Download Levels of Plant Classification

BIOL/ESRM 331/SEFS 590B
Landscape Plant Recognition
Sarah Reichard
Michael Bradshaw
Colleen Brennan
Emma Relei
Today
• Introduction to biological classification of
vascular plants
• Introduction to plant morphology
• Introduction to nomenclature (what is in a
name?)
• How does this class work?
Vascular Plants
• “Xylem” (water carrying stem tissues) and
“Phloem” (nutrient and carbohydrate
carrying stem tissues) plants are “vascular
plants”
• Ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms
are vascular plants
• Mosses and algae are not
Gymnosperms (Conifers)
“Naked Seeds”
• Seeds borne on open surfaces (cones)
Gymnosperms (Conifers)
“Naked Seeds”
• Seeds borne on open surfaces (cones)
• Male and female structures are separate
(male/female cones)
Gymnosperms (Conifers)
“Naked Seeds”
• Seeds borne on open surfaces (cones)
• Male and female structures are separate
(male/female cones)
• Mostly wind pollinated
Gymnosperms
“Naked Seeds”
• Seeds borne on open surfaces (cones)
• Male and female structures are separate
(male/female cones)
• Mostly wind pollinated
• Mostly are “evergreen”
Angiosperms
“Enclosed Seeds”
• Seeds are borne in fruits (matured flower
ovaries)
Angiosperms
“Enclosed Seeds”
• Seeds are borne in fruits (matured flower
ovaries)
• Male and female structures are usually
together in flowers
• Insect, bird, bat, wind pollinated
• Deciduous and evergreen leaves
• “Monocots” and “Dicots”
Monocotyledons (“Monocots”)
• One seed leaf (cotyledon)
Monocotyledons (“Monocots”)
• One seed leaf (cotyledon)
• Leaf veins parallel
Dicotyledons (“Dicots”)
• 2 seed leaves
Dicotyledons (“Dicots”)
• 2 seed leaves
• Leaves net veined
• May not be
monophyletic
• Woody dicots are
the majority of
what we will learn
Plant Morphology
The form and structure of plants
Overall – size, shape of plants
Leaves – size, shape, veins, margins, apex,
etc.
Bark – color, texture
Flowers - # parts, color, placement
Fruit – type
Overall
Simple Leaves
Compound Leaves
“Even”/”Odd” Pinnate
Palmately Compound Leaves
Compound leaves
Ternately Compound
Lobes vs. Leaves
Palmately lobed
Pinnately lobed
Conifer Leaves
Awl-shaped leaves
Scale-like leaves
Conifer Leaves
Needle-like leaves
Linear leaves
Stomatal Markings on Conifers
Special Leaves
Stipule
Stipule
Leaf Patterns
• Variegation – differently colored parts of
the leaves. Examples:
Leaf Arrangement
Whorled Leaves
Opposite and
decussate
Sessile
• No petiole attaches a
leaf or other plant part
to a stem
Leaf Shape
Ovate
Leaf Base
Acute
Leaf Margins
Revolute
margin
Leaf Apex
Pubescent (hairs)
Glabrous
• Leaves or other
surfaces without hairs
Other terms
• Node – the point of attachment for a leaf
• Terminal/axillary – arrangement of flowers
on stem
Below Ground
• Rhizome/rhizomatous – a horizontal stem,
usually underground, that bears stems and
leaves
Flowers
Note: these are all “perfect” or “bisexual” flowers
Dioecious/Monoecious
• Unisexual flowers
• DI = two, OECIOUS = house (the plant)
• MON = one
Petals
Apetalous
Sympetalous
Fused petals
Free Corolla
Unfused petals
Inflorescence Types
Compound
inflorescence
Solitary Flowers
catkin
Fruit types
Fleshy
Berry – a fleshy fruit
that develops from the
ovary of a single
flower. The skin of the
berry is the ovary wall.
Fruit types
Fleshy
Berry
Pome – a fruit that consists of
a fleshy receptical and a tough
central core containing the
seeds
Fruit Types
Fleshy
Drupes
Aggregate of Drupelets
Fruit Types
Dry and Dehiscent
Legume – a pod that
splits into 2 valves with
the seeds attached to 1
Follicle – 2 or more seeds,
splits along one side
Capsule –
splits open
to release
seeds
Fruit Types
Dry and indehiscent
Achene
Plant Classification and Names
• Originally – long strings
of descriptive words
• Little sense of relationships
• May 1, 1753 – “Species
Plantarum” published
• Established binomial
system of naming
Carolus Linneaus
(Carl von Linne)
Levels of Plant Classification
• Kingdom: Plantae
Levels of Plant Classification
• Kingdom: Plantae
Division/Phylum: Magnoliophyta
Levels of Plant Classification
• Kingdom: Plantae
Division/Phylum: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Levels of Plant Classification
• Kingdom: Plantae
Division/Phylum: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Solanales
Levels of Plant Classification
• Kingdom: Plantae
Division/Phylum: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Levels of Plant Classification
• Kingdom: Plantae
Division/Phylum: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Genus: Solanum
Levels of Plant Classification
• Kingdom: Plantae
Division/Phylum: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Genus: Solanum
Species: tuberosum
Species
So… Solanum tuberosum L.
What are they?
• Family:
-A broad group of plants with common
characteristics, one or more genera
-Ends in “aceae” – pronounced as if
spelling the word “ace”
-Seven “conserved families” use ae ending
as an alternative (Asteraceae vs.
Compositae)
What Are They?
• Genus:
– Defined as a more or less closely related and
definable group of organisms (plants)
comprising one or more species
– Plural is “genera”
– The species have more characteristics in
common with each other than they do with
species of other genera in the same family
– A genus may contain a single species (e.g.,
Ginkgo) or more than 100 (e.g., Rosa)
What Are They?
• Species
• A concept. Sometimes defined as a group of
individual organisms (plants) that are
fundamentally alike
• A species should be separated by distinct
morphological differences from other closely
related species
• All the individuals in a given species are not
identical. Think of it as a population in which
any character might be expressed to different
degrees in each individual.
Levels of Plant Classification
There may also be:
– Subspecies: subsp. or ssp. glauca
– Variety: var. glauca
– Forma: f. glauca
Principles of Nomenclature
• "Infraspecific names" are formed by
adding Latin(ized) words to the species
names
• Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. glauca (or
ssp. glauca)
• Quercus garryana var. breweri
Principles of Nomenclature
• Cultivated varieties = cultivar
• They are genotypes selected for desirable
traits
• Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Glauca‘ (best)
• Or C. lawsoniana cv Glauca
• After 1959, cv names could no longer be
“Latinized” – must use “fancy” names, e.g.,
Genista pilosa ‘Vancouver Gold’
Hybrids
• A cross between two species, genera, or
infraspecific categories – may occur in the
wild or intentionally
Hybrids may be written as :
• Populus tremuloides XP. alba
• Platanus Xacerifolia
• XFatshedera lizei
Common Names
• Often descriptive, but potentially very
misleading
- 25 taxa with “cedar”
- regional differences “mile a minute” plant
• Learning scientific names is fun, not all
that hard, and allows specific
communication
What does it mean?
• Philadelphus lewisii – named after
Merriwether Lewis
What does it mean?
• Philadelphus lewisii – named after
Merriwether Lewis
• Picea sitchensis – first described from a
specimen from Sitka, Alaska
What does it mean?
• Philadelphus lewisii – named after
Merriwether Lewis
• Picea sitchensis – first described from a
specimen from Sitka, Alaska
• Pinus albicaulis – albi = white, caul = stem
• Acer macrophyllum – macro = big, phyllum
= leaf
• CLAS 205 – Bioscientific Vocabulary
Principles of Nomenclature
• Scientific names are Latin or Latinized
• Scientific names are binomial - - genus
and species
• After the first reference to a genus, it can
be abbreviated to a letter: P. menziesii
Principles of Nomenclature
• Genus and species should be underlined
or italicized
• Family and Genus are capitalized,
species is not
• "Author names" may be included:
Solanum tuberosum L.
Summary
• Plant diversity is separated on the basis
of:
- evolutionary relationships
- morphology
• The naming of plants follows certain rules,
based on the work of Linnaeus
Class Mechanics
• 2 days inside in Gould 322, 2 tests & 1 Big
Review inside at CUH, the rest outside
• We meet every class time, rain or shine –
dress accordingly!
• Use the web page! Plant lists and info will
be posted before each class
• Additional books may be helpful
Class Mechanics
Tests
• 1 “written” midterm – next Tuesday!!!!
• 2 plant identification midterms (each 10%)
• Make-up midterms very difficult
• Quizzes every two weeks (total 10%)
• Lowest one dropped
• Final, on campus (60%)
• Spelling counts!
Class Mechanics
Tips for learning
• Flashcards/powerpoint shows
• Learn what the scientific names mean
• Use the Washington Park Arboretum to
review with friends, new “app” on website
• Use the class web page and the links
• Hyde Herbarium
Class Mechanics
Hyde Herbarium – visit!
• Do not take plant parts to
make your own “herbarium!”
• Special collection
available to you
• Class website has link
Assignment
• On campus, in a park, in your own
backyard – go outside and look at plants
• Try to identify the parts of the leaf and see
what term best fits the shape, leaf
arrangement, margin, etc.
• Come on Thursday prepared for your first
field day