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Cosmetologists: WHY STUDY
ANATOMY?
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
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To understand how the human body functions
To perform professional makeup applications
To provide shampoos, scalp manipulations,
haircuts, and style designs
 To perform facials
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Read page108-153
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Copyright © 2004
by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning,Inc.
To perform manipulations of the hands, arms,
shoulders, neck, feet, and lower legs
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CELLS
WHAT IS ANATOMY?
Anatomy is the study of the structures of the human
body that can be seen with the naked eye
Physiology is the study of the functions and
activities performed by the body's structures.
Histology or microscopic anatomy is the study of
tiny structures found in living tissues
Basic Construction of the Cell
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Protoplasm: food elements: proteins,
fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, and
water are present.
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Nucleus: reproduction and metabolism
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Cytoplasm: growth, reproduction, and
self-repair
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Cell membrane: encloses the protoplasm
and permits soluble substances to enter
and leave the cell
Figure 6-1
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CELLS
Cell Metabolism
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CELLS
 Anabolism
is constructive metabolism,
stores water, food, and oxygen. The
process of building up larger molecules
from smaller ones.
Cell Reproduction and Division
The reproduction process is known as
mitosis
 Favorable conditions include: food, oxigen,
water, elimination of waste and proper
temperature.
 Catabolism:
releases energy; breaking
down of complex compounds within the
cells into smaller ones.
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Mitosis
TISSUES
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Connective tissue serves to support, protect, and bind
together other tissues of the body. Adipose tissue (body fat)
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Epithelial tissue is a protective covering on body surfaces.
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Liquid tissue such as blood and lymph carries food, waste
products, and hormones through the body.
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Muscle tissue contracts and moves the various parts of the
body.
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Nerve tissue carries messages to and from the brain and
controls and coordinates all bodily functions.
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9 ORGANS SYSTEM
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11 Main Body Systems
Skin—forms external protective covering of the body
Brain —controls the body
Eyes—are the organs of vision
Heart—circulates the blood
Lungs—supply oxygen to the blood
Liver—removes toxic products of digestion
Stomach—digest food
Intestines—digest food
Kidneys—excrete water and waste products
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The Skeletal System
The Muscular System
The Nervous System
The Circulatory System
The Respiratory System
The Lymphatic/Immune System
The Endocrine System
The Digestive System
The Excretory System
The Integumentary System
The Reproductive System
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SKELETAL SYSTEM
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SKELETAL SYSTEM
Primary Function
Osteology
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The science of the anatomy, structure, and
function of the bones
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Bone Composition (206 bones)
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Connective tissue about one third animal matter
and two thirds mineral matter
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Joints
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Gives shape and support to body
Protects internal structures and organs
Serves as attachments for muscles
Acts as levers to produce movement
Help produce white and red blood cells
Stores minerals: calcium, phosphorus, magnesium
and sodium
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Movable
Immovable
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Thorax = chest = Pulmonary trunk
SKELETAL SYSTEM Cervical vertebrae
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Clavicle
Parietal
Hyoid
Scapula
(shouder
blade)
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Nasal
Sternum
Temporal
Thorax
Lacrimal
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Vertebrae
Ribs
Figure 6-2
Figure 6-3
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SKELETAL SYSTEM
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SKELETAL SYSTEM
J. Bones of the leg, ankle and foot
J. Bones of the Arm and Hand
 Humerus
 Ulna
 Radius
 Carpus
 Metacarpus
 Phalanges
Figure 6-4
Figure 6-4
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Myology
Muscle Quantity—over 600
Muscle Construction
Types of Muscular
Tissue
 Striated
 Nonstriated
 Cardiac
E. Muscle Parts
 Origin
 Insertion
 Belly
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
A.
B.
C.
D.
F. Stimulation of Muscles
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Figure 6-6
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Figure 6-7
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Massage—by hand or electric vibrator
Electric current—high frequency or faradic current
Light rays—infrared rays or ultraviolet rays
Heat rays—heating lamps or heating caps
Moist heat—steamers and steamed towels
Nerve impulses—through the nervous system
Chemicals—certain acids and salts
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
J. Muscles of the Neck
 Platysma
 Sternocleidomastoideus
G. Muscles of the Scalp
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Epicranius
Occipitalis
Frontalis
Aponeurosis
K. Muscles of the Eyebrow
 Orbicularis oculi
 Corrugator
H. Muscles of the Ear
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Auricularis superior
Auricularis anterior
Auricularis posterior
Figure 6-9
Figure 6-10
L. Muscles of the Nose
 Procerus
 Nasal muscles
I. Muscles of Mastication
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Masseter
Temporalis
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
M. Muscles of the Mouth
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Buccinator (Buk-sih-nay-tur)
Depressor labii inferioris (dee-PRESS-ur LAY-bee-eye in-FEER-ee-or-us)
Levator anguli oris (lih-VAYT-ur ANG-yoo-ly OH-ris)
Levator labii superioris (lih-VAYT-ur LAY-bee-eye soo-peer-ee-OR-is)
Mentalis (men-TAY-lis)
Orbicularis oris (or-bik-yuh-LAIR-is OH-ris)
Risorius (rih-ZOR-ee-us)
Triangularis (try-ang-gyuh-LAY-rus)
Zygomaticus (zy-goh-MAT-ih-kus
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
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N. Muscles Attaching Arms to Body
 Latissimus dorsi (lah-TIS-ih-mus
DOR-see)
 Pectoralis (pek-tor-AL-is) major
and minor
 Serratus anterior (ser-RAT-us)
 Trapezius (trah-PEE-zee-us)
O. Muscles of the Shoulders and
Arms
 Biceps (BY-seps)
 Deltoid (DEL-toyd)
 Extensors (ik-STEN-surs)
 Flexors (FLEK-surs)
 Triceps (TRY-seps)
 Pronator (proh-NAY-tohr)
 Supinator (SOO-puh-nayt-ur)
Figure 6-13
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NERVOUS SYSTEM
P. Muscles of the Hand
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Abductors (ab-DUK-turz)
Adductors (ah-DUK-turz)
Opponent muscles
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The nervous system is responsible for coordinating the
many activities performed inside and outside the human
body.
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Every square inch of the human body is supplied with
fine fibers known as nerves.
Figure 6-14
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NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM
A. Neurology is the study of the
nervous system and its
disorders.
B. Divisions of Nervous System
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D. Nerve Cell Structure and
Function
 Neuron (NOO-rahn)
 Dendrites (DEN-dryts)
 Axon (AK-sahn)
 Nerves
E. Types of Nerves
 Sensory (afferent) nerves
 Motor (efferent) nerves
 Mixed nerves
 Reflex
Central
Peripheral (puh-RIF-uh-rul)
Autonomic (aw-toh-NAHM-ik)
C. Brain and Spinal Cord
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The largest mass of nerve tissue in
the body
Central power station of the body
12 pairs of cranial nerves
Spinal cord originates in brain
31 pairs of spinal nerves
Figure 6-15
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NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM
F. Nerves of Head, Face,
and Neck continued
 7th cranial nerve
F. Nerves of the Head, Face, and Neck
 5th cranial, trifacial, trigeminal
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Ophthalmic (ahf-THAL-mik)
Mandibular (man-DIB-yuh-lur)
Maxillary (MAK-suh-lair-ee)
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Auriculotemporal
Infraorbital nerve
Infratrochlear nerve
Mental nerve
Nasal nerve
Supraorbital nerve
Supratrochlear nerve
Zygomatic nerve
Posterior auricular
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical
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5th cranial nerve affected by massage
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Figure 6-16
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Figure 6-17
11th cranial nerve
Greater occipital
Smaller occipital
Greater auricular
Cervical cutaneous
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NERVOUS SYSTEM - brain
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Figure 6-17
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NERVOUS SYSTEM
G. Nerves of Arm and Hand
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Figure 6-17
Digital (DIJ-ut-tul)
Radial (RAY-dee-ul)
Median (MEE-dee-un)
Ulnar (UL-nur)
Figure 6-18
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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
The circulatory system or cardiovascular system controls the
steady
circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart
and blood vessels.
C. Heart
A. Blood vascular system
 Heart
 Arteries, capillaries, and veins
D. Chambers and Valves of Heart
Interior
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Right and left atria (AY-tree-a)
Right and left ventricles (VEN-truh-kul)
Valves
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B. Lymph vascular system (LIMF VAS-kyoo-lur)
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Pericardium (payr-ih-KAR-dee-um)
Resting heart rate
Vagus (tenth cranial) nerve
Autonomic nervous system
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E. Blood Circulation
Lymphatics (lymph vessels)
Lymph nodes
Figure 6-19
Pulmonary circulation
Systemic or general circulation
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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
F. Blood Vessels
 Arteries
 Capillaries
 Veins
G. Blood
 Sticky, salty fluid
 Temperature 98.6° F (36°C)
 Makes up 1/20 of body weight
 About 8 to10 pints in an adult
 Bright red in arteries
 Dark red in veins
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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
H. Blood Composition
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Red corpuscles (red blood cells)
White corpuscles (white blood cells)
Blood platelets
Plasma
I. Chief Functions of Blood
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Figure 6-20
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Carries water, oxygen, food, and secretions to cells
Carries away carbon dioxide and waste
Helps equalize body temperature
Protects from harmful bacteria and infections
Clots to prevent blood loss
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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
J. Lymph Vascular System
 aids blood system.
 consists of lymph vessels, glands, spaces, and lacteals.
 acts as filtering to help fight infection.
K. Primary Functions:
 Carries nourishment from blood to body cells
 Acts as a defense against invading bacteria and toxins
 Removes waste material from body cells to the blood
 Provides a suitable fluid environment for cells
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The loop
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJzJKvkWWDc&featu
re=related
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Circular system
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PgI80Ue-AMo
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Heart loop
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JA0Wb3gc4mE
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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
M. Superficial Temporal Artery
Branches
 Frontal artery
 Parietal artery
 Transverse facial artery
 Middle temporal artery
 Anterior auricular artery
 Occipital artery
 Posterior auricular artery
 Supraorbital artery
 Infraorbital artery
K. Arteries of Head, Face, and Neck
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Common carotid artery (kuh-RAHT-ud)
Internal carotid artery
External carotid artery
L. Facial Artery Branches
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Submental artery (sub-MEN-tul)
Inferior labial artery (LAY-bee-ul)
Angular artery (ANG-gyoo-lur)
Superior labial artery
Figure 6-21
Figure 6-21
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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
N. Veins of Head, Face, and Neck
 Internal jugular (JUG-yuh-lur)
 External jugular
O. Blood Supply for Arm and
Hand
 Ulnar arteries
 Radial arteries
The endocrine system (EN-duh-krin) is made up of a group of
specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual
activity, and health of the entire body,
A. Exocrine or Duct Glands (EK-suh-krin)
 Sweat and oil glands produce a substance that travels
through small tube-like ducts.
B. Endocrine or Ductless Glands
 Thyroid and pituitary glands release secretions called
hormones directly into the blood.
 Hormones: insulin, adrenaline and estrogen.
Figure 6-22
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Endocrine glands and their functions:
 Pineal gland: sexual, sleep and metabolism
 Pituitary gland: most complex, growth, blood pressure,
contractions, the conversion of food into energy (metabolism)
 Thyroid gland: control the body burn energy, makes proteins
 Parathyroid gland: regulate blood calcium and phosphorus
 Pancreas: enzyme-producing cells for digesting carbohydrates,
proteins and fat
 Adrenal gland: steroid hormones and control metabolism
 Ovaries: female sexual glands
 Testes: male sexual glands
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The digestive system or gastrointestinal system is
responsible
for changing food into nutrients and waste.
A. Digestive Enzymes
 change food into a form that can be used by the
body.
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
The excretory system (EK-skre-tor-ee) is responsible for purifying
the body by eliminating waste matter.
A. Kidneys
 excrete urine.
B. Liver
 discharges bile.
C. Skin
 eliminates perspiration.
D. Large Intestine
 evacuates decomposed and undigested food.
E. Lungs
 exhale carbon dioxide.
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The respiratory system enables
breathing and consists of the lungs
and air passages.
A. Lungs
 are spongy tissues composed
of microscopic cells.
 exchange inhaled air for
carbon dioxide during
breathing.
B. Diaphragm
 is muscular wall that separates
chest (thorax) from abdominal
region.
 helps control breathing.
Figure 6-23
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SUMMARY
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Knowing how the body works is essential for
the cosmetology professional.
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An understanding of the anatomy and
physiology of our bodies will help us become
more proficient in performing professional
salon services.
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