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Muscular System Exam: Vocabulary to know- Can you label everything in this diagram? perimysium sarcolemma aponeuurosis fascicle peristalsis motor unit intercolated discs insertion tendinitis action potential Muscle fiber fascicle perimysium tendon Can you label everything in this diagram? What about this one? And this one? deltoid zygomaticus sternocleidomastoid sartorius Biceps brachii Rectus femorus brachioradialis gastrocnemius What is the difference between pennate and parallel muscle fibers? Draw and label examples from your notes. What are the differences among concentric, isometric, and eccentric contractions of the muscles? Concentric-agonist contract/antagonist relax (motion) Eccentric-antagonist contracts slightly-brake/agonist contracts (slow movement) Isometric- both muscles tense, but no movement Does age affect the number of muscle fibers you have? No What causes shin splints? Overuse, running/dancing/repeated stress, usually on hard surfaces like cement or asphalt Do muscles push or pull? Pull (shortening of muscle fibers) What causes muscle cramps? Dehydration, ion imbalance (Ca+), growth of limbs, lactic acid buildup from exercise What is a hernia, where can it commonly be found, and how does it develop? Hole or tear in a muscle wall through which viscera (intestines and abdominal membranes) can protrudemost common in the abdominal wall. What is the treatment and recovery for hamstring strains? Similar to sprain recovery. Rest, elevation, ice. Recovery time is very long and reinjury is very common What is muscular dystrophy, how is it diagnosed, and how is it treated? Inherited (genetic) disorder resulting in progressive weakening and loss of muscle tissue. No known cure. Treatment includes physical therapy and some medications (experimental) What are the three types of muscle fibers? Smooth-single nucleus, spindle-shaped, short, nonstriated Skeletal- multi-nucleated, striated, long fibers Cardiac- single nucleus, some striations, intercalated discs (lines between cells) Which muscle types are voluntary? Involuntary? Skeletal-voluntary (mostly-see diaphragm & orbicularis oculi) Smooth-involuntary Cardiac-involuntary Action potential involves which type of ions? Ca+ (Calcium ions) How are strains caused? Stretching the muscle beyond its usual limit The internal oblique is a muscle of what part of the body? Lower lateral abdomen Know the function for the following muscles: triceps brachii- posterior upper arm; extension of forearm biceps brachii- anterior upper arm; flexion and supination of forearm brachioradialis- humerus to ulna; flexion forearm orbicularis oculi- encircles eyes; closes eyes, squinting diaphragm- dome-shaped, separates thoracic & abdominal cavities; breathing, enlarges thoracic cavity pectoralis major- upper chest, sternum to shoulder girdle; adduction and flexion of arm trapezius- upper back and neck; extension and hyperextension of head What muscle attaches to the Achilles tendon? gastrocnemius Which muscles are included in the “hamstring’ group? Semimembranosus, semitendonosus, biceps femorus What is myositis ossificans? A condition in which calcium mass forms within a muscle three to four weeks after a muscle injury What is the common name for lateral epicondylitis? Tennis elbow What causes contusions? impact Know the differences among flexion, extension, and hyperextension. Flexion-forward movement of a body segment away from anatomical position (sagittal plane) Extension-movement that returns a body segment to anatomical position (sagittal plane) Hyperextension-backward movement of a body segment past anatomical position (sagittal plane