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B2.2 Fact Sheet – Enzymes and respiration Genes and proteins 1. What is a small section of DNA that codes for a protein called? 2. Name the method used to identify people using DNA 3. List the four uses of protein (4) 4. What are proteins made of? Gene DNA finger printing Make structures, e.g. hair, nails, skin Hormones Antibodies Enzymes Amino acid Enzymes and the digestive system 5. Name the organs of the digestive system (10) 6. Describe the function of the salivary glands 7. Describe the functions of the stomach 8. Describe the function of the small intestine 9. Describe the function of the large intestine 10.Describe the function of the liver & gall bladder 11.Describe the function of the pancreas A. Mouth B. Salivary gland C. Oesophagus D. Stomach E. Small intestine F. Large intestine G. Rectum H. Liver I. Gall bladder J. Pancreas Produces amylase and releases saliva Churns food Produces acid & protease Digests protein Produces protease, lipase & amylase Digests food Absorbs the soluble food into the bloodstream Absorbs water to produce faeces Liver- makes bile Gall bladder – stores bile Gland that produces protease, lipase & amylase 12.Where does bile go into? Small intestine 13.Why is bile needed? Neutralise acid So enzymes can work 14.Name the enzyme that digests carbohydrates/ starch Carbohydrase/ amylase 15.Name the enzyme that digests protein Protease 16.Name the enzyme that digests fat/ lipid Lipase 17.What are carbohydrates digested into? Sugar/ glucose 18.What are proteins digested into? Amino acids 19.What are fats digested into Fatty acids AND glycerol 20.What is it called when an enzyme changes shape so it doesn’t work? Denatured 21.List 3 conditions which denature most enzymes 22.What can be used to produce enzymes for home and industrial use? 23.Give the benefits of using enzymes in industry (2) 24.Give 2 disadvantages of using enzymes in industry 25.Which enzymes do biological washing powders contain? 26.Which enzymes are used to produce baby food and why? 27.Name the enzyme that changes glucose into fructose 28.Which type of foods do we use fructose for and why? Too hot (too cold does NOT denature them, just slows them down) Acid Alkali Microorganisms Lowers the temperature and pressure needed Less energy is needed Expensive Denatured at high temperatures Many are expensive to produce Protease and lipase Proteases To digest protein To make food softer Isomerase Slimming Sweeter so you need less Aerobic respiration 29.Write the word equation for aerobic Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + respiration. 30.Respiration in cells releases energy. List four things this energy is used to do. (4) 31.What happens to heart rate when you exercise? Why? 32.What happens to breathing rate when you exercise? Water 33.What chemical does the liver and muscles store glucose as? 34.Write the word equation for anaerobic respiration (2) Build larger molecules Animals - Muscle contractions Birds and mammals – keep warm Plants – make amino acids Increases Blood flows faster Oxygen and glucose to muscles faster Faster aerobic respiration in muscles Increases More oxygen into body and to muscles Faster aerobic respiration in muscles Glycogen Glucose Lactic acid 35.When does anaerobic respiration happen? When not enough oxygen 36.What is the problem with lactic acid Mild poison, causes fatigue