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Cells
Mr. Rosa
THINK!
What do you know
about cells?
How did life originate?
What is Biology?
! Biology
is the study of life.
! Bio= Life
! Logy (Logos) = Study of …
! What characteristics does
something have to have, in
order to be considered
living?
Organization of life
! 
! 
! 
! 
! 
! 
! 
! 
! 
Atoms
Molecules
Compounds
Macromolecules
Cells
Tissue
Organs
Organ systems
Organism
!  Chemistry
!  Biochemistry
!  Biology
What are the Characteristics of Life?
!  Made
of cells
!  Reproduction
!  Growth and development
!  Homeostasis
!  Genetics
!  Response to stimuli
!  Evolution
!  Needs energy (Metabolism)
Introductory Questions
!  What
is the simplest form of life?
!  Where
do scientists draw the line
between living and non-living?
!  What
!  Are
Is a Virus?
viruses living or non-living?
What is the Cell Theory?
!  Cell
Theory-
!  1) All
living things are composed of 1
or more cells.
!  2) Cells are the basic units of life.
They perform all characteristics of
life.
!  3) Cells come from existing cells.
! 
Asexual/Sexual Reproduction
What is a Cell?
! 
A Cell is “the smallest structural and functional unit
of an organism, typically microscopic and consisting
of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a
membrane. Microscopic organisms typically consist
of a single cell, which is either eukaryotic or
prokaryotic.”
!  The
basic unit of life. Cells are living
organisms.
!  Can be seen under a Microscope.
What is a Cell?
! 
! 
! 
! 
! 
! 
! 
The basic structure of a cell includes
Genetic code (DNA/RNA)
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Two types of Cells
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic Cells VS Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
!  Bacteria
!  Animals,
Plants,
Fungi
!  Membrane bound
nuclei and
membrane bound organelles
organelles
!  Central Nucleus
!  Smaller
!  Larger
!  Prokaryotes
lack
Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells VS Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
!  Bacteria
!  Animals,
Plants,
Fungi
!  Membrane bound
nuclei and
membrane bound organelles
organelles
!  Central Nucleus
!  Smaller
!  Larger
!  Prokaryotes
lack
What are cells made of?
!  Organelles- any of a number of organized
or specialized structures within a living
cell.
List of organelles:
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Cell Wall
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Lysosome
Cilia/ Flagella
Vacuoles
What is the Cell Membrane
The Cell Membrane is the outer covering of the
cell.
!  Also known as, the Plasma membrane, the
Phospholipid bilayer and a “Fluid mosaic”.
!  Function: serves as the “skin” of the cell. Semi
permeable membrane. Allows certain molecules
in and out of the
cell.
! 
What is the Cytoplasm
!  Structure:
gelatin-like fluid that surrounds
the organelles. Inside the cell membrane.
!  Function: provides a fluid environment for
the organelles. **Solution**
What is a Nucleus?
!  Structure:
Sphere shaped organelle.
!  Function: Storage center for Genetic
Material (Chromosomes)
!  Nucleolus**
What are Chromosomes?
! 
Coiled DNA molecules stored within the Nucleus of
Plant and Animal cells.
What is a Ribosome
! 
! 
Structure: Two subunits made of
Protein and RNA.
Function: Protein Synthesis**
Found in
Endoplasmic
Reticulum**
What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum
!  Structure:
System of membrane tubes and
sacs. Two types: Rough and Smooth.
!  Function: “intracellular highway”
!  Transport molecules from one part of the
cell to another.
!  Smooth: Lipids/ Toxins
!  Rough: Proteins.
**Ribosomes**
What is the Golgi Apparatus
!  Structure:
Stacked, flat sacs.
!  Function: “packaging center”. The Golgi
Apparatus (Golgi Body) receives proteins
from the ER and distributes them to other
organelles or out of the cell (extracellular)
! 
What is the Mitochondria?
!  Structure:
Folded membrane within an
outer membrane.
!  Function: Cellular respiration. Produces
ATP.
!  ATP: Energy Nucleic Acid.
!  Mitochondria have their own
DNA.
!  Say WHAT!?
What is Endosymbiosis?
! 
! 
Symbiogenesis, or endosymbiotic theory is an
acceptable explanation for how organelles
developed in Eukaryotic cells.
Evolution
What are Chloroplasts?
! 
! 
Structure: Stacked sacs (thylakoids) that contain
chlorophyll.
Function: Photosythesis ☺
What is a Cytoskeleton?
! 
! 
Structure: a network of thin, fibrous elements made
up of tubes and filaments.
Function: acts as a support system for organelles.
Helps maintain the cell shape.
What is a Cell Wall?
! 
! 
Structure: Rigid wall made up of cellulose and
proteins.
Function: boundary around the plant cell. **outside
the cell membrane. Provides structure and support.
! 
Prokaryotic cells: Bacteria
! 
Eukaryotic cells: Plants
What are Lysosomes
! 
! 
Structure: Spherical (3-D circle) organelle. Contains
enzymes within the structure.
Function: Breaks down food particles, “invading
objects” and worn out cell parts.
Phagocytosis**
What is a Vacuole?
!  Structure:
Sac of Fluid surrounded by
a membrane.
!  Function: Used for temporary storage
of waste, nutrients and water.
!  **Central vacuole found in plants**
How do cells move?
! 
! 
! 
Flagellum /Flagella and Cilia
Structure: Hair-like organelles that extend from the
surface of the cell
Function: Cell motility.
What are cells made of?
!  Organelles- any of a number of organized
or specialized structures within a living
cell.
List of organelles:
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Cell Wall
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Lysosome
Cilia/ Flagella
Vacuoles
Thinking Questions
! 
What two types of cells exist?
! 
What are the similarities between Eu and
Prokaryotic cells?
! 
What are the Differences?
! 
What is a Eukaryotic cell?
! 
Do you think there are many different types of
Eukaryotic cells?
Animal Cell VS Plant Cell
l
Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells
! 
Animal cells are very similar to
plant cells except for the following
major differences:
! 
! 
! 
! 
Animal cells do not contain chloroplasts
Animal cells are not surrounded by cell
walls
The vacuoles in plants are much larger
than those of animals
Animal cells come in various shapes and
sizes. Plant cells are very similar from
plant to plant.
Recap Questions
!  What are the characteristics of life?
!  What
are cells made of?
!  Organizational
levels: Start with Cells
!  Compare
and Contrast Eu and Prokaryotic
!  Compare
and Contrast Plant and Animal
cells
Cells
CONCLUSION ☺
! What
do you know
about cells?
! Where did cells
originate?
! Where do scientists
draw the line?
The End ☺