Download Physics Review for the State Assessment

Physics review – State Assessment
S.HS.2B1.1: Understand Newton’s Laws and that the variables of time, position, velocity, and
acceleration can be used to describe the position and motion of particles.
a. Recognize that gravity is the force that accelerates falling objects.
b. Know that gravitational force between two objects increases with the masses of the objects and
decreases with the distance between the objects.
c. Describe weight as the measurement of the gravitational force between objects.
d. Describe mass as the measurement of the amount of matter in an object and the source of an
object’s inertia.
e. Understand that an object’s mass is constant but its weight may change depending on location.
f. Identify friction and air resistance as the cause of apparent deviations from the first law of
motion when observing the motion of objects on Earth.
g. Interpret graphs of distance vs. time and velocity vs. time (e.g., What does the slope represent?
When was the velocity constant?).
 The kinematic variable of position, velocity, and acceleration can most concisely be described
as vectors.
 Velocity describes how a position changes and acceleration describes how velocity changes.
 From the definitions of velocity and acceleration, one can derive equations that relate the
kinematic variables.
 Identify speed and direction as the quantities that determine velocity.
h. Predict the change in motion of an object acted on by an unbalanced force.
 Acceleration occurs when there is either a change in speed or a change in direction. In the
case of uniform circular motion, the acceleration points towards the center of the circle. The
magnitude of this acceleration can be constant, and is related to the speed of the object and
radius of the circle.
 In the absence of a net force, an object’s velocity will not change.
 In the presence of a net force, an object will experience an acceleration, which is modeled
mathematically by Newton’s second law.
 Given the forces acting on an object, qualitatively describe its motion (singe object, could be
multiple forces). Predict the general direction of motion (e.g., north, northeast…).
i. Given one force of an action-reaction pair, identify the other.
 The force that on object exerts on a second object has the same magnitude but opposite
direction as the force that the second object exerts on the first.
For questions 1 – 4: Two carts were rolled across the floor of the lab. Students collected data comparing the carts position
and time as shown below:
Displacement (position)
in meters
1
2
3
4
5
1.
Cart A – Time
in seconds
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Cart B – Time
in seconds
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
Which cart went farther?
Neither, they traveled the same distance  5 meters each
2.
3.
Calculate the speed (velocity) of each cart.
CART A: velocity =
distance traveled
5m-1m

= 1 m/s
time elapsed
5 sec - 1 sec
CART B: velocity =
distance traveled
5m-1m

= 0.5 m/s
time elapsed
10 sec - 2 sec
Which cart went faster (has a greater velocity)?
Cart A
4.
Which cart is speeding up?
Neither, they are both traveling at a constant velocity
5.
What is the acceleration of each cart?
0 m/s2, since they are traveling at a constant velocity there is not a change in velocity and thus
no acceleration
6. A moving object experiences an acceleration of 2.0 m/s2. This means the object is
a) traveling at 2.0 m in every second
c) changing its velocity by 2.0 m/s.
b) traveling at 2.0 m/s in every second.
d) increasing its velocity by 2.0
m/s in every sec.
7. Suppose that an object is moving with a constant velocity. Make a statement concerning its acceleration.
a) The acceleration must be constantly increasing.
c) The acceleration must be a constant non-zero value.
b) The acceleration must be constantly decreasing
d) The acceleration must be equal to zero.
8. The slope of a position versus time graph gives
a) position.
b) velocity.
c) acceleration.
d) displacement.
9. The slope of a velocity versus time graph gives
a) position.
b) velocity.
c) acceleration.
d) displacement.
10. The area under a curve in an acceleration versus time graph gives
b) position.
b) velocity.
c) acceleration.
d) displacement.
11. The area under a curve in a velocity versus time graph gives
c) position.
b) velocity.
c) acceleration.
d) displacement.
For questions 12 – 15: An object’s motion is summarized in the following graph.
Velocity vs. Time
600
Velocity (cm/s)
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Time (s)
12. During what time interval does the object have the greatest positive acceleration?
a) 0 to 3
d) 5 to 6
b) 3 to 4.5
e) 6 to 7
c) 4.5 to 5
f) None of the above
The slope of a velocity-time graph is acceleration; steepest slope  greatest acceleration
13. During what time interval does the object have zero acceleration?
a) 0 to 3
d) 5 to 6
b) 3 to 4.5
e) 6 to 7
c) 4.5 to 5
f) None of the above
The slope of a velocity-time graph is acceleration – zero slope  zero acceleration
14. During what time interval is the acceleration not constant?
a) 0 to 3
d) 5 to 6
b) 3 to 4.5
e) 6 to 7
c) 4.5 to 5
f) None of
the above
The slope is constant in all time intervals
15. During what time interval does the object have the greatest speed (velocity)?
d) 0 to 3
d) 5 to 6
e) 3 to 4.5
e) 6 to 7
f) 4.5 to 5
f) None of the above
Read the velocity directly off the y-axis; velocity value is highest in this time interval
16. You are standing in a moving bus, facing forward, and you suddenly fall forward. You can imply from this that the bus’s
a) velocity decreased.
c) speed remained the same, but it’s turning to the right.
b) velocity increased.
d) speed remained the same, but it’s turning to the left.
17. An object is pushed with a force and begins to move across a frictionless surface. Which Best describes the object’s
motion after the force stops acting?
a) constant velocity
b) increasing velocity
c) variable acceleration
d) decreasing acceleration
18. If you exert a force F on an object, the force which the object exerts on you will
a) depend on whether or not the object is moving.
c) depend on the relative masses of you and the object.
b) depend on whether or not you are moving.
d) always be F.
19. Action-reaction forces are
a) equal in magnitude and point in the same direction.
b) equal in magnitude but point in opposite directions.
c) unequal in magnitude but point in the same direction.
d) unequal in magnitude and point in opposite directions.
20. Mass and weight
a) both measure the same thing.
b) are exactly equal.
c) are two different quantities.
d) are both measured in kilograms.
21. The acceleration due to gravity is lower on the Moon than on Earth. Which of the following is true about the mass and
weight of an astronaut on the Moon’s surface, as compared to Earth?
a) Mass is less, weight is same.
c) Both mass and weight are less.
b) Mass is same, weight is less.
d) Both mass and weight are the same.
22. A 20-N weight and a 5-N weight are dropped simultaneously from the same height. Ignore air resistance. Compare their
accelerations.
a) The 20 N weight accelerates faster because it is heavier.
b) The 20 N weight accelerates faster because it has more inertia.
c) The 5.0 N weight accelerates faster because it has a smaller mass.
d) They both accelerate at the same rate because they have the same weight to mass ratio.
23. The gravitational force between two objects is proportional to
a) the distance between the two objects.
c) the product of the two objects.
b) the square of the distance between the two objects. d) the square of the product of the two objects.
24. The gravitational force between two objects is inversely proportional to
a) the distance between the two objects.
b) the square of the distance between the two objects.
c) the product of the two objects.
d) the square of the product of the two objects.
25. Two objects attract each other gravitationally. If the distance between their centers is cut in half, the gravitational force
a) is cut to one fourth.
b) is cut in half
c) doubles.
d) quadruples.
S.HS.2B.2.2: Understand the first law of thermodynamics states the total internal energy of a
substance (the sum of all the kinetic and potential energies of its constituent molecules)
will change only if heat is exchanged with the environment or work is done on or by the
substance. In any physical interaction, the total energy in the universe is conserved.
a. Identify the form of energy in an example as being mechanical (potential and kinetic), heat,
light, sound, chemical, electrical, or nuclear.
 There are different manifestations of energy. Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses
due to its motion. Gravitational potential energy is the energy due to the separation of
masses. Electric potential energy is the energy due to the separation of charges. Kinetic and
potential energy combined are known as mechanical energy.
b. Trace energy transfers and transformations through a system (e.g. trace energy from a
commercial power source to a household appliance).
c. Distinguish between heat and temperature in terms of particle motion (i.e., heat is the total
kinetic energy of the particles; temperature, in Kelvins, is proportional to the average kinetic
energy of the particles).
 Heat is an exchange of internal (kinetic and/or potential) energy between systems due to a
temperature difference. Examples of heat transfer include radiation from the sun, convection
of hydrosphere/atmosphere/mantle, and conduction between water/land/air.
d. Understand that energy is conserved in a closed system and that energy transfers and
transformations do not change the amount of energy.
 A force that has a component parallel to the direction of motion of an object is said to do work
on that object. The work done on an object may be positive or negative. When positive work
is done on an object, it increases the object’s energy. Negative work decreases the object’s
energy.
e. Compare quantities of work done, given force and distance data.
f. Compare quantities of power generated, given time and work or time, distance, and force data.
 There is a relationship between energy and power. Power is the rate at which work is done,
or the rate at which the energy of some system changes.
26. Can work be done on a system if there is no motion?
a) Yes, if an outside force is provided.
b) Yes, since motion is only relative.
c) No, since a system which is not moving has no energy.
d) No, because of the way work is defined.
27. If you push twice as hard against a stationary brick wall, the amount of work you do
a) doubles.
c) remains constant but non-zero.
b) is cut in half.
d) remains constant at zero.
28. The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred to as
a) internal energy.
b) thermal energy.
c) temperature.
29. In a vacuum, the velocity of all electromagnetic waves
a) is zero.
b) is nearly 3 x 108 m/s.
d) heat.
c) depends on the frequency.
d) depends on their amplitude.
Use the diagram to answer the next question: The diagram shows a pendulum at two
different positions in its path. The pendulum starts from rest in position 1.
30. Which best describes the energy change as the pendulum moves from position 1 to
position 2 in the diagram to the right?
a) The total energy is decreasing.
c) The thermal energy is decreasing.
b) The kinetic energy is increasing. d) The potential energy is increasing.
Position 1
Position 2
31. During any physical interaction between objects:
a) total energy can be increased or decreased depending on what is being done.
b) there is only one type of energy involved (thermal, potential, or kinetic).
c) the energy of each object must stay constant.
d) energy can be dissipated to the surroundings through heat exchange in the form of friction.
The law of the conservation of energy states: The total energy is neither increased nor decreased in
any process. Energy can be transformed from one form to another, and transferred from one object
to another, but the total amount remains constant.
S.HS.2B.3.2: Understand waves have energy and can transfer energy when they interact with matter.
a. Explain the Doppler Effect and predict the difference between the pitch emitted and the pitch
perceived when the source and observer are in motion relative to one another.
b. Predict the relative speed of light and sound through various media.
 Waves are traveling disturbances, which transport energy without the bulk motion of matter.
In transverse waves, the disturbance is perpendicular to the direction of travel. In
longitudinal waves, the disturbance is parallel to the direction of travel.
 There are many types of waves. Examples are water waves, sound waves, and electromagnetic
waves. Visible light, radio waves, and X-rays are all examples of electromagnetic waves.
Periodic waves can also be described in terms of their wavelength, frequency, period, and
amplitude.
 All waves can be described in terms of their velocities. The velocity of most types of waves
depends on the medium in which they are traveling. There is a relationship between the speed,
wavelength, and frequency of a periodic wave. The frequency of sound waves is related to the
pitch we perceive. Different wavelengths of visible light correspond to different colors.
 Waves can exhibit constructive and destructive interference.
 Diffraction is the bending of a wave around an obstacle or an edge. When this happens,
different intensities (i.e., diffraction patterns) of the wave are observed due to the wave
interfering with itself.
 When light reflects from a surface, the angel of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
When light propagates from one transparent medium to another, it bends (refracts) at the
interface. The path of rays passing through concave and convex lenses and reflected from
concave and convex mirrors.
32. In general, sound is conducted fastest through
a) gases.
b) liquids.
c) solids.
d) a vacuum.
33. The Doppler shift explains
a) why the siren on a police car changes its pitch as it races past us.
b)
c)
d)
e)
why a sound grows quieter as we move away from the source.
how sonar works.
the phenomenon of beats.
why it is that our hearing is best near 3000 Hz.
34. A sound source approaches a stationary observer. The frequency heard by the observer is
a) higher than the source
c) the same as that of the source.
b) lower than the source.
d) equal to zero
35. A sound source departs from a stationary observer. The frequency heard by the observer is
a) higher than the source
b) the same as that of the source.
b) lower than the source.
d) equal to zero
36. Which lists the colors of visible light in order from shortest wavelength to longest wavelength?
a) blue, green, red, yellow
c) blue, green, yellow, red
b) red, yellow, green, blue
d) yellow, red, green, blue
S.HS.2B.3.5: Understand that electromagnetic waves result when a charged particle is accelerated or
decelerated.
a. Understand that moving charges generate magnetic fields.
 Electromagnetic waves include radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light,
ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays.
 The energy of electromagnetic waves is carried in packets and has a magnitude that is
inversely proportional to the wavelength.
 An accelerating charged particle produces an electromagnetic wave.
 Some particles, such as protons and electrons, have a physical property known as charge.
There are two types of charge, positive and negative. Two charged particles or objects exert a
force on each other, which is attractive between unlike charges and repulsive between like
charges.
 This electrical force (see above) increases with the magnitude of the charges and decreases
with the distance between the charges.
b. Understand that the relative motion of a magnetic field to an electrical conductor induces an
electric current in the conductor.
37. An electric current produces
a) a gravitational field.
b) an electric field.
38. An electric field is produced by a
a) constant magnetic field.
b) changing magnetic field.
39. A changing electric field will produce a
a) current.
b) gravitational field.
c) a magnetic field. d) an electromagnetic field.
c) either a constant or a changing magnetic field.
d) none of the given answers
c) magnetic field.
d) none of the given answers.
40. Stars emit wave energy as electromagnetic radiation. Which statement best explains the origin of these waves?
a) Accelerated electrons give off energy of various wavelengths.
b) Electrons that maintain constant kinetic energy give off waves with constant wavelengths.
c) Accelerated neutrons give off energy at constant wavelengths.
d) Neutrons that maintain maximum kinetic energy give off waves with maximum wavelengths.