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CELLULAR DIVISION
Define the following terms. They are in order of appearance in the chapters.
Chapter 10 – Cell Growth and Division (Mitosis) starts on page 274
Chapter 11 – Introduction to Genetics (Meiosis) starts on page 309
Cell Division
Process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
Sexual Reproduction
Process of reproduction involving a single parent that results in offspring that are
genetically identical to the parent
Type of reproduction in which cells from two parents unite to form the first cell of
a new organism
MITOSIS:
Part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides
Asexual Reproduction
Cell cycle
Threadlike structure within the nucleus that contains genetic information that is
passed from one generation to the next
Substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled
around histones
Series of events in which a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form
two daughter cells
Interphase
Period of cell cycle between cell divisions
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells
Prophase
First and longest phase of mitosis in which the genetic material inside the nucleus
condenses and the chromosomes become visible
Centromere
Region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach
Chromatid
One of two identical “sister” parts of a duplicated chromosome
Centrioles
Structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division
Metaphase
Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
Anaphase
Telophase
Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends
of the cell
Phase of mitosis in which the distinct individual chromosomes begin to spread out
into a tangle of chromatin
Cancer
Disorder in which some of the body’s cells lose the ability to control growth
Tumor
Mass of rapidly dividing cells that can damage surround tissues
Benign (pg. 289)
Tumor that does not spread to surrounding healthy tissue or to other parts of the
body. (Noncancerous)
Malignant (pg. 289)
Tumor that invades and destroys surrounding healthy tissue (Cancerous)
Stem Cells
Unspecialized cell that can give rise to one or more types of specialized cells
Chromosomes
Chromatin
MEIOSIS:
Process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the
separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
Fertilization
Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to
form a new cell
Gametes
Sex cell
Egg (pg. 325)
Female gamete
Sperm (pg. 325)
Male gamete
*Somatic cell
(not in book)
Body cell
Homologous
Two of the 46 chromosomes in the human genome that determine an individual’s
sex. Females have XX chromosomes and males have XY chromosomes.
Term used to refer to chromosomes in which one set comes from the male parent
and one set comes from the female parent
Diploid
Term used to refer to a cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes
Haploid
Term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of genes.
Crossing Over
Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids
during meiosis
Zygote
Fertilized egg
Sex Chromosomes (pg. 393)
Mitosis results in _________ diploid daughter cells.
Meiosis results in ________ haploid daughter cells.