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Anatomy and physiology 2211K Lecture 1 Slide 2 – Endocrine system Slide 3 – Types of hormones Slide 4 – Amplitude modulated signals • The rate of hormone released is based upon the increase or decrease of the concentration of hormones or other regulated substances (e.g. glucose etc.) in the body fluids. • Subsequently, the higher the hormone (or other substances) concentration the higher the response. Slide 5 – Frequency modulated signals • Unlike the endocrine system, the concentration of chemical released by the neurons does not increase or decrease only the frequency (how many times does the nerves transmit a signal) of the nervous signals increase or decrease. Slide 6 - Neurohormones Vasopressin Oxytocin Slide 7 – Autocrine signals Slide 8 – Paracrine signals Slide 9 – Hormone secretions Slide 10 – Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators Slide 11 - Pheromones Slide 12 – Hormone receptors I Slide 13 – Intracellular Receptor Model - steroids Slide 14 – (a) Membrane bounded receptors and (b) intracellular receptors Slide 15 – G-protein – general information Slide 16 - G Proteins and Synthesis of cAMP – the example shown in the liver Slide 17 – Water soluble (non-steroid and prostaglandin) hormone function overview Slide 18 – Cyclic AMP (cAMP) a secondary messenger formation overview Slide 17 – Cascade effect of G-protein Slide 18 - Ligand and receptor protein – phosphoylation of proteins Slide 19 - G Proteins and Ca2+ Channels – example shown in striated muscles I Slide 20 – Arachidonic acid and prostaglandins Arachidonic acid is metabolized to produce inflammatory mediators from leukocytes or damaged tissues. Many current anti-inflammatory and pain medications are designed to inhibit some part of the arachidonic acid pathway Slide 27 - Actions of a substance other than a hormone on the endocrine glands Slide 28 - Actions of nerve cells in control of an endocrine glands Slide 29 - Action of one endocrine gland hormone secretion on another endocrine gland’s secretion Slide 21 - Down and Up-Regulation Slide 22 – Hormone regulation Slide 23 – Positive feedback systems Slide 24 – Free hormone and its distribution Slide 25 – Bounded hormones Slide 30 – Anatomy Slide 31 – Posterior and anterior pituitary gland Slide 32 – Posterior pituitary Slide 33 – Anterior pituitary gland Slide 34 – Anterior pituitary - growth hormone Slide 35 - Gigantism Slide 36 - Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1) MEN-1 is genetic disorder which one or more of the endocrine glands have too much tissue or form a tumor Endocrine glands include the parathyroid, pancreas, pituitary, adrenals, or thyroid could possibly be affected Currently, treatment options include surgical removal of the tumor, drug therapy, and radiation therapy of the pituitary Slide 37 - McCune-Albright syndrome McCune-Albright syndrome is caused by mosaic mutations (not all the DNA in all the cells are mutated) in the DNA. This disease is not inherited This condition is marked by the premature puberty in girls - Menstrual periods may begin before 8 years of age (prior to the appearance of breast or pubic hair development) In boys the early maturation of the testicles prior to 9 years of age Children with McCune-Albright syndrome have abnormal fibrous dysplasia (scar-like tissue) in the bone that can lead to fractures and deformities Abnormal bone growth in the skull can lead to blindness or deafness due to "pinched" nerves In addition, the children have cafe-au-lait spots (blueish gray patches of skin) generally on their backs Currently, treatment options include surgical removal of the tumor, drug therapy, and radiation therapy of the pituitary Slide 38 - Neurofibromatosis Slide 39 - Acromegaly Slide 40 – FSH and LH Slide 41 – Other anterior pituitary hormones Slide 42 – beta-endorphins Slide 42 – Tropic hormone - prolactin Slide 43 – Tropic hormones – thyroid stimulating hormone Slide 44 – Tropic hormones - ACTH Slide 45 – Pars intermedia - melanocyte stimulating hormone Slide 46 – Posterior pituitary hormone – Anti diuretic hormone (ADH) Slide 49 – Nephron of the kidneys Slide 47 – posterior pituitary hormone - oxytocin Slide 48 – Thyroid gland Slide 49 – Synthesis of T3 and T4 Slide 50 – Regulation of T3 and T4 Slide 51 – Cretinism Slide 52 - Hyperthyroidism Slide 53 - Hypothyroidism Slide 54 – Parafollicular cells Slide 57: Calcium regulation Slide 55 – Parathyroid gland Slide 56 – Parathyroid hormone regulation of calcium Slide 56 – Calcitonin and Parathyroid hormone Slide 57 – Adrenal gland (adrenal cortex) Slide 58 – Hormones of the adrenal cortex Slide 62 – Regulation of cortisol secretion Slide 59 – Adrenal medulla Slide 61 – Regulation of adrenal medulla via autonomic nervous system Slide 60 – Adrenaline and noradrenaline Slide 61 - Pancreas Slide 62 – Property of the pancreas Slide 63 – Alpha and beta cells Slide 65 – Regulation of blood sugar levels via insulin Slide 64 – Glucagon and insulin Slide 65 - Pineal body Slide 66 – Thymus gland Slide 67 – Female reproductive tract Slide 68 – Menstrual cycle Menses Follicular phase Luteal phase Menses Slide 69 - PMS Slide 70 – Male reproductive tract Slide 71 – Gastrin and stomach Slide 72 – Cholecystookinin, secretin and the small intestines Slide 80 – Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Slide 73 – Juxtaglomerular Apparatus Slide 74 – erythropoietin and the kidneys