Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Total Marks :100 FYBSc MIROBTOLoGv pApER U21.. Nov-olG/ :3h qF-SddI Nucleoside: A nuclcoside consists a nitrogcnous base and a S-carbon sugar cither ribose or deoxyribose. Pleornorphisnr; Pleomorphism is the abitity of some bacteria to alter their shape or size ln response to environmental conditions. True or false : Peptidoglycan is an example of heteropolysaccharide.-TRUE Ribosomes are involved in protein secretion-TRUE Pseudomonas aeruginosa has lleritrichous fl agella.-TRUE Proteosomes are involved in lipid synthesis.-FALSE The cell membrane of eukaryotic cell bas cholestercll.-TRUE Iilacterium possessing PFIB granules. - Bacillus Fatty acids found in bacterial cell menrbrane. ll.od shaped ba cterivm.Ps eudomonas Vaccine developed by Louis pasteur.Anthrax Vaccine Stmctural Polysaccharide .Chondritin sulphate Select the most appropriate: Penicillin was discovercd by FLEMING A glyoosidio bond is present between two SUGARS Teichoic acid is present in CELL WALL I'he smooth andoplasmic reticulurn is involved in syrthesis ofLIpIDS PHOSPHODIESTER bond is found in nucleic acicls Q2 i) acquired infc ns .Discuss es:Page 4-5 ge 8-10 ii) Discuss in briefthe different {ypes ofnrrcleic acids DNA & RNA Discuss,compoirents ,structure . tu,, Dillerentiate between: Bacterial endospores and vegetative cells. tle safe pmctices tcr Pts Composition Stress resistant Requires sporulation media fQr growth/normal media for growth Formation Structure examoles Q3 1201 A (16 i) plant and animal diseases, degradation oforganic Importance of soil o It Involved innutrient Decomposition of Role in microbial Participate in humus of microbiology dealing with plant-associated microbes and deals with the microbiology of soil fertility, such as microbial soil nutrient transformations. ) process components of plant and animal tissuc Predator to nernatodes Surface blooming reduceN erosion losses Improves soil structure Maintenance of biologica]l equilibrium gella and Iimbriae ole of flagella in classification iD ll. Prescott page no 52-53) lczar) membrane ol bacteria.(Prescott page no 42-44) iiD w) Do as directed : B (4) Contribution of scientists I'the : Mi for his work on the as Father of van Leeuwenhoek, Robert Koch was a Dutch hadesman and scientist. He is commonly known , and considered to be the first microbiologist. He is best known lgoj of .th:microscopeand for his contibutions towards the . Using his handcrafted microscopes, he was the flrst to observe i, he originally refened to as animalcales (from ...which Most of the "animalcules" multicellular organisms in now referred to as unicellular organisms, though he observed rd water. He was also the firJt to Oocumeii microscopic bacteria, spermatozoa, and blood flow in capillaries. Van books; his discoveries came to light through cone'spondence with ted his letteis. modern bacteriology, he is of tuberculosis, cholera, and infectious disease .In additi physician and pioneering microbiologist. As the founder of rwn for his role in identifying the specific causative agents th11 and.-f91 e1ui"g experimental support for the concept of to his trail-blazing studies on these disiases, Koch created and microbiology, and made key discoveries in public health. h's postulates, a series offour generalized principles linking ic diseases that remain today the 'rgold standard" in medical mi liology.-Koch's early research in this laboratoryproved to yield one of his major contributions the field of microbiology, as it was there that [e developri technique of growing bactsria. As a result ofhis groundbreaking research on tuberculosis, Koch received the Nobel prize in riology or Medicine in 1905. tt. Answer briefly any 2 lout of14l Explain the decontamination hn<l s Decontamination is a term usbd to inskument, or environmental surfa all forrns of decontamin dec Each apparatus should be preferred method. its proper handling. stored, or discarded. Autoclaving is the ous material should be responsibie for Levels of decontamination The effoctiveness of decontaniinatioa ranges from high-level sterilization to simple cleaning with soap and water. Levels olf decbntamination include: r o o . Sterilization uses a phy(icalor chemical procedure to destroy all microbial life, including highly resistant bacierial endospores. Disinfection uses a liquld chemical to eliminate virtually all pathogenic miqoorganisms, with the exception ofbapterial spores, on work surfaceJandiquipirent. Effectiveness is influenced by the kinds_ Nnd.numbers of organisms, the amouni oiorganic matter, the object to be disinfected, and cb]emical exposue time, temperature, and concentration. Antisepsis is the applica[ion of a liquid antimicrobial chemical to skin or living tissue to inhibit or destroy micro$rganisrns. It includes swabbing an injection site on a person or animal and hand washinp with germicidal solutions. ManufaChrrer reoommendations for appropriate'se of germilcides should t-"::I"Till""i; required stcp reduces the number of niicroorgan,r-r.#lt:lilsuch be ion of as Methods are 4 main categories o{physical and chemical means of clecontamination: (l) heat; (2) liquid disinfectioq (3) vapors [nd gases; and (4) radiation. Each category to be discussed fhele Heat sterilization (wet or dry) Liquid disinfection Vapors and gases Radiation (ionizing or non-ionfzing) Explain the structure and firnc{ion ofchloroplast. Plastids are cytoplasmic orgfnelles of photosynthetic protists and plants that often possess pigments such as chlorophylls and carotenoids, and are the sites ofsyrthesis and storage oftooa re-seryes. The most important type of plastid is the chloroplast.Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and use light energy to conver! CO2 and water t( carbohydrates and 02. That is, they are the siie ofphotosynthesis. Although cliloroplasts are quite variable in size and shape,they share many stuctural features. Most often fhey are oval with dimensions of 2 to 4 m by 5 to l0 m, but some algae possess one huge chlorofllast that fills much of encompassed by two membranbs.A matrix, the strom DNA' ribosomes, lipid droplet$, starch granules, and most prominent components at'p flattened, membrane-delimited sacs, the thylakoids. Clusters of two or more thylakoids are disfersed within the stroma of most al-gal chloroplasts . In some photosyrthetic protists, severafi disklike thylakoids are stacked on iach other like coins to form grana (s., granum).Photosynthttic reactions are separated structurally in the chloroplast just as electrontransport andthe trica{boxylic acid cycle are inthe mitochondrion. The tapping oflight energy to generate ATP, NADPH , and 02 is referred to as the light reactions. (4) These reactions are located irl the thylakoid membranes,where chlorophyll and electron transport components are also found. Tlhe ATP and NADPH formed by the light reactions are used to form carbohydrates from CO2 and water in the dark reac-tions. The daik reactions take place in the gtroma. The chloroplasts ofnfany algae contain a pyrenoid , a dense region ofprotein sunounded by starch or another polysacc$aride. Pyrenoids participate in polysaccharide synthesis. ;ffi"""}i.i:l3,'31,i?,1"'?l"n* and iii) c3P Explain the fbllowing terms :Ipysosomes,autophagy ,endocytosis,phagocytosis Lysosomes are roughly sphedcal and enclosed in a single membrane; they average about 500 nm in diameter, but range from 50 nm to several m in size. They are involved in intracellular digestion and contain the enzymes needed to digest all types of macromolecules. These enzymes, called hydrolases, catalyze ttie hydrolysis of molecules and function best under slightly acidic conditions (usually around pH 3.5 to 5.0). Lysosomes maintain an acidic environment by pumping protons into their intFrior. Endocytosis and phagocytosis. Phagooytosis involves the uge of protrusions from the cell surface to sunound and engulf particulates' It is carried out $y certain immune r ystem cells and rnany eucaryotic microbes. the endocytic vesicles formed bJ phagocytosis are called phagosomes. Other types of endocytosis also involve invagination of the plasma membrane. As the membrane invaginates, it encloses liquid, soluble matter, and, ifi some cases, particulates in the resulting endocytic vesicle. One example of endocytosis by i$vagination is clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Clathrin- dependent endocytosis begins with coatpd pits, which are specialized membrane regions coated with the protein clathrin on the cyto$lasmic side. The endoclic vesicles formed when these regions invaginate are called coated yesicles. Coated pits have receptors on their exhacellular side that specifically bind macro-molelules, concentrating them before they are endocytosed.Therefore this endocytic mechanism is referred to as receptor-mediated Endocytosis. Clathrin-dependent endocytosis is used to ingesf such things as hormones, growth factors, iron, and cholesterol. Another example of endocytfsis by invagination is caveolae-dependent endocytosis. Caveolae ("little caves") are tiny,flask-sfiraped invaginations of the plasma membrane (about 50 to 80 nm in diameter) that are enriched in pholesterol and the membrane protein caveolin. The vesicles formed when caveolae pinch off are palled caveolar vesicles. Caveolae-dependent endocyosis has been implicated in signal transducfion, transport of small molecules such as folic acid, as well as transport of macromole- culep. There is evidence that toxins such as cholera toxin enter their target cells via caveolae. CavQolae also appear to be used by many viruses, bacteria, and protozoa to enter host cells. Autophagy Materials for digestion can alqo be delivered to I endocytosis. Cells selectively digest and recycle such as mitochondria) by a prqcess called autoph digested are surrounded by dopble membrane.Th been suggested that a portion ofthe ER is used. endosome in a manner similar to that seen for ph rD Discuss the modc of movemerlt of eukaryotic flag Cilia (s., cilium) and flagella (s., flagellum) are motility. Althouglr both are wtriplike and beat to one another in two ways. Fi(t, cilia are tlpi 100 to 200 m long. Second, tlieir patterns of an undulating fashion and gengrate planar or heli the wave moves from base (o tip, the cell is p the base pulls the cell througlf the water. Someti If flimmer filaments (thicker, qtiffer hairs are c flagellar action so that a warfe moving down instead of pushing it. Such a1 flagellum often i flagellum is refened to as a {hiplash flagellum. with two distinctive phases. Itrr the effective sho fluid like an oar, thereby propNlling the organism The cilium next bends alonl preparation for another effe so that some of its cilia are shoke. This coordination al its lengh whi tive stroke. A recovery t the are carrying out their effective rws the organism to move smoothly tf,rougfrifr. *ui., Do as directed Q4 B r) State the signifi;ance of-mi( Microtubules serve at least tl microfilaments in cell 'ee pu{poses: (l) they help maintain cell shape, (2) are involved with movements, and (3) participe e in intracellular transport processes. Microtubules are found in (long, slender, rigid l rng, thin cell structures pseudc rodia) re quiring support such as the axopodia pr.r*t in stuctures that of protists Microtubuies utro u." participate in cell or organellr movements the mitotic spindle, ciliq and flagella. (16) Statc ths function of inner mr nbrane of mitochondria The inner membrane has spec surface area. The shape ofiri mitochondria from various sp flagellates may have cristae sl caryotes; however, amoebae < cristae in the shape ofvesicler mafix containing ribosomes, Qs al infoldings called cristae (s., crista), which greatly increase its he differs in cies. Fungi.have platelike (laminar) cristae, whereas euglenoid ryed like disks. Tubular cristae are found in a variety .n possess mitochondria with of eu_ The inner membrane encloses the mitochondrial matrix, a dense lNA, and often large calcium phosphate granules. give examples ;Aldoses & ketoses nd give examples ofeach ses altose,Cellobiose & sucrose Explain the tertiary and quatErnary structure of r protcin.Give biological rore of proteins. Tertiary Structure The overall three-dimensionpl shape o.f an entire protein molecule protein molecule will bend fnd twist in such o *uy u, gn9rry {ate. Although the t4ree_dimensional shape of a it is fashioned u.y ,T groups of the amino acids. n'r"/rt"Tlirt";;;..Ju, is the tertiary structure. The lowest ura fjr,i? ns of neutral, non-polar amino acids such interior of the protein molecule therebv etween "11"1'^,f,":Tlf :-11'::r t:*t* "'9 Many proteins are made up oflmultiple--pollpeptide chains, often refemed to as protein subunits. These subunits may be the sarhe ot aire..ni . Th. quutr*ury structure refers to how these protein to form a larger aggregate again stabilized by various salt bridges. protein interact Protein function (foreign system to ilizing them so that they can be destroyed Contractile Proteins - are responsible for movement. Examples include actin and myosin. These proteins are involved in muscle contraction and movement. Th actions. include the Pepsin is Hormonal Proteins - are meslenger proteins Examples include insulin, oxytdcin, and somat controlling the blood-sugar con{entration. childbirth. Somatohopin is a grQwth horm " as catalysts i,ljlil i" amples include keratin, skin, hair, quills, feathers, tissues such as tendons and is iuruuBu '[€ uroo(l vra reo Dlooo pells. uytochromes operate in the electron transport chain as elechon canier proteins Discuss-simple lipids with ttleir biological function Simple lipids - definition Functions : l)As storage compounds 2)components 4)componenets of subcutanqous tissue ripio. Simple lipids : Neuhal fats ahd waxes Discuss :Triglyceriders,fatty pcids (Define sjni.-ones of cell membrane 3)In nerve fibres 6)As vitamins zjComponents of enzyme and give examples) ical system Watet i ortant to biological composes roughly 7g percQnt liquid, gas), it also of the human body. The uniqueness of water comes from its a polar covalent molecule, it has a slight positive and slight Water molecule has two important characteristics. Fint, notice e and negative ends. Second, observe that water is a bent molecule' not linear or straigfrt. Because water is a bent, partially polar molecule, it possesses the following biologically imporfant characteristics of what is formed by the joining of many water molecules-all of them are qritical to the creation and support of life on Eu.tt, wur", molecule has Polarity simply means that tle molecule has both a positively and negatively charged end. More important, the polarity of w{ter is responsible for effectively dissolving other polar molecules, such as sugars and ionic compounds such as salt. Ionic compounds dissolve in water to form ions. This is important to remembdr because for most biological reactions to occur, the reactants must be dissolved in water. Becausp water is able to dissolve so many common substances, it is known as the universal solvent. subsfances that cannot be dissolved by water (such as oils) are called fat soluble and are nonpolar, nQnionic compounds that are strongly covalently bonded. Insoluble substances make excellent co{tainers of water, such as cell membranes and cell walls. Hydrogen Bonding when water molecules align with each other, a weak bond is established between the negatively charged oxygen atom of one water molecule and the positively charged hydrogen atoms of a neighboring water molecule. The weak bond that often forms between hydrogen atoms and neighboring atoms is the hydrpgen bond. Hydrogen bonds are very cornmon in living organisms; for example, hydrogen bondq form between the bases of DNA to help hord the DNA chain together' Hydrogen bonds gif'e water molecules two additional characteristics: cohesion and surface tension. Cohesion Because ofthe extensive hydrqgen bonding in water, the molecules tend to stick to each other in a regular pattern' This phenomefon' called cohesion, is easily observed as you carefully overfill a glass with water and observe water molecules lthe holding together abov" the rim until graviry overtakes the hydrogen bonding and the water molecules spill down the side of the glass. Likewise, the cohesive proPe4y of water allows tall trees to bring water to their highest leaves from sources below ground. Surface Tension A special type ofcohesion is surface tension. The tension on the surface ofwater occurs when water molecules ofo the outside of the system align and are held together by hydrogen bonding to create an Qffect similar to a net made of atoms. For example, the surface tension of water allows water sgiders to literally walk on water. Glycine NH"STCOO! and Glyceraldehyde CsHeC