Download Success Criteria – Multicellular Organisms 2. Stem cells and

National 5 Biology – Multicellular Organisms Unit – Success Criteria
Success Criteria – Multicellular Organisms
National 5
2. Stem cells and meristems
1. Know that stem cells in animals are cells which
Colour the box at the side of each objective:
can divide.
RED – I don’t know much about this or am confused by
2. Understand that stem cells in animals have
it.
the potential to become different types of cells.
AMBER – I know a bit about this but do not feel I
3. State that stem cells are involved in growth
know it well.
GREEN – I am very confident that I know this
1. Cells, tissues and organs
1. Understand that a multicellular organism is
one which is made up of many cells.
2. Know that specialisation of cells occurs in
multicellular organisms.
3. State that specialisation of cells in plant and
animals leads to the formation of tissues and
organs.
4. Understand that groups of organs work
together to form systems.
5. Know that growth is defined as an
irreversible increase in dry mass.
and repair.
4. Understand that meristems are sites of
production of non-specialised cells in plants.
5. Know that meristems are the sites of mitosis
in a plant cell.
6. Understand that non-specialised cells have
the potential to become other types of plant
cell.
7. Know that non-specialised cells contribute to
plant cell growth.
8. Identify the medulla on a diagram.
3. Control and communication
a) Nervous Control
1. Understand that internal communication
is required for survival of a multicellular
organism.
2. Know that the nervous system is made
up of the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
3. Know that the central nervous system
9. Know that the medulla is responsible for controlling
the rate of breathing and heart beat.
10. State that the central nervous system sorts out
information it receives from the sense organs (eyes,
ears, skin etc).
11. State that the central nervous system responds to
sensory information by sending messages to muscles
and glands to carry out the appropriate responsive
action.
is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
12. Know that neurons carry information from the
4. Identify the cerebrum on a diagram.
central nervous system to the muscles or glands.
5. Know that the cerebrum is responsible
for mental processes such as memory,
reasoning, imagination, conscious thought
and intelligence.
6. Identify the cerebellum on a diagram.
7. Know that the cerebellum is responsible
for controlling balance and muscle
coordination.
senses to the central nervous system, and from the
13. Identify the three types of neurones; sensory, relay
and motor.
14. Understand that receptors in the skin, eyes, ears
etc detect sensory input/stimuli.
15. State that electrical impulses move along neurones.
16. Know that a synapse is a tiny space between the
ending of 1 neurone and the sensory fibre of the next.
16. Understand that a synapse allows
chemicals to transfer from 1 neurone to
another.
17. Know that a response to a motor
neurone in a muscle (a contraction) may
be rapid.
18. Know that the secretion of a hormone
from a gland is a much slower response
that that of a muscle cell contracting.
b) Neurons and reflex arc
19. Know that the nervous system is made
up of nerve cells called neurons.
20. Know that a neurone is made up of a
cell body attached to nerve fibres.
23. Identify a diagram of a reflex arc.
24. Describe how a reflex arc works:
(i) Stimulus is detected by the nerve endings in the
receptor (e.g. skin), and converted to an electrical
impulse.
(ii) The electrical impulse is carried towards the cell
body of a neuron by a sensory fibre.
(iii) In the grey matter of the spinal cord, the impulse
crosses the 1st synapse.
(iv) The electrical impulse passes through a relay
neuron and then across a 2nd synapse.
(v) The nerve impulse is then picked up by the motor
neuron and quickly conducted to the axon endings.
(vi) A chemical is released which brings about muscular
contraction.
21. Know that a reflex action is a rapid
25. Know that transmission of a nerve impulse
involuntary response.
through a reflex arc, results in a reflex action.
22. Understand that a reflex action has a
protective function.
c) Hormonal control
26. State that hormones are chemical
messengers.
27. Know that endocrine glands release
hormones into the blood stream.
28. Know that target tissues have cells
with receptor proteins for hormones.
29. Understand that only some tissues are
affected by each hormone.
d) Control of blood sugar levels
30. Know that insulin is a hormone made by
the pancreas.
31. Understand that insulin converts
excess glucose into glycogen.
32. Know that glycogen is stored in the
liver.
33. State that the conversion of glucose to
glycogen lowers blood glucose levels.
34. State that glucagon is a second hormone
secreted by the pancreas.
35. Know that glucagon converts glycogen to
glucose.
36. Understand that the action of glucagon
increases the blood glucose level.
37. Understand the relationship between insulin
and glucagon in maintaining a steady blood sugar
level.
4. Reproduction
1. Understand that cells which have 2
matching sets of chromosomes are
referred to a diploid.
2. Know that normal body cells are diploid.
3. Understand that cells with a single set of
chromosomes are referred to as haploid.
4. Know that gamete is the collective term
for sex cells.
10. Identify the reproductive parts of a plant
in a diagram.
11. Know that in animals the male gametes are
called sperm.
12. Understand that sperm are produced in the
testes.
13. Identify the male reproductive organs of an
animal in a diagram.
14. Understand that in animals the female
5. Know that gametes are haploid.
gametes are called eggs.
6. Understand that pollen is the male
15. Know that in animals the eggs are produced
gamete in plant cells.
in the ovaries.
7. Know that anther if the plant produced
16. Identify the female reproductive organs of
pollen.
an animal in a diagram.
8. Understand that an ovule is the female
17. Understand that during fertilisation the
gamete in plant cells.
nuclei of the male and female gametes fuse.
9. Know that the ovule in a plant can be
18. Know that fertilisation results in the
found in the ovary.
production of a diploid zygote.
5. Variation and inheritance
6. Know that a characteristic can be described as
continuous variation when it varies amongst the
1. Know that variation of characteristics
population in a smooth continuous way from one
exists within a population.
extreme to the other, without falling into distinct
2. Understand that the fusion of
groups.
gametes from separate parents increases
7. Understand that results of a study on variation
variation in a population.
of a continuous characteristic would be presented
3. Know that a characteristic can be
as a line graph.
described as showing discrete variation
8. Give examples of continuous variation. Such as:
if members of a population can be divided
a persons’ height or hand span over time in humans,
into 2 or more separate groups.
body length in trout or mass of fruit in apple
4. State that data gathered from a
trees.
survey of discreet variation would be
9. Know that a gene is a section of a chromosome
presented as a bar graph.
which codes for 1 characteristic.
5. Give examples of discreet variation.
10. Understand that an allele is the different
Such as: hair type in humans, eye colour
versions of a gene which are available.
in fruit fly, flower colour in plants.
11. State that the term phenotype refers to an
organisms’ physical appearance in relation to any
given characteristic.
12. Understand that if an individual
possesses 2 identical alleles for 1
characteristic they are said to be
homozygous or true breeding.
13. Know that if an individual possesses 2
alleles for a characteristic which are not
identical to each other, they are said to be
heterozygous.
14. Understand the symbols used when doing
a genetic cross, P1 is the parental generation,
st
F1 is the 1 generation of offspring, F2 is the
2
nd
generation of offspring.
15. Know that if an allele always presents
itself in the phenotype when present, it is
said to be dominant.
16. Understand that some alleles will be
masked by other versions of the gene, and
the version of the characteristic they code
for will skip generations, in this case the
allele is said to be recessive.
17. Know that when doing genetic crosses
each allele is assigned a letter.
18. Understand that the 1st letter of the dominant
characteristic is normally used (For example if red was the
dominant flower colour and white the recessive, the letter “r”
would be used to represent each allele in a genetic cross).
19. Know that the upper case letter is always used for the
dominant characteristic (R = red) and the lower case for the
recessive characteristic (r = white).
20. Understand that as each body cell has 2 allele’s for each
gene, the genotype is represented by 2 letters per gene.
21. Understand that as a gamete has half the genetic content
of a normal body cell, it will only have 1 allele for the gene
and is therefore represented by only 1 letter.
22. Know that most characteristics are coded for by more
than one gene, and are said to be polygenic.
23. Know that most features of an individual phenotype are
polygenic and show continuous variation.
24. Carry out a monohybrid cross from parents through to F2
generation.
25. Know that if a homozygous dominant parent is crossed
with a homozygous recessive, all of the F1 will be
heterozygous, and the resulting F2 should give a 3:1 ratio of
dominant:recessive characteristics.
26. Understand that expected ratios in
a genetic cross are not always
achieved, as fertilisation is a random
process, or the sample size may be too
small.
6. The need for transport
a) Plant transport systems
1. Understand that a plant needs water
for both photosynthesis and to transport
materials around the plant.
2. Identify the structures involved in
transporting materials around a plant
(xylem and phloem) in a diagram.
3. State that water and mineral salts are
carried from the roots to the leaves in
xylem vessels.
6. Know that transpiration is the evaporation of water
from the aerial parts of a plant.
7. Understand that transpiration occurs through tiny
pores in the leaves called stomata.
8. Know that the opening and closing of the stomata is
controlled by guard cells.
9. Know that guard cells are sausage shaped and contain
chloroplasts.
10. Understand that the inner walls of the guard cells
are thicker and less elastic than the outer walls which
allow the 2 inner walls to be pulled apart when the
guard cells become turgid.
11. Know that a leaf has a transparent epidermis which
lets light through and has a protective function.
12. Understand that mesophyll cells (palisade and
mesophyll) are layers of green cells – which take in
4. Understand that xylem vessels are
carbon dioxide and give out oxygen during
dead and contain lignin for support.
photosynthesis.
5. Know that movement of water in a
13. Identify the various leaf structures in a diagram to
plant occurs by osmosis into root hair
include the upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll,
cells.
spongy mesophyll, vein, lower epidermis, guard cells
and stomata.
14. Know that phloem tissue is composed
of sieve tubes and companion cells.
15. Understand that the phloem cells
transport sugar around the plant.
22. Describe the pathway of blood through the
circulatory system:
(i) Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right
atrium by the main vein called the vena cava.
(ii) The right atrium contracts, pumping blood into the right
16. State that phloem cells are living
ventricle.
tissue.
(iii) Contraction of the muscular ventricle wall forces blood
17. Identify phloem cells in a diagram.
b) Animal transport and exchange systems
into the pulmonary artery.
(iv) The blood is then carried to the from the heart to the
lungs where it picks up oxygen and becomes oxygenated.
oxygen and carbon dioxide are
(v) The pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood from the
lungs to the heart’s left atrium.
transported in the blood.
(vi) The blood is then pumped into the left ventricle where
19. Understand that the circulatory
strong contractions force it into the main vein called the
aorta.
18. Know that in mammals, nutrients,
system consists of the heart and blood
vessels.
20. Identify the structures of the heart
in a diagram: the 4 chambers and the
position of the valves.
21. Know that blood leaves the heart in
arteries, flows through capillaries and
returns in veins.
(vii) The aorta takes the blood to respiring body tissues to
drop off oxygen and once again become deoxygenated.
23. Know that an artery has a thick muscular wall to
withstand the high pressure of oxygenated blood
coming from the heart.
24. Know that the wall of the vein is thinner than the
heart, so it has valves to prevent backflow of blood and
its function is to carry blood towards the heart.
25. Understand that as an artery moves
31. State that red blood cells contain haemoglobin and
away from the heart, it divides into smaller
are specialised to carry oxygen.
vessels and finally into a dense network of
thin-walled capillaries.
26. Know that capillaries form a large
surface area to allow efficient gas exchange.
27. Describe the features of the capillaries
which make it suited to gas exchange:
(i) Thin walls – only 1 cell thick (to allow rapid
diffusion).
(ii) Present large surface area – allows them to be
in close contact with the living cells in tissues and
organs.
32. Describe the specialisation of red blood cells:
(i) Biconcave in shape to increase surface area.
(ii) No nucleus to increase surface area (which also means they
contain no genetic material).
(iii) Contains haemoglobin which binds with oxygen to form
oxyhaemoglobin.
33. Know that the lungs in a mammal are where gaseous
exchange takes place.
34. Describe the pathway of air as it enters the
respiratory system:
28. Know that as capillaries move away from
(i) Enters in the mouth and nose.
body tissues they unite to form larger
(ii) Passes to the trachea.
vessels that converge to form veins.
(iii) Trachea splits into 2 narrower tubes called the bronchi, 1
29. Understand that the 1st branch of the
bronchus going to each lung.
aorta leaving the heart is called the
(iv) Each bronchus divides many times into bronchioles.
coronary artery.
30. State that the coronary artery supplies
the muscular wall of the heart itself with
oxygenated blood.
(v) Bronchioles end in alveoli.
35. Understand that rings of cartilage keep the main
airways open.
36. Know that oxygen and carbon dioxide
are exchanged through the walls of the
alveoli.
37. Describe the features of the alveoli
which make it efficient at gas exchange:
(i) Large surface area.
(ii) Good blood supply.
(iii) Thin walls for rapid diffusion of gases.
38. Understand that the walls of the
trachea and bronchi are lined with cilia
and cells which secrete mucus.
39. State that the mucus traps dirt and
micro-organisms.
40. State the cilia beat back and forth
pushing the mucus away from the lungs.
41. Know that food is moved through the
digestive system by peristalsis.
42. Describe the mechanism of peristalsis:
Muscles BEHIND the food CONTRACT,
muscles IN FRONT of food RELAX.
43. Understand that villi are finger-like projections found
in the small intestine.
44. Know that the villi aid the absorption of the products
of glucose and amino acids.
45. Describe the structure of the villi and how it is suited
to its role in digestion:
(i) Thin walled to allow rapid absorption.
(ii) Present large surface area.
(iii) Excellent blood supply to absorb nutrients.
46. Identify the structures within a villi in a diagram: the
epithelium, blood capillaries and lacteal.
47. Know that the lacteal absorbs fatty acids and glycerol.
8. Effects of Lifestyle Choices
1. State that an individual has physical
6. State that poor lifestyle choices can increase the chances of
health problems including:
fatty deposits in blood vessels
blood clots
heart attacks
strokes
diabetes
stress
high blood pressure
can improve an individuals health.
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3. Identify that healthier lifestyle
7. State that a lack of iron means haemoglobin cannot be made
choices include:
and can lead to anaemia.
and mental aspects of health.
2. State that healthier lifestyle choices
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regular exercise
a balanced diet
socialising with friends
relaxation activities
4. State that poor lifestyle choices can
have a negative effect on health.
8. State that environmental factors can damage health.
9. State that environmental factors include:
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Heavy metals
Radiation
Pollution
10. State that heredity plays a part in the incidence of some
5. State that poor lifestyle choices
conditions.
include:
11. State that physiological measurements can be used to measure
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high fat diet
high salt diet
lack of exercise
smoking tobacco
excess alcohol intake
high stress experiences
health.
12. Carry out physiological measurements including:
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pulse rate
breathing rate
temperature
blood pressure
peak flow