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Transcript
Botanical Adaptations Botany: the study of plants Botanical: of or relating to plants Introduction 1. What is an adaptation? Characteristic that helps organism survive and reproduce 2. Why adapt? Increase reproductive fitness (# of successful offspring) 3. How adapt? Evolution: Collective changes in a population as a result of: • variation in a population (often caused by mutation), • selection for or against of certain individuals in the population based on their characteristics • reproduction passing on the selected characteristic that allowed for survival Example of Plant Evolution • Variation: Flowers originated as modified/ adapted leaf structures • Selection: Plants with flowers attracted more pollinators • Reproduction: Plants with flowers produced more offspring Plants with flowers became more abundant Adaptations of Flowering Plants Adaptation/ Structure Function Seed contains nutrients energy and plant parts required for early growth Monocot vs. Dicot Adaptation/ Structure Monocot Dicot Seed • one cotyledon • endosperm • two cotyledons • hypocotyl present Seeds A C D B A epicotyl B radicle C cotyledon D seed coat Adaptations of Flowering Plants Adaptation/ Structure Function Seed contains nutrients energy and plant parts required for early growth Fruit contain seeds and assist in dispersal Fruits Adaptations of Flowering Plants Adaptation/ Structure Function Seed contains nutrients energy and plant parts required for early growth Fruit contain seeds and assist in dispersal • sexually reproductive structures Flower • allows recombination of gametes (pollen and ovule) to create seeds/fruits and increase variation. Monocot vs. Dicot Adaptation/ Structure Monocot Dicot Seed • one cotyledon • endosperm • two cotyledons • hypocotyl present Flower • parts in multiples of three (usually) • parts in multiples of four or five (usually) Flowers Adaptations of Flowering Plants Adaptation/ Structure Function Seed contains nutrients energy and plant parts required for early growth Fruit contain seeds and assist in dispersal • sexually reproductive structures Flower Stems • allows recombination of gametes (pollen and ovule) to create seeds/fruits and increase variation. • contains vascular system (tissues) for water and food transport • xylem – takes water up through plant (like veins) • phloem – takes food down through plant (like arteries) Monocot vs. Dicot Adaptation/ Structure Monocot Dicot Seed • one cotyledon • endosperm • two cotyledons • hypocotyl present Flower • parts in multiples of three (usually) • parts in multiples of four or five (usually) Stems • xylem and phloem in separate bundles • scattered • xylem and phloem organized in layers • rings Stems Adaptations of Flowering Plants Adaptation/ Structure Function Seed contains nutrients energy and plant parts required for early growth Fruit contain seeds and assist in dispersal • sexually reproductive structures Flower • allows recombination of gametes (pollen and ovule) to create seeds/fruits and increase variation. Stems • contains vascular system (tissues) for water and food transport • xylem – takes water up through plant (like veins) • phloem – takes food down through plant (like arteries) Leaves photosynthesis and gas exchange Monocot vs. Dicot Adaptation/ Structure Monocot Dicot Seed • one cotyledon • endosperm • two cotyledons • hypocotyl present Flower • parts in multiples of three (usually) • parts in multiples of four or five (usually) Stems • xylem and phloem in separate bundles • scattered • xylem and phloem organized in layers • rings Leaves • vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) bundled together • parallel vein arrangement • narrow • vascular tissue in layers • networked vein arrangement • broad Leaves Leaves Adaptations of Flowering Plants Adaptation/ Structure Function Seed contains nutrients energy and plant parts required for early growth Fruit contain seeds and assist in dispersal • sexually reproductive structures Flower • allows recombination of gametes (pollen and ovule) to create seeds/fruits and increase variation. Stems • contains vascular system (tissues) for water and food transport • xylem – takes water up through plant (like veins) • phloem – takes food down through plant (like arteries) Leaves photosynthesis and gas exchange Roots absorb water and nutrients Roots Monocot vs. Dicot Adaptation/ Structure Monocot Dicot Seed • one cotyledon • endosperm • two cotyledons • hypocotyl present Flower • parts in multiples of three (usually) • parts in multiples of four or five (usually) Stems • xylem and phloem in separate bundles • scattered • xylem and phloem organized in layers • rings Leaves • vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) bundled together • parallel vein arrangement • narrow • vascular tissue in layers • networked vein arrangement • broad Roots • xylem and phloem arranged in layers/rings (different from their stems) • fibrous roots • xylem and phloem organized in layers/rings (similar to their stems) • tap root Adaptations of Flowering Plants Adaptation/ Structure Function • food storage reserves Modified Structures • swollen leaves, stems or roots adapted for interrupted life • stores supply of water, sugars/starches and proteins Photosynthetic Adaptations Plant photosynthesis: • source of energy sustaining 99% of all life on earth • conversion of light energy into chemical energy (6CO2 + 6H2O + light => C6H12O6 + 6O2) • occurs in two sets of reactions: - light-dependent - light-independent Plants vary in how they undergo the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis Photosynthetic Adaptations Outcomes: • Describe environmental pressures under which different adaptations for photosynthesis evolved. • Compare and contrast adaptations C3, C4 and CAM plants have evolved to photosynthesize in different environmental conditions. • Construct an argument for an investigation exploring the effect of various environmental conditions on photosynthesis of C3, C4 and CAM plants. Photosynthetic Adaptations Method C3 C4 CAM What Plants have this Adaptation Location in Leaf Where Reaction Occurs most plants (dicots) rubisco requires high mesophyll cells – amounts of mid-leaf cells CO2 to be efficient • in moderate temperatures, with adequate water • plants can keep stomata open to take in more CO2 without losing too much H2O most monocots bundle sheath cells surround vascular tissue PEP – does not require high amounts of CO2 to be efficient • in high temperatures and dry conditions • plants can close stomata to avoid H2O loss and still utilize low concentrations of CO2 succulents and some tropical mesophyll cells – at different times – day and night) PEP • in extremely dry conditions • plants keep stomata closed in day to avoid H2O loss • plants open stomata at night, CO2 stored for use during the day Enzyme Responsible for Reaction When is it Best Fit Leaf Cross-sections of C3 and C4 Plants:
