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Chapter 9 Deafness and Hearing Loss William L. Heward Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 8e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Definitions of Hearing Loss Medical perspective – Continuum of hearing loss from mild to profound Educational perspective (IDEA definition) – A hearing loss that adversely affects educational performance Difference between deafness and hard of hearing – Deaf: The student is not able to hear even with a hearing aid – Hard of hearing: Significant hearing loss that makes special adaptations necessary • Many persons who are deaf do not view hearing loss as a disability William L. Heward Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 8e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. How We Hear Audition, the sense of hearing, is a complex and not completely understood process – The auricle funnels sound waves into the auditory canal – Variations in sound pressure cause the eardrum to move in and out – The vibrations of the bones of the middle ear transmit energy to the inner ear – The inner ear is the most critical and complex part of the hearing apparatus William L. Heward Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 8e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Prevalence • According to ASHA, 95 of every 1,000 people have a chronic hearing loss • The large majority of persons with hearing loss are adults • The U.S. Public Health Service estimates 83 out of 1000 children have an educationally significant hearing loss • About 25% of students who are deaf or hard of hearing have another disabling condition William L. Heward Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 8e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Types and Causes of Hearing Loss Age of onset is important for determining educational needs • Congenital hearing loss is present at birth – Causes of congenital hearing loss • Genetic Factors • Maternal Rubella • Congenital Cytomegalovirus (CMV) • Premature birth • Acquired hearing loss appears after birth – Prelingual hearing loss before speech develops – Postlingual hearing loss after speech develops – Causes of acquired hearing loss • Otitis Media • Meningitis • Ménière’s Disease • Noise Exposure William L. Heward Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 8e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Characteristics of Students with Hearing Loss • Students with hearing loss have different characteristics – Levels of functioning influenced by: • Degree of hearing loss • Attitudes of parents and siblings • Opportunities to acquire a first language • The presence of other disabilities • Academic achievement – Most children with hearing loss have difficulty with all areas of academic achievement – Deafness itself imposes no limitations on the cognitive capabilities of the individual • Social functioning – The extent to which a child successfully interacts depends largely on others’ attitudes and the child’s ability to communicate in some mutually accepted way William L. Heward Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 8e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Technologies and Supports That Amplify, Provide, Supplement, or Replace Sound Hearing aids – Hearing aids make sounds louder but not necessarily clearer – The earlier in life a child is fitted the more effectively he will learn to use hearing – Hearing aids offer minimal benefit in noisy and reverberant classrooms Assistive listening devices – A radio link established between the teacher and the child can solve problems caused by distance and noise Cochlear implants – A cochlear implant bypasses damaged hair cells and stimulates the auditory nerve directly – Tremendous controversy surrounds cochlear implants in the deaf community William L. Heward Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 8e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Supports and Technologies • Interpreters – Interpreters have increased the ability of students to perform well in school • Speech-to-text translation – Computer devices that translate speech to text • Television captioning – Captioning helps students comprehend more • Text telephones – Helps teachers communicate with deaf students • Alerting devices William L. Heward Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 8e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Educational Approaches • Oral/Aural Approaches – Training in producing and understanding speech is incorporated into virtually all aspects of the child’s education • Total Communication – Simultaneous presentation of language by speech and manual communication • American Sign Language (ASL) and the BilingualBicultural Approach – ASL is a legitimate language in its own right – The goal of the bilingual-bicultural approach is to help deaf students become bilingual adults who can read and write with competence in their second language William L. Heward Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 8e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Educational Placement Alternatives • Approximately 84% of children who are deaf or hard of hearing attend local public schools – All of the professional and parent organizations involved with educating students who are deaf have issued position statements strongly in favor of maintaining a continuum of placement options William L. Heward Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 8e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Current Issues and Future Trends • The keys to improving the future for people who are deaf or hard of hearing – Access to the language and communication modality best suited to their individual needs – Effective instruction with meaningful curriculum – Self-advocacy William L. Heward Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 8e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.