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Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright 2014 © SAP
WHAT IS ANATOMY?
Anatomy is the
study of the
structures of the
human body that
can be seen with
the naked eye, and
what they are made
up of; the science of
the structure of
organisms or of
their parts.
WHY STUDY ANATOMY?
• To recognize changes from the norm
• To understand how the human body functions
• To determine a scientific basis for the proper
application of services and products
• To perform professional makeup applications
• To provide shampoos, scalp manipulations,
haircuts, and style designs
• To perform facials
• To perform manipulations of the hands, arms,
shoulders, neck, feet, and lower legs
CELLS
Basic Construction of the Cell
• Protoplasm
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• Cell membrane
CELLS
Cell Reproduction and Division
The reproduction process is known as
mitosis (my-TOH-sis).
• Favorable conditions include:
– adequate food supply.
– adequate oxygen supply.
– adequate water supply.
– elimination of waste.
– proper temperature.
CELLS
Cell Metabolism
• Anabolism (uh-NAB-uh-liz-um) is constructive
metabolism, the process of building up
larger molecules from smaller ones.
• Catabolism (kuh-TAB-uh-liz-um) is the phase
of metabolism that involves the breaking
down of complex compounds within the
cells into smaller ones.
TISSUES
• Connective tissue serves to support, protect,
and bind together other tissues of the body.
• Epithelial tissue (ep-ih-THEE-lee-ul) is a protective
covering on body surfaces.
• Liquid tissue such as blood and lymph carries
food, waste products, and hormones through the
body.
• Muscular tissue contracts and moves the
various parts of the body.
• Nerve tissue carries messages to and from the
brain and controls and coordinates all bodily
functions.
ORGANS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Brain —controls the body
Eyes—are the organs of vision
Heart—circulates the blood
Kidneys—excrete water and waste products
Lungs—supply oxygen to the blood
Liver—removes toxic products of digestion
Skin—forms external protective covering of the
body
• Stomach and intestines—digest food
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Bone Composition
– Connective tissue about one third animal
matter and two thirds mineral matter
Osteology (ahs-tee-AHL-oh-jee)
– The science of the anatomy, structure, and
function of the bones
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Primary Function
–
–
–
–
–
–
Gives shape and support to body
Protects internal structures and organs
Serves as attachments for muscles
Acts as levers to produce movement
Produces white and red blood cells
Stores minerals
Joints
– Movable
– Immovable
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Parts of the Skull
– Cranium
– Facial skeleton
Bones of the Cranium
–
–
–
–
Occipital bone
Parietal bones
Frontal bone
Temporal bones
Bones of the Face
–
–
–
–
–
Nasal bones
Lacrimal bones
Zygomatic or malar bones
Maxillae
Mandible
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Bones of the Neck
– Hyoid bone
– Cervical vertebrae
Bones of the Chest,
Shoulder, and Back
–
–
–
–
–
Thorax
Ribs
Scapula
Sternum
Clavicle
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Bones of the Arm
and Hand
– Humerus
– Ulna
– Radius
– Carpus
– Metacarpus
– Phalanges
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Myology
Muscle Quantity—over
600
Muscle Construction
Types of Muscular
Tissue
– Striated
– Nonstriated
– Cardiac
Muscle Parts
– Origin
– Insertion
– Belly
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Stimulation of Muscles
– Massage—by hand or electric vibrator
– Electric current—high frequency or faradic
current
– Light rays—infrared rays or ultraviolet rays
– Heat rays—heating lamps or heating caps
– Moist heat—steamers and steamed towels
– Nerve impulses—through the nervous
system
– Chemicals—certain acids and salts
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles of the Scalp
–
–
–
–
Epicranius (ep-ih-KRAY-nee-us)
Occipitalis (ahk-SIP-i-tahl-is)
Frontalis (frun-TAY-lus)
Aponeurosis (ap-uh-noo-ROHsus)
Muscles of the Ear
– Auricularis superior (aw-rik-yuhLAIR-is)
– Auricularis anterior
– Auricularis posterior
Muscles of Mastication
– Masseter (muh-SEE-tur)
– Temporalis (tem-poh-RAY-lis)
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles of the Neck
– Platysma (plah-TIZ-muh)
– Sternocleidomastoideus
(STUR-noh-KLEE-ih-doh-masTOYD-ee-us)
Muscles of the Eyebrow
– Orbicularis oculi (or-bik-yuhLAIR-is AHK-yuh-lye)
– Corrugator (KOR-oo-gay-tohr)
Muscles of the Nose
– Procerus (proh-SEE-rus)
– Nasal muscles
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles of the Mouth
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Buccinator (Buk-sih-nay-tur)
Depressor labii inferioris (dee-PRESS-ur LAY-bee-eye in-FEER-ee-or-us)
Levator anguli oris (lih-VAYT-ur ANG-yoo-ly OH-ris)
Levator labii superioris (lih-VAYT-ur LAY-bee-eye soo-peer-ee-OR-is)
Mentalis (men-TAY-lis)
Orbicularis oris (or-bik-yuh-LAIR-is OH-ris)
Risorius (rih-ZOR-ee-us)
Triangularis (try-ang-gyuh-LAY-rus)
Zygomaticus (zy-goh-MAT-ih-kus
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles Attaching Arms to
Body
– Latissimus dorsi (lah-TIS-ihmus DOR-see)
– Pectoralis (pek-tor-AL-is)
major and minor
– Serratus anterior (ser-RAT-us)
– Trapezius (trah-PEE-zee-us)
Muscles of the Shoulders and
Arms
–
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Biceps (BY-seps)
Deltoid (DEL-toyd)
Extensors (ik-STEN-surs)
Flexors (FLEK-surs)
Triceps (TRY-seps)
Pronator (proh-NAY-tohr)
Supinator (SOO-puh-nayt-ur)
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles of the
Hand
– Abductors (ab-DUKturz)
– Adductors (ah-DUKturz)
– Opponent muscles
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• The nervous system is
responsible for
coordinating the many
activities performed
inside and outside the
human body.
• Every square inch of the
human body is supplied
with fine fibers known as
nerves.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Neurology is the study of the nervous
system and its disorders.
Divisions of Nervous System
– Central
– Peripheral (puh-RIF-uh-rul)
– Autonomic (aw-toh-NAHM-ik)
Brain and Spinal Cord
– The largest mass of nerve tissue
in the body
– Central power station of the
body
– 12 pairs of cranial nerves
– Spinal cord originates in brain
– 31 pairs of spinal nerves
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Nerve Cell Structure and
Function
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–
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Neuron (NOO-rahn)
Dendrites (DEN-dryts)
Axon (AK-sahn)
Nerves
Types of Nerves
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Sensory (afferent) nerves
Motor (efferent) nerves
Mixed nerves
Reflex
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Nerves of the Head, Face, and
Neck
5th cranial, trifacial, trigeminal
Ophthalmic (ahf-THAL-mik)
Mandibular (man-DIB-yuh-lur)
Maxillary (MAK-suh-lair-ee)
5th cranial nerve affected by
massage
Auriculotemporal
Infraorbital nerve
Infratrochlear nerve
Mental nerve
Nasal nerve
Supraorbital nerve
Supratrochlear nerve
Zygomatic nerve
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Nerves of Head, Face, and
Neck continued
7th cranial nerve
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Posterior auricular
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical
11th cranial nerve
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Greater occipital
Smaller occipital
Greater auricular
Cervical cutaneous
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Nerves of Arm and Hand
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Digital (DIJ-ut-tul)
Radial (RAY-dee-ul)
Median (MEE-dee-un)
Ulnar (UL-nur)
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
The circulatory system or
cardiovascular system controls the
steady
circulation of the blood through the body
by means of the heart and
blood vessels.
Blood vascular system
– Heart
– Arteries, capillaries, and veins
Lymph vascular system (LIMF VAS-kyoo-lur)
– Lymphatics (lymph vessels)
– Lymph nodes
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Heart
– Pericardium (payr-ih-KAR-deeum)
– Resting heart rate
– Vagus (tenth cranial) nerve
– Autonomic nervous system
Chambers and Valves of
Heart Interior
– Right and left atria (AY-tree-a)
– Right and left ventricles (VENtruh-kul)
– Valves
Blood Circulation
– Pulmonary circulation
– Systemic or general
circulation
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Blood Vessels
– Arteries
– Capillaries
– Veins
Blood
– Sticky, salty fluid
– Temperature 98.6° F
(36°C)
– Makes up 1/20 of body
weight
– About 8 to10 pints in an
adult
– Bright red in arteries
– Dark red in veins
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Blood Composition
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Red corpuscles (red blood cells)
White corpuscles (white blood cells)
Blood platelets
Plasma
Chief Functions of Blood
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Carries water, oxygen, food, and secretions to cells
Carries away carbon dioxide and waste
Helps equalize body temperature
Protects from harmful bacteria and infections
Clots to prevent blood loss
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Lymph Vascular System
– aids blood system.
– consists of lymph vessels, glands,
spaces, and lacteals.
– acts as filtering to help fight infection.
Primary Functions:
– Carries nourishment from blood to
body cells
– Acts as a defense against invading
bacteria and toxins
– Removes waste material from body
cells to the blood
– Provides a suitable fluid environment
for cells
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Arteries of Head, Face,
and Neck
– Common carotid artery
(kuh-RAHT-ud)
– Internal carotid artery
– External carotid artery
Facial Artery Branches
– Submental artery (subMEN-tul)
– Inferior labial artery (LAYbee-ul)
– Angular artery (ANG-gyoolur)
– Superior labial artery
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Superficial Temporal
Artery Branches
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Frontal artery
Parietal artery
Transverse facial artery
Middle temporal artery
Anterior auricular artery
Occipital artery
Posterior auricular artery
Supraorbital artery
Infraorbital artery
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Veins of Head, Face,
and Neck
– Internal jugular (JUGyuh-lur)
– External jugular
Blood Supply for Arm
and Hand
– Ulnar arteries
– Radial arteries
Figure 6-22
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The endocrine system (EN-duh-krin) is
made up of a group of
specialized glands that affect the growth,
development, sexual
activity, and health of the entire body,
Exocrine or Duct Glands (EK-suhkrin)
– produce a substance that travels
through small tube-like ducts.
Endocrine or Ductless Glands
– release secretions called
hormones directly into the blood.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The digestive system or
gastrointestinal system is
responsible
for changing food into
nutrients and waste.
Digestive Enzymes
– change food into a
form that can be used
by the body.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
The excretory system (EK-skre-tor-ee) is
responsible for purifying
the body by eliminating waste matter.
Kidneys
– excrete urine.
Liver
– discharges bile.
Skin
– eliminates perspiration.
Large Intestine
– evacuates decomposed and
undigested food.
Lungs
– exhale carbon dioxide.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The respiratory system
enables breathing and consists
of the lungs and air passages.
Lungs
– are spongy tissues
composed of microscopic
cells.
– exchange inhaled air for
carbon dioxide during
breathing.
Diaphragm
– is muscular wall that
separates chest (thorax)
from abdominal region.
– helps control breathing.
Figure 6-23
SUMMARY
• Knowing how the body works is
essential for the cosmetology
professional.
• An understanding of the anatomy and
physiology of our bodies will help us
become more proficient in performing
professional salon services.