________________________________ 2. Ese / profesores / serio / este / estudiantes ______________________________________________________________ 3. Este / clase / divertido / ese / fiesta ______________________________________________________________ 4. Este / camisa blanca / bonito / ese / camisa de rayas ______________________________________________________________ 5. Ese / aretes / barato / este / collar ______________________________________________________________ 6. Este / diccionario / interesante / ese / novela ______________________________________________________________ 7. Ese / calcetines de seda / caro / este / bufanda de lana ______________________________________________________________ D 1. Explain the difference in meaning between the following sentences: Este zapato es de cuero. __________________________________________ Ese zapato es de cuero. __________________________________________ 2. Do you have trouble telling the demonstratives apart? This saying might help: This and these have Ts; this esTe that and those don’t. that ese Holt Spanish 1 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. these those esTos esos Grammar Tutor 44 Nombre Clase Fecha CAPÍTULO 8 Preterite tense In English The simple past tense expresses an action that already took place. For regular verbs in English, the past tense is formed by adding –ed to the verb. I walked we walked you walked you walked he, she, it walked they walked The past tense conjugation is the same for all persons . Some verbs, like to go, are irregular in the past tense (went). Martha played soccer yesterday. We went to the game but only watched. A Underline the verb in each sentence. Then indicate whether the verb is in the present or past tense. Present Past 1. Marion worked at the ice cream stand. ✓ 2. Edwin talked to Susana all afternoon. 3. You play racquetball with Arnulfo? 4. Marianne cleans her room every day. 5. They planted lots of pretty flowers. 6. I finished the book on Monday. 7. Gabriel lived in Cienfuegos for ten years. 8. My uncle fought in the war. In Spanish The preterite tense, like the simple past tense in English, is used to talk about what happened or what someone did at a specific point in the past. To form the preterite of –ar verbs, attach these endings to the verb stem: yo canté nosotros(as) cantamos tú cantaste vosotros(as) cantasteis usted, él, ella cantó ustedes, ellos, ellas cantaron The nosotros form of –ar verbs looks the same as in the present. The context will help you decide whether it is present or past. Some verbs, like ir, are irregular. Stem-changing –ar verbs show no changes in the preterite. yo fui nosotros(as) fuimos tú fuiste vosotros(as) fuisteis usted, él, ella fue ustedes, ellos, ellas fueron Tú me llamaste, y yo hablé contigo ayer. Ellos fueron al centro comercial y encontraron un abrigo barato. Holt Spanish 1 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Grammar Tutor 45 Nombre Clase Fecha CAPÍTULO 8 PRETERITE TENSE B Underline the verb in each sentence. Then indicate whether the verb is in the present or preterite tense. Present Past ✓ 1. Ignacio habló mucho en la clase. 2. Petra y su hermanito bailaron en la fiesta. 3. Yo lavo la ropa todos los días. 4. Te quedan muy bien esas sandalias. 5. Anteayer miré las vitrinas por la calle. 6. Esa chaqueta cuesta mucho dinero. 7. Tú gastaste cien dólares en ese anillo. 8. Nosotros cantamos muy bien ayer. C Pablo asks Leticia about several activities, and she tells him that they were done yesterday. Fill in Leticia’s answers. Pablo Leticia Pablo Leticia Pablo Leticia Pablo Leticia Pablo Leticia D ¿Tú paseas por el parque hoy? No, paseé por el parque ayer. ________________________________________________________ ¿María cierra la tienda hoy? ________________________________________________________ ¿Tus hermanos gastan mucho dinero en el cine hoy? ________________________________________________________ ¿Yo llevo un suéter negro ahora? ________________________________________________________ ¿Tú tomas un batido ahora mismo? ________________________________________________________ 1. The accent marks in canté and cantó tell you which syllable to stress. Why is this important? What if cantó had no accent mark? 2. Now write one sentence using preparó and another with preparo. Make sure the person and the tense matches each form. Holt Spanish 1 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Grammar Tutor 46