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Heart Disease
By
Cody Miller
What is Heart Disease?
 It is a broad term for a number of
different diseases which affect the heart.
But the ultimate problem with all
varieties of heart disease is that, in one
way or another, they can disrupt the vital
pumping action of the heart.
Types-Cardiomyopathy
 It is the deterioration of the function of the heart for whatever
reason. Patients with cardiomyopathy are often at risk of
arrhythmia and/or sudden cardiac death.
 Extrinsic cardiomyopathies
 Alcoholic cardiomyopathy is caused by chronic long-term abuse of
alcohol, which leads to heart failure.
 Coronary artery disease
 Congenital heart disease-is a disease that effects primarily at birth,
and includes structural defects, congenital arrhythmias, and
cardiomyopathyies.
 Ischemic cardiomyopathy- is a weakness in the heart muscle, due to
inadequate oxygen delivery to the heart with coronary artery
disease being the most common cause.
 Hypertensive cardiomyopathy- any number of complications of
arterial hypertension.
 Valvular cardiomyopathy Inflammatory cardiomyopathy-
Cardiomyopathy
 Intrinsic cardiomyopathies
 Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)-most common, the heart (usually
the left ventricle) is enlarged and pumping function is diminished.
 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM or HOCM)-a genetic disorder,
causing heart muscle to thicken, which can obstruct blood flow and
prevent the heart from functioning properly.
 Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy(ARVC)-arises
from an electrical malfunction of the heart in which heart muscle is
replaced by fibrous scar tissue. Usually the right ventricle.
 Restrictive caridiomyopathy(RCM)-least common, the walls of the
ventricles are stiff, but may not be thickened and resist the normal
filling of the heart with blood.
 Noncompaction cardiomyopathy-the left ventricle wall has failed to
properly grow from birth.
Cardiovascular disease
 Refers to the class of diseases that involve the
heart or blood vessels.
 Is commonly referred to as atherosclerosis
 Other types are aneurysms, angina, arrhythmias,
CVA, CHF, myocarditis, valve disease, coronary
artery disease, edocarditis, hypertension, mitral
valve prolapse, MI, venous thromboembolism.
Hypertensive heart disease
 It’s a late complication of hypertension. Causing
thickening of the heart, which in turn lowers the
cardiac output.
 Could be caused by left ventricle hypertrophy,
coronary heart disease, CHF, cardiac
arrhythmias.
 Symptoms- fatigue, irregular pulse, edema,
dyspnea, weight gain, nausea, SOB, bloating,
greater need to urinate at night.
Inflammatory heart
disease
 Involves inflammation of the heart muscle
and/or surrounding tissue.
 Endocarditis-inflammation of the endocardium,
most commonly the valves.
 Myocarditis-inflammation of the myocardium.
Usually caused by an infection.
 May present with rapid signs of heart failure,
chest pain, or sudden death.
Valvular heart disease
 It involves one or more of the heart valves.
 Some types are- aortic insufficiency, aortic
valve stenosis, endocarditis, heart valve
dysplasia, libman-sacks endocarditis, loeffler
endocarditis, mitral regurgitation, mitral
stenosis, mitral valve prolapse, pulmonary valve
stenosis, tricuspid insufficiency, tricuspid valve
stenosis.
Aortic valve stenosis
 Caused by an incomplete
opening of the aortic
valve.
 Is often seen in patients
with CHF.
 Patients that have both
are attributed to a 2 year
mortality rate of 50%.
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Mitral valve prolapse
 Characterized as an
abnormally thickened
mitral valve.
 S/S-heart palpitations,
atrial fibrillation,
syncope, mitral
regurgitation, or sudden
death.
 These patients tend to
have a low body mass
index.
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Rheumatic heart disease
 It’s a condition in which the heart valves are damaged by
rheumatic fever.
 Rheumatic fever begins with a strep throat infection.
 It is an inflammatory disease.
 It can affect many of the body’s connective tissues,
especially those of the heart, joints, brain, or skin.
 Anyone can get it, but it usually occurs in children
between the ages of 5 to 15.
 The rheumatic disease that results can last for life.
Symptoms of Rheumatic
heart disease
 They often go unnoticed for sometime, because this
disease affects the valves. And often the damage isn’t
immediately noticeable.
 This causes the valves to either not open/close completely.
 Also causes scarring of the heart valves, forcing the heart
work harder.
 The damage may resolve on its own, or it may be
permanent.
 Advanced cases may present with CHF.
 Other symptoms that may be present-fever, weight loss,
fatigue and/or stomach pains.
Coronary artery disease
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Coronary artery disease
 Is a condition in which
plaque builds up inside
the coronary arteries.
The plaque is made up of
fat, cholesterol, calcium,
and other substances
found in blood. When
plaque build up in the
arteries, it is called
atherosclerosis.
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Coronary artery disease
 A common symptom of CAD is angina.
 If CAD causes heart failure, then you will likely see the
patient short of breath.
 Some patients that have CAD have no signs or symptoms.
 MI’s usually are a result of a sudden occlusion of a
coronary artery, from plaque breaking free.
 CAD can lead to angina, heart attack, heart failure and
arrhythmias.
Pre-hospital care
 CPR and defibrillation in the event of
cardiac arrest.
 High concentration of oxygen
 Pain relief-morphine
 Aspirin
 Diesel
Coronary artery disease
 Can be increased by
smoking , obesity,
physical inactivity.
 Genetic factors play a
role, example disorders
such as hypertension and
hypothyroidism
contribute to risk.
 Ways to prevent it are
exercise, diet, aspirin,
omega-3 fatty acids.
Estimates for 2004
 Hypertension-72 million
 CHD-15.8 million
 MI-7.9 million
 Angina-8.9 million
 Stroke-5.7 million
 CVD
 Claimed 871,500
 1 of ever 2.8 deaths
 147,000 <65
 From 94-04 death rate
declined 25%.
 CHD
 452,300 deaths
 Single leading cause of
death in America today.
 94-04 death rate declined
33%.
Sources
 Bryan E. Bledsoe, Robert S. Porter, and Richard A Cherry.
Paramedic Care. New Jersey:Brady, 2006.
 Mark H. Beers, Robert S. Porter, Thomas V. Jones, Justin L
Kaplan, Michael Berkwrits. The Merck Manual:Eighteenth
Edition. New Jersey:Merck Research Laboratories, 2006.
 Stephanie Trelogan. “What is Coronary Artery Disease?,”
GeneticHealth. 2000, 2001. California. 9/12/2000.
http://www.genetichealth.com/HD_What_Is_Coronary_Artery_
Disease.shtml
 Mayoclinic.com. “Mitral valve prolapse,” Revolution Health.
2007. April 25, 2007.
http://content.revolutionhealth.com/contentimages/imagesimage_popup-r7_mvp.jpg
 Wikipedia. “Heart Disease,” Wikipedia. California, November
24, 2007. http://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_disease