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Transcript
Pax Romana The “Middle” Ages??? (500-1400’s) Medieval times…a thousand years of slow change I. EARLY Middle Ages = a time of CHAOS (aka – the “DARK” AGES) With the fall of Rome (476 AD), there were many PROBLEMS: A. Western Europe was “cut-off” from the rest of the world B. There was NO STRONG CENTRAL GOVERNMENT therefore -lawlessness (people did whatever they wanted) -lack of any FORMAL learning like universities (what would you do if there were NO MORE SCHOOLING -TRADE almost ended, as people were too afraid to travel POINT #1 = EUROPE TURNS INWARD…socially (spiritually), politically (local,strong rulers), and economically (self-sufficient agriculture and barter) II. The OUTSIDERS = Germanic tribes, invaders such as the VIKINGS, MUSLIMS and MAGYARS…they were warriors, farmers, and herders who did NOT live in cities and had no use for written laws,,,they relied on customs. **The years between 400 and 800 were frightening and unstable Charlemagne the Unifier From his position in northern Italy, Charlemagne was able to help out the Popes, who could no longer count on getting help from the Roman Empire. In exchange, Charlemagne got Pope Leo III in Rome to name him Holy Roman Emperor. Right at that moment (in 800 AD) the Roman Emperor in Constantinople was a woman named Irene, and the Franks refused to recognize Irene as Emperor because she was a woman. Charlemagne had offered to marry Irene, to put a man back on the throne. But Irene refused, thinking that Charlemagne was some barbarian nobody from northern Europe. So it may have seemed sensible for Charlemagne to become the Emperor. Along with his new identity as Emperor, Charlemagne built up a real court at his palace in Aachen, with a palace school, and new buildings being built everywhere, and books being written, including a biography of Charlemagne by Einhard which is modeled on the Roman biographer Suetonius. Charlemagne sent ambassadors back and forth to the Abbasid caliph (Muslim ruler), Harun al-Rashid, who sent him an Indian elephant as a present. Charlemagne the Unifier •During his 43-year reign, Charlemagne proved himself a brilliant military strategist and administrator, promoting art and education while waging war from Saxony to the Mediterranean. •Known for his piety (religiousness) as well as his brutality (he once beheaded more than 4,000 Saxons in one day), Charlemagne united most of Europe and created a period of relative order during the otherwise tumultuous Middle Ages. The “Middle” Ages??? (500-1400’s) Medieval times…a thousand years of slow change III. CHARLEMAGNE = the “UNIFIER” of Europe The strongest of the Germanic tribes, the FRANKS united with the ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH (whose place in people’s lives had grown incredibly in the absence of the Roman Empire). ***800 AD = Charlemagne becomes the 1st HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR He was able to build a large EMPIRE…He dreamed of creating a capital city like ROME…He encouraged Latin learning and set up schools by inviting scholars and issuing rules for education…He helped spread CHRISTIANITY, but preserved his GERMANIC customs (like fierce loyalty). POINT #2 = For a brief time, Charlemagne provided STABILITY and PEACE to an otherwise chaotic Europe. POINT #3 = Charlemagne strengthened the foundations of a NEW “MEDIEVAL” civilization based on the possession and control of LAND. This is FEUDALISM However, the next couple of centuries, EUROPE is plagued by INVASIONS from the NORSEMEN (men from the North) and others… Feudalism, the Manor and the Church (mutual obligations, self-sufficiency, and an Age of Faith) I. Feudal Society = a well defined, new system of rule *In the face of invasions kings were too weak to maintain law and order: A. Feudalism was a loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local lords divided their large land-holdings (FIEFS) among lesser lords B. Lords, Vassals and Knights – a world of warriors -castles and chivalry became prominent features of society King *Lords = POWER Lesser lords (Vassels) Knights Peasants POINT #4 = Under Feudalism, everyone had a well-defined place in society. •At the head of society was the monarch. •However, powerful land-holding nobles were the real power. •Peasants (90%) were at the bottom. II. The MANOR System – the heart of the medieval economy **most manors included one or more villages and the surrounding lands A. Peasants and lords – bound by mutual obligations and responsibilities B. Manors were small, self-sufficient worlds (no knowledge of larger world) C. Daily life of peasants – harsh, seasonal and religious POINT #5 = The Manor system and the Christian Church allowed people in Western Europe to survive in an otherwise dark time. Consider how this will allow Europe to recover and re-emerge in the second millennium (1000 – 1200’s) BONUS – What are these defensive structures of a castle called? Hint- It’s not the tower, Rapunzel… Feudalism, the Manor and the Church (mutual obligations, self-sufficiency, and an Age of Faith) III. The Medieval Church -The Middle Ages has been called the Age of Faith. The commanding force behind that faith was the Christian Church. A. Hierarchy – From the Pope down to local priest B. Authority of the Church - The Church gained absolute power of the religious life of Christians at this time. This power will COLLIDE in the High Middle Ages with the power of Kings. excommunication & interdiction = political tithe (almsgiving; ≈10% of your wealth) = economic sacraments (7 “steps” to salvation) = social C. Monks and nuns provided society with spiritual, social economic and cultural benefits. (However, abuses within the church will eventually lead to reform) POINT #5 (repeat) = The Manor system and the Christian Church allowed people in Western Europe to survive in an otherwise dark time. Consider how this will allow Europe to recover and reemerge in the second millennium (1000 – 1200’s) The 15th century church of Rodel on the Isle of Lewis, built for the war-like chiefs of the Macleods, towers over the sea lochs of Scotland’s Outer Hebrides. Nothing in early modern Britain, from its cities to its remotest corners, was more political than religion. The church in every parish – nearly always the most imposing building – was as much a symbol of worldly (secular) control as a shrine to God. New technologies and changes in agriculture 1. 2. 3. Leads to Leads to 4. So what? 5. Growing demand for goods RESULTS IN Name_________________________ New technologies and changes in agriculture 1. Iron plows (sturdier) 2. Harness for horses 3. Windmills (irrigation) Leads to More food Leads to Population Growth 4. Clearing/draining land 5. 3-field rotation system Growing demand for goods Growth of towns – the creation of merchant and craft guilds Business changes – new methods of doing business = partnerships, insurance and bills of exchange Social changes – feudalism ending and middle class forms RESULTS IN Increased Trade TEST: “Early” Middle Ages Chapter 8 TUESDAY FEB. 5 Which King of England’s bones were just discovered (unearthed/dug up from a parking lot). He ruled England between 1483-85 and was immortalized in a play by William Shakespeare REVIEW – “Early Middle Ages” 1st place = +5 2nd place = +3 TEAM 1: TEAM 2: 3rd Place = +1 pt. TEAM 3: Middle Ages (Chapter 8 & 9) – vocabulary *For Thursday – define each word below (include how the term is relevant to the Middle Ages…aka SO WHAT?) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Middle Ages “Dark” Ages trade Charlemagne Vikings fief (land grant) feudalism The manor 9. King 10. knights 11. lords 12. peasants/serfs 13. Pope 14. excommunicate 15. tithe 16. sacrament