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Chapter 15
Therapies for Psychological Disorders
Figure 15.F01: Types of psychological training programs
Figure 15.F02: The first Bethlem Hospital was built in the 14th century. Known as
"Bedlam", this was the first hospital especializing in the treatment of psychiatric
conditions.
© Middle Temple Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Figure 15.F03: Dorothea Dix was an leader in the ethical treatment for those in
psychaitric hospitals. She was responsible for founding of dozens of mental institutions
in the US.
© National Library of Medicine
Figure 15.F04: As the population in the mental hospitals declined through
deinstutionalization, the prison population increased dramatically.
Data from Harcourt, Bernard E., An Institutionalization Effect: The Impact of Mental
Hospitalization and Imprisonment on Homicide in the United States, 1934-2001
(March 1, 2007). Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 40, 2011; University of Chicago Law &
Economics, Olin Working Paper No. 335; University of Chicago, Public Law Working
Paper No. 155. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=970341
Figure 15.F05: In 1955 the first antipsychotic medictions were in wide use. By 1955,
the number of patients in mental hospitals had been reduced remarkably.
Data from Deinstitutionalization - Special Reports | The New
Asylums | FRONTLINE | PBS Out of the Shadows: Confronting
America's Mental Illness Crisis by E. Fuller Torrey, M.D. (New
York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997).
Figure 15.F06: Dr. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), in 1885
Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints &
Photographs Division, [reproduction number LCUSZ62-1234]
Figure 15.F07: The Darwin-Coxe Machine was used to swing patients until they were
quiet.
© Library of Congress/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Figure 15.F08: In classic psychoanalysis, the therapist is out of view of the client.
© Creatas/Thinkstock
Figure 15.F09: In short-term psychodynamic therapy, client and therapist sit face to
face in a more goal oriented approach.
© Rob Marmion/ShutterStock, Inc.
Figure 15.F10: Dr. Carl Rogers
Figure 15.F11A: A bell and pad device uses classical conditioning techniques as a
treatment for bedwetting
Courtesy of Malem Medical, http://www.malem.co.uk
Figure 15.F11B: A bell and pad device uses classical conditioning techniques as a
treatment for bedwetting
Figure 15.F12: Classical conditioning helps to associate a full bladder with waking up.
Figure 15.F13: Virtual reality exposure therapy is a form of behavior therapy in which
the soldier is subjected to simulations of the event that caused the PTSD symptoms.
© US Army/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Figure 15.F14: SSRIs block the reabsorption of serotonin (represented as green beads)
to the presynaptic cell (red) and increase the availability of serotonin in the synapse
Figure 15.F15: Patient undergoing electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in which seizures
are electrically induced in anesthetized patients for therapeutic effect.
© Will & Deni McIntyre/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Figure 15.F16: Frontal lobotomies used to be performed on individuals with severe
aggression to intentionally damage regions involved in emotion. This image shows
inactive regions in the frontal lobe.
© Living Art Enterprises, LLC/Photo Researchers, Inc
Figure 15.F17: Using a high powered magnet, Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic
Stimulation (rTMS) excites neurons in the brain, triggering activity.
© Richard T. Nowitz/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Figure 15.F18: electrodes for Deep Brain Stimulation treatment
© Medical Body Scans/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Figure 15.F19: Interventions for psychological conditions can occur on multiple levels
Figure 15.VOA
© iStockphoto/Thinkstock
Figure 15.VOB
© iStockphoto/Thinkstock
Table 15.T01: Hierarchy of Fears for Flying
Table 15.T02: Examples of Maladaptive Beliefs in Cognitive Therapy
Table 15.T03: Commonly prescribed Monoamine Oxidease Inhibitors MAOIs
Table 15.T04: Foods to avoid with Monoamine Oxidease Inhibitors MAOIs
Data from Gardner, Shulman, Wealker & Tailor, 1996
Table 15.T05: Commonly prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Table 15.T06: Commonly prescribed selective serotonin norepinephrine reuptake
inhibitors (SNRIs)
Table 15.T07: Commonly prescribed benzodiazepines
Table 15.T08: Commonly prescribed mood stabilizers
Table 15.T09: Commonly prescribed antipsychotic medications
Table 15.T10: Empirically supported therapies for psychological conditions
Data from the American Psychological Association,
Division 12, Society of Clinical Psychology
Figure 15.T04A: Foods to avoid with Monoamine Oxidease Inhibitors MAOIs
© .shock/ShutterStock, Inc.
Figure 15.T04B: Foods to avoid with Monoamine Oxidease Inhibitors MAOIs
© Knud Nielsen/ShutterStock, Inc.
Figure 15.T04C: Foods to avoid with Monoamine Oxidease Inhibitors MAOIs
© Lilyana Vynogradova/ShutterStock, Inc.
Figure 15.T04D: Foods to avoid with Monoamine Oxidease Inhibitors MAOIs
© SunnyS/ShutterStock, Inc.
Figure 15.T04E: Foods to avoid with Monoamine Oxidease Inhibitors MAOIs
© Maxim Tupikov/ShutterStock, Inc.
Figure 15.T04F: Foods to avoid with Monoamine Oxidease Inhibitors MAOIs
© nito/ShutterStock, Inc.
Figure 15.T04G: Foods to avoid with Monoamine Oxidease Inhibitors MAOIs
© Gregory Gerber/ShutterStock, Inc.
Figure 15.UN01: Psychiatrists work with clients may include writing prescriptions to
treat psychological conditions.
© Arena Creative/ShutterStock, Inc.
Figure 15.UN02: Even in the mid 1940s in the United States, patients in mental
hospitals were subjectyed to inadequate conditions.
© Jerry Cooke/Photo Researchers, Inc
Figure 15.UN03: The couch of Sigmund Freud
© Geraint Lewis/Alamy Images
Figure 15.UN04: The bell and pad treatment can be an effective behavioral treatment
for bedwetting
© Jupiterimages/Brand X Pictures/Thinkstock
Figure 15.UN05: painting a bad tasting liquid on the finger nails can be an example of
aversive conditioning.
© Piotr Marcincki/ShutterStock, Inc.
Figure 15.UN06: Cognitive and rational emotive therapists may ask clients to fill out
forms in order to analyze their thoughts.
© mast3r/ShutterStock, Inc.
Figure 15.UN07: Family and couples therapy attempt to change the way that
individuals in a group relate to one another.
© Garo/Phanie/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Figure 15.UN08: Both therapy and support groups treat clients in a collective setting.
© Will & Deni McIntyre/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Figure 15.UN09: Primary theoretical orientations for therapists.
Reproduced from Norcross, J. C., Hedges, M., & Castle, P. H.
(2002). Psychologists conducting psychotherapy in 2001: A
study of the Division 29 membership. Psychotherapy:
Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 39(1), 97-102.
doi:10.1037/0033-3204.39.1.97
Figure 15.UN10: A pepperoni pizza can be a problematic choice for those on MAOIs
© Mike Flippo/ShutterStock, Inc.
Figure 15.UN11: Celexa (Citalopram) is an antidepressant/ anti anxiety medication
which acts as a SSRI, increasing the amount of the neurotransmitter in the synaptic
gap.
© Chris Gallagher/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Figure 15.UN12: Risperidal is a second generation antipsychotic
© Robert Brook/Photo Researchers, Inc.