Download unit 6. living things/biosphere

UNIT 6. LIVING
THINGS/BIOSPHERE
Designed by Juan Gabriel 1B2
1. WHAT DO ALL LIVING THING HAVE IN
COMMON?
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1. ALL LIVING THINGS CARRY OUT THREE FUNCTIONS:
NUTRITION: Refers to all process which enable living things to obtain the energy
and matter they need to live. Living thing can be classified into two groups
depending on how they feed.
Autotrophs: produce the organic substances (glucides, lipid, proteins…) which they need
from inorganic substances (water, mineral salt, carbon dioxide) by the process of
photosynthesis.
Heterotrophs: feed on organic matter which is already elaborated. Can be: herbivores,
carnivores, omnivores, saprohytes
INTERACTION WITH THE ENVIROMENT: All the processes which enable living
things to react to changes in the environment.
REPRODUCTION: refers to all the processes which enable living thing to create
new living thing. There are two basic types:
Asexual reproduction: involve one living thing.
Sexual reproduction: involves living things of different sexes. Each one provide a sex cell
or gamete. The two cells join to form the first cell of a new living thing, the zygote.
1. WHAT DO ALL LIVING THING HAVE IN
COMMON?
2. ALL LIVING THINGS HAVE A SIMILAR CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
All living thing are made up of chemical substances: Carbon (C ), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H)
and nitrogen (N) make up about 95% off all living matter. Combination of these elements
form molecules of living matter called biomolecules.
Living thing are made up of two kinds of substances:
ORGANIC SUBSTANCES: They are exclusive to living beings. There are four types:
BIOMOLECULE
EXAMPLE
USE/FUNCTIONS
GLUCIDE
Glucose
Cellulose
To provide energy
To make structures
LIPIDS
Fatty acids
Cholesterol
To provide energy
To make structures
PROTEINS
Heamoglobin
Antibodies
Queratine
To transport oxygen
To fight microorganisms that cause diseases
To make structures: hair, nails…
NUCLEIC ACID
DNA
RNA
To control cell function and heredity
1. WHAT DO ALL LIVING THING HAVE IN
COMMON?
2. ALL LIVING THINGS HAVE A SIMILAR CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
Inorganic substances: They are compounds that are not exclusive to living beings;
however, they are essential for life.
Water is the most abundant substance in living beings (about 65 % of the body). It
is needed to transport substances and to regulate body temperature.
Mineral salts form the solid structure of living beings such as skeletons. They are
also involved in chemical reactions and in the transmission of nervous impulses.
3. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF CELLS
2. WHAT ARE CELLS?
CELL ARE THE SMALEST UNIT OF LIFE. THEY ARE THE STRUCTURAL AND
FUNCTIONAL UNIT FOR ALL LIVING THINGS.
CELLULAR THEORY
All living things are made up of one (unicellular) or more cells (pluricellular)
Cell carry out the functions of nutrition, interaction with their environment and
reproduction.
All cell come from other cells.
2. WHAT ARE CELLS?
PARTS OF A CELL
Cells have three main parts:
CELL MEMBRANE: is a thin layer that surround and protect the whole cell. It regulates
which substances enter and exit the cell
CYTOPLASM: is the inside of the cell. It is a jelly-like substance. Many of the chemical
reactions of the cell take place here. Organelles are small structures in the cytoplasm,
which are responsible for cell functions.
GENETIC MATERIAL: controls and regulates how cells work. This DNA contains the
hereditary information that is passed from one cell to the daughter cells.
Organelles:
2. WHAT ARE CELLS?
TYPES OF CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELLS: Don´t have nucleus, don´t have nuclear membrane. Genetic
material is disperses through the cytoplasm. They are simpler and smaller than
eukaryotic cells. Bacteria are made up of prokaryotic cells.
EUKARYOTIC CELLS: Have a nucleus, separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear
membrane. Algae, protozoa, fungi animals and plants have eukaryotic cells. There are
two types of eukaryotic cells: animal and plant. There are some differences between
animal and plant cells:
Plant cells have a rigid cell wall which surrounds the plasmatic membrane. The cell wall gives the cell
its shape and strengthens it.
Plant cells are usually polyhedral, but animal cells are various shapes: round, square, star-like.
Plant cells have unique organelles called chloroplast which are responsible for photosynthesis.
The nucleus of plants cells is usually found on one side. A vacuole takes up most of the space. Animal
cells also have vacuoles, but they are smaller.
2. WHAT ARE CELLS?
TYPES OF CELL
3. THE ORGANISATION OF ORGANISMS
Living things can be classified into two different groups:
Unicellular: living thing have only one cell. They sometimes form colonies.
Unicellular living thing feed, interact with the environment and reproduce.
Example: paramecia.
Multicellular: living thing have many different cells. Example: plants and animals.
Cells in multicellular living things are organised in levels.
Cells: are specialised: they have specific functions. Each type has a unique
shape and structure. Example: blood cells, muscle cell, neurons…
Tissues: are group of cells with the same functions. Example: muscle tissue,
epithelium…
Organs: are group of various tissues which act together. Example: heart,
stomach, muscle, lung…
Systems: are made up of several organs. Example: digestive system, respiratory
system, circulatory system, muscular system
3. THE ORGANISATION OF ORGANISMS
4. WHAT ARE THE FIVE KINGDOMS?
Scientific classify all living thing into five kingdoms by four main criteria:
type of cells, number of cells, how these cells are grouped and nutrition.
4. WHAT ARE THE FIVE KINGDOMS?
Each kingdom is divided into subgroups in order to classify organism.
This is how you are classified.
5. WHAT IS A SPECIES?
A specie is the first level of classification for living things.
A specie is a set of living thing which are physically similar, they can
reproduce and have fertile descendants.
5. WHAT IS A SPECIES?
Animal from the same species have similar appearances. However, there can
be differences in structure, size and colouring between the male and the
female. This difference is called sexual dimorphism.
6. WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY?
Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth.
Biodiversity is the result of a slow process called evolution. Evolution began with
the first life forms and still continues today. Species change and adapt to the
environment.
Biodiversity varies tremendously throughout the world. It is influenced by
climate zones and habitats.
WHAT FACTORS CAN REDUCE BIODIVERSITY?
Destruction of habitats caused by deforestation, the construction of road, dams, etc.
Uncontrolled hunting and fishing.
Pollution of water soil and the atmosphere.
Introduction of exotic species.
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