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Journal of Exercise Physiologyonline
February 2016
Volume 19 Number 1
Official Research Journal
Editor-in-Chief
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of theBoone,
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Exercise
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1097-9751
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Robert Gotshall, PhD
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Len Kravitz, PhD
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Official Research Journal of
the American Society of
Exercise Physiologists
ISSN 1097-9751
JEPonline
Differences between Gender and Biological Age in
Heart Rate Deflection Point during Progressive Maximal
Intermittent Test in Young Athletes
Gislaine Cristina de Souza1,2, Ana Carla Santos Mariano2, Carla
Caroline de Souza Rodrigues2, Pablo Ramon Domingos2,3, Raul
Osiecki1, Fernando Roberto de Oliveira2
1
Center for the Study of Physical Performance, Federal University of
Paraná, Paraná, Brazil, 2Nucleus of Human Movement Studies,
Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Lavras,
Minas Gerais, Brazil, 3Motor Evaluation Laboratory, Federal University
of Juiz de For a, Minas Gerais, Brazil
ABSTRACT
Souza GC, Mariano ACS, Rodrigues CCS, Domingos PR, Osiecki
R, De Oliveira FR. Differences between Gender and Biological Age in
Heart Rate Deflection Point during Progressive Maximal Intermittent
Test in Young Athletes. JEPonline 2016;19(1):107-113. The purpose
of this study was to compare the variables found in heart rate
deflection point (HRDP) through the Carminattis’s Test (TCar)
between young female and male in relation to maturation periods.
Thirty five athletic teenagers (19 males, age = 16.6 ± 2.4 yrs and 16
females, age = 15.3 ± 2.5 yrs) underwent a progressive maximal
intermittent field test after determination of sexual maturation. In order
to identify the physiological transition points, the differences of the
heart rate (HR) values derived from linear and polynomial fits using all
HR points were calculated using the Dmax method. The Velocity Peak
(VP) and the velocity measured on HRDP were lower in girls than in
boys (P<0.05) in the pubertal and after-pubertal periods. The
occurrence intensity on HRDP was also lower in the pre-pubertal boys
compared to the after-pubertal boys (P<0.05). The percentage of HR
peak on pubertal girls was lower than after-pubertal period girls
(P<0.05). No significant differences were found in HR peak or in HR
and %VP obtained at HRDP (P<0.05). The results suggest that the
maturation period associated with gender plays an important role in
physiological variables identified in TCar.
Key Words: Heart rate, Carminatti’s test, Maturation, Anaerobic
threshold
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INTRODUCTION
The evaluation of the anaerobic threshold (AT) has been widely used to determine aerobic fitness in
intermittent and endurance sports. Some authors have demonstrated that the heart rate deflection
point (HRDP) is found in similar intensities to the lactate threshold during a progressive test. Thus,
the HRDP is reported as a noninvasive, inexpensive and easily applicable tool to determine the
anaerobic threshold (7,10).
Alternatively, maximal intermittent field tests, like Carminattis’s Test (TCar), have been proposed for
the identification of HRDP. These tests are cheaper and more specific (5). Carminatti (4) reported that
the HRDP, identified by the Dmáx-Kara method, during the TCar test is similar to maximum lactate
steady state. Besides, in runners, the Velocity Peak (VP), the Peak Heart Rate (HRpeak) and the final
lactate are similar between the TCar and the continuous track progressive test (VAMEVAL) (6).
Lucía and colleagues (11) reported that the HRDP depends on the contraction of left ventricle. This
action happens in response to the function of circulating catecholamines and potassium, and that it
has a relation with the efficiency of cardiac function during the effort test. Ferreira et al. (9) identified
that in young runners, the intensity of occurrence of the HRDP in relation to VP may be lower in boys
than in girls. This finding may be justified by the different anaerobic capacity related to gender.
However, the identification of a physiologic consideration in regards to HRDP as it relates to different
biological periods and genders is unclear in the literature. Ré (12) affirms that usually after the
puberty, girls do not improve their performance in sport in the same linearity as boys do. After the
menarche, the human physical characteristics and morphofunctional fitness are modified (13). Thus,
it is plausible the hypothesis of different levels of aerobic fitness accordingly to the maturation age in
both genders after the identification of AT. The purpose of this research was to compare the variables
found in HRDP through the TCar test (5) between young female and male subjects in relation to
maturation periods.
METHODS
Subjects
Thirty-five young track and field athletes agreed to participate in this study (19 males, age = 16.6 ±
2.4 yrs, weight = 61.7 ± 12 kg, height = 172.4 ± 8.6 cm and 16 females, age = 15.3 ± 2.5 yrs, weight =
52.5 ± 8.5 kg, height = 164.9 ± 8.1 cm). The subjects had a minimum of 1 yr of training to prepare for
competition at the state and national levels. The subjects and their parents were informed about the
methodological aspects, risks, and benefits of this study.
Procedures
Following the subjects’ signing of the consent form to participate in the study, and the approval of the
Ethics Committee, the evaluation of the anthropometry and the sexual maturity was carried out. The
analysis of sexual maturation was been done following the Tanner criteria (16) through self-evaluation
of pictures of Stages of Sexual Maturation. The first menstruation period was recorded and, then, the
subjects performed the TCar test (5) in a multi-sports court.
Anthropometric Assessment
Body mass was determined using the digital scale (Britânia®). Stature was obtained through a
professional estadiometer (Sanny®).
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TCar Protocol
The athletes were instructed to avoid intense physical exercise for 24 hrs prior to the test. They were
also told not to eat 2 hrs before the test. The test was preceded by a warm-up that consisted of 10
min of jogging followed by 5 min of stretching. In males and females under 15 yrs of age, the initial
distance and velocity were 15 m and 9 km·h-1 (12 sec), respectively. In males and females older than
15 yrs of age, the initial distance and velocity were 20 m and 12 km·h-1 (12 sec), respectively. After,
at each stage was incremented 1 m to the initial distance (0.6 km·h-1). Between each run there was a
space of 2.5 m and 6 sec for recovery. Each stage lasts 90 sec of shuttle run. The velocity was
controlled by an audible beep of the Sphera Portable Server software. Exhaustion was determined
when a subject failed twice consecutively to perform the shuttle run at the beep time. The VP was
determined for the last distance completed. The Heart Rate (HR) was registered using a HR portable
monitor (Polar Electro Oy, FI – 90440, Kempele, Finland) at the end of each stage.
Heart Rate Deflection Point (HRDP)
The HRDP was identified using the method proposed by Kara et al. (10). A HR of 140 beats·min-1 or
higher was plotted in each stage versus the corresponding velocity. The transition point was identified
as the maximal distance between a third order polynomial fit passing through all HR points and a
linear fit connecting the two extreme values.
Statistical Analysis
The data normality was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The ANOVA two-way test with
Bonferroni's post hoc was used for the determination of differences among the variables obtained in
HRDP between the males and females during the maturation period pre-pubertal, pubertal, and afterpubertal. Only the percentage of HR peak measured on HRDP was noted non-parametric of which
the Kruskal Wallis Test and Mann-Whitney's U Test were used. Significance was set at P≤0.05.
RESULTS
The HRpeak and the VP are described on Table 1. The velocity and heart rate in absolute and
relatives terms for the subjects’ HRDP pursuant with the maturation period in the females and males
are presented in Table 2.
Table 1. Heart Frequency of Peak and Velocity Peak were found on TCar Pursuant with the
Maturation Period in Girls and Boys (Mean ± SD).
Girls
Boys
HR peak
PP
P
AP
PP
P
AP
(n = 5)
(n = 7)
(n = 4)
(n = 3)
(n = 8)
(n = 8)
202 ± 19
201 ± 6
197 ± 5
206 ± 13
203 ± 8
197 ± 5
14.0 ± 1.1
13.6 ± 1.2a
14.6 ± 0.9 b
15.9 ± 0.8
15.9 ± 1.6
17.3 ± 1
(beats·min-1)
Velocity peak
-1
(km·min )
BP = Pre-pubertal; P = Pubertal; AP = After-pubertal; HR = Heart rate; VP = Velocity peak; Significant differences
(P≤0.05): a between P Girls x P Boys, P=0.015; b between AP Girls x AP Boys, P = 0.014
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Table 2. The Velocity and Heart Rate in Absolutes and Relatives Terms found on HRDP
Pursuant with the Maturation Period in Girls and Boys (Mean ± SD).
HRDP Girls
HRDP Boys
PP
P
AP
PP
P
AP
(n = 5)
(n = 7)
(n = 4)
(n = 3)
(n = 8)
(n = 8)
190 ± 10
187 ± 10
190 ± 10
190 ± 14
187 ± 11
183 ± 6
%HRpeak
96.3 ± 4.7
93.2 ± 2.7†
96.5 ± 2.5
92.3 ± 3
92.3 ± 5.1
92.9 ± 3.4
Velocity
11.5 ± 0.5
11.0 ± 1.1a
12.5 ± 0.6 b
12.4 ± 0.3*
13.1 ± 1.3
14.3 ± 0.6
84.6 ± 6.9
80.9 ± 4.1
86.2 ± 7.9
78 ± 5.8
82.5 ± 5.9
83.1 ± 3.3
HR
(beats·min-1)
-1
(km·min )
%VP
BP = Pre-pubertal; P = Pubertal; AP = After-pubertal; HR = Heart rate; VP = Velocity peak; HRDP = Heart rate deflection
point. Significant differences (P≤0.05): a between P Girls x P Boys, P=0.002; b between AP Girls x AP Boys, P=0.041; *
between PP Boys x AP Boys P = 0.05; † between P Girls x AP Girls, P=0.05
DISCUSSION
The purpose of this study was to compare the variables identified in HRDP during a maximal
intermittent progressive test (TCar) in young female and male athletes in relation to maturation
periods. The main findings were the differences: (a) in VP between the males and the females'
maturation periods; (b) in velocity measured on HRDP between the males and the females'
maturation periods; (c) in pre-pubertal (PP) versus after-pubertal (AP) periods in the males; and (c) in
percentage HRpeak in the females' pubertal (P) versus after-pubertal (AP) periods.
The findings indicate that although HRpeak was similar in the males and females, the VP was
significantly lower in the females versus the males on the P periods (13.6 ± 1.2 vs. 15.9 ± 1.6 km·h-1,
respectively) as was the AP periods (14.6 ± 0.9 vs. 17.3 ± 1 km·h-1, respectively). These findings are
in agreement with the Ferreira's et al. (9) in which the maturation period was not considered, but the
authors identified that the VP was lower in the females than in the males (13.4 ± 0.8 vs. 15.4 ± 1.7
km·h-1, respectively). The primary explanation is likely to be the subjects’ hormonal changes, such as
the increase of testosterone in the males and the increase of progesterone and estrogen in the
females. These hormonal changes favor an increase in the females’ body fat (specially the breast and
hip regions) that may have lowered the performance in the female subjects. Also, the male subjects’
higher muscle mass after puberty may provide an advantage in sports (12). Interestingly, while
Bõhme (2) showed that there was not a direct influence of the sexual maturation in track and field
practitioners, the female athletes’ performance may be influenced by body fat and chronological age
during endurance test of 9 min.
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The velocity in HRDP was lower in females versus the males in P periods (11 ± 1.1 vs. 13.1 ± 1.3
km·h-1, respectively) and AP (12.5 ± 0.6 vs. 14.3 ± 0.6 km·h-1, respectively) and, thereby, was lower in
the males’ in PP than AP. These results indicate that males experienced anaerobic threshold at a
higher velocity that was close to the VP. In other words, they have a better aerobic performance (7).
However, the girls remained in similar levels, with lesser influence of the sexual maturation on
performance improvement (12). In opposition, Armstrong (1) didn’t find changes in absolute VO2
relative to sexual maturation in relation to the gender. Hence, these changes may be associated with
the subjects’ genetic predisposition to this variable.
While the females’ percentage of HR peak relative to HRDP was lower in the P period than in the AP
period, the absolute values were similar. This would appear to be a change in left ventricular function
among trained and untrained teenager of female gender (15). Otherwise, the increased production of
estrogen that is responsible for female sexual characteristics also acts on the cardiovascular system
(13). Nonetheless, there was not a significant difference between the males and females in absolutes
and relatives values of the HR identified on anaerobic threshold. This finding is in agreement with
Rowland's et al. (14) study that did not find differences between males and females in ventricular
function during the exercise.
Regarding HRDP in young athletes, the results in the present study supports the current literature. In
particular, Ferreira-Júnior et al. (8) found a HR in TCar of 185 ± 9 beats·min-1 (92 ± 2%) for the male
subjects and, in addition, Ferreira et al. (9) reported during a continuous progressive field test a HR of
186 ± 11 beats·min-1 (90,8 ± 5%) for males and 187 ± 9 beats·min-1 (94.2 ± 3.1%) for females. Also,
Buchheit et al. (3) identified a HR during a treadmill test of 187 ± 9 beats·min-1 (92.1 ± 0.4%).
Therefore, while the HRDP identified in an intermittent field test can be considered an assessment of
aerobic fitness of athletes, there are no comparisons of the HRDP with the athletes' biological age
(BA). Biological age must be considered because it can cause differences in some predictors of
HRDP, especially between the genders and the young maturation periods.
Limitation of the Study
The lack of measurement of blood lactate for the identification of lactate threshold was a limitation in
the present study. More studies that measure lactate threshold in young athletes are needed.
CONCLUSIONS
The variables in the intermittent progressive test show different responses according to the
maturation period in relation to gender on VP and on the velocity of occurrence of HRDP between the
males and females’ maturation periods on velocity measured on HRDP in pre-pubertal males versus
after-pubertal periods and on percentage of HRpeak on females’ pubertal versus after-pubertal
periods. The TCar test can be used to for identify the anaerobic threshold in young track and field
athletes.
Address for correspondence: Gislaine Cristina de Souza, Departament of Physical Education of
Federal University of Parana, Parana, Brazil. Street Sagrado Coração de Jesus. Phone (55) 41 91454389. Email: [email protected]
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