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Classical and Romantic Eras Chapter 18, page 408 Classical Era 1750-1825 • Era of intellectual enlightenment with great strides in the science and arts • Rise of a new influential middle class • First public concerts as a demand for a music of and for the masses • Concertos and sonatas were ways for people to showcase their technique • Music reflected the scientific thinking of the times • Music was more simple and direct than Baroque and was more accessible to listeners • Music was written for specific occasions (weddings, funerals, coronations, and opening of new opera houses) • Many classical composers worked in royal courts to compose music under contract • Classical composers also worked in churches and in schools • Composers would write music specifically for people that paid for it • Music publishing flourished and provided more money for composers • Music became a cultural force • Concertos – Fast, Slow, Fast – Large Orchestra (strings, woodwinds, trumpets, horns, and timpani) – Blended solo parts and contained fully developed themes – Continual changes in dynamics and instrumental timbre Piano Concerto No. 21 in C Major, II W. A. Mozart • Symphonies – An extended work for orchestra with several contrasting movements – Fast, Slow, Minuet, Fast – Franz Joseph Haydn is credited with pioneering the form Symphony No. 101 in D Franz Joseph Haydn • Sonata Allegro Form – 1st movement of a symphony; 3 parts (ABA) • Exposition-(A Section) presentation of the main musical ideas; usually has 2 themest that run throughout the movement • Development-(B Section) an elaboration of one or both themes; may be accomplished through key change or other ideas; motives based on one or both themes are central to the development • Recapitulation-(A Section) a restatement or repetition of the main theme material; often makes dynamic adjustments for dramatic effects • May have a C section called a Coda Symphony No. 40 in G Minor I(Excerpt) W.A. Mozart • Rondo Form – A composition consisting of a recurring them alternating with contrasting sections Rondo all’Ongarese Trio No. 1 in G Major, Hob XV XV:25I F.J. Haydn • • • • 1770-1827 Displayed genius early At 18, moved to Vienna where his talents were noticed At 25, his first collection of works was published with immediate success Works followed the rules of classical music but as they matured, were more dramatic and dreamy in quality • Sonatas – 4 parts/Movements • • • • Allegro Adagio Scherzo Allegro Ludwig van Beethoven Listening •Piano Sonata in C Minor (Pathetique) I, II, III (excerpts) •Symphony No. 5, I •Symphony No. 9, IV RomanticEra 1825-1900 • Era of dramatic, expressive and emotional art forms • Romantic music rejected classical attempt to place laws on nature and became based on emotional rule • Goal of romantic music was to emancipate human feelings and emotions • Began to die out in the years before World War I • Poetry and music are intimately fused in the art song-composers would interpret poems and translate into their music The Erlking Franz Schubert (Art Song) • Program music attempted to convey specific ideas without using lyrics • Program symphonies attempted to convey specific descriptions and ideas in several musical movements March to the Scaffold from Symphonie Fantastique Hector Berlioz • Towards the end, composers began to compose music to display their nationalistic pride Nationalism in Music •The Moldau Bedrich Smetana •The Great Gate of Kiev from Pictures of an Exhibition (excerpts) Modest Mussorgsky •Sigfried’s Funeral March Richard Wagner Chapter 18 Vocabulary Sonata Tutti Sonata allegro form Coda Rondo Scherzo Romantic period Art song Lieder Program music Program symphony Idee fixe Tone poem Important Composers Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Franz Joseph Haydn Ludvig van Beethoven Franz Shubert Franz Liszt Hector Berlioz Richard Wagner