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Professor: Hufford/Biederman S.I. Leader: Stephanie Schneider Biology 211 (2) Week 3! ! Last of Chapter 29! VOCABULARY: ! Pathogenic: causes disease Antibiotics: Molecules produced naturally by bacteria and fungi that kill or stop bacteria from growing Virulence: The ability to cause disease; a heritable trait that varies among individuals in a population Koch’s Postulates: An infectious disease is spread by being passed from an infected individual to an uninfected individual Hygiene Hypothesis: ! Antibiotic overuse has reduced the diversity of good “species,” which contributes to increase in autoimmune disorders (asthma, Multiple sclerosis, diabetes) Germ Theory: States that some disease are caused by microorganisms ! KEY CONCEPTS:! 1. Do most bacteria cause disease? Why are some bacteria pathogenic? Why is antibiotic resistance a growing concern? a. A very small percent of bacteria cause disease. b. Virulence, or the ability to cause disease, is a heritable trait that varies among individuals in a population. Pathogenic strains acquired virulence genes, and some include the one coding for a protein toxin. 2. When were antibiotics discovered? a. 1928 3. Why is antibiotic resistance a growing concern? a. The extensive use of antibiotics over time led to the evolution of drug-resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria. One study found that there are now soildwelling bacteria in natural environments that—far from being killed by antibiotics—actually use them as food. Some researchers claim we are entering a “post-antibiotic era” in medicine. 4. What is the Hygiene hypothesis? What are examples of disorders that are possibly being caused by this? a. Hygiene hypothesis: antibiotic overuse has reduced the diversity of the good “species” in the microbiome (microbes in human guts) i. May be leading to asthma, multiple sclerosis, diabetes ! ! ! Professor: Hufford/Biederman ! S.I. Leader: Stephanie Schneider Beginning of Chapter 30! VOCABULARY:! Asexual reproduction: Generates offspring identical to a single parent Cilia: Hair-like organelles that extend from the surface of cells Diploid: Has 2 copies of DNA (2N) Endosymbiosis Theory: One prokaryote cell engulfed another prokaryote cell, and joined in a symbiotic relationship (mitochondria & chloroplasts) Fertilization: The fusion of two haploid cells to form a diploid cell, such as a zygote Flagella: organelles that Haploid: Has 1 copy of DNA (1N) Ploidy: How many chromosome copies an organism has Polyploidy: Having more than two copies of DNA Protists: refers to all eukaryotes that are not land plants, fungi, or animals Pseudopodia: Temporary projections that allow movement of an organisms (pseudo=fake, pod=foot) Sexual Reproduction: Two parents contribute genetic information to a unique offspring(s) ! project from the cell and whip back and forth to produce swimming movements KEY CONCEPTS:! 1. What are the two different ways of reproduction in Eukaryotes? Which provides two identical daughter cells? Which provides four distinct daughter cells? a. Mitosis and meiosis b. Mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells c. Meiosis produces four genetically distinct haploid daughter cells 2. What is the theory that describes how Eukaryotes came to be? Explain. Professor: Hufford/Biederman S.I. Leader: Stephanie Schneider 3. What are two organelles found in eukaryotes today that were possibly prokaryotes at one point in time? a. Chloroplasts and Mitochondria 4. Meiosis results in a. Four genetically distinct daughter cells b. Four genetically identical daughter cells c. Two identical daughter cells d. Two distinct daughter cells 5. What are examples of Diploid and Haploid cells found in humans? a. Diploid: Most human cells (Ex: Skin cells) b. Haploid: Human egg and sperm cells 6. During meiosis, a cell goes from_________to four________cells. a. Diploid; haploid 7. During mitosis, a cell goes from diploid to ________. It can also go from haploid to _______. a. Diploid; haploid 8. What are four possible ways that protists move in their environment? a. Flagella, cilia, pseudopodia, gliding 9. What is an example of a parasitic protist that infects many humans to this day? a. Malaria 10. Why isn’t Malaria common in the US today? a. Use of antibiotics b. Use of mass bug spray c. It has been eradicated d. Massive infrastructure projects 11. What drink did the British use to prevent malaria during the Raj? a. Manhattan b. Pina Colada c. Gin and Tonic d. Gimlet 12. Define haploid and diploid. Which is 2n and which is 1n? What does n mean in this context? a. n=set of chromosomes b. Diploid cells have two copies of DNA (two sets of chromosomes) c. Haploid cells have one copy of DNA (one set of chromosomes) Professor: Hufford/Biederman S.I. Leader: Stephanie Schneider 13. Compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each mode of reproduction? Does a stressful environment favor sexual or asexual reproduction? Explain. a. Asexual reproduction is based on mitosis and cell division in eukaryotes i. Advantages: Really quick; if environment is perfect, better to have as many organisms as possible ii. Disadvantages: Not genetically diverse b. Sexual reproduction is based on meiosis and fusion of gametes i. Advantages: Genetically different, better for adaptation to fight disease ii. Disadvantages: Slow c. A stressful environment would call for sexual reproduction because the population needs to diversify in order for survival