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Chapter 15 Therapies for Psychological Disorders Figure 15.F01: Types of psychological training programs Figure 15.F02: The first Bethlem Hospital was built in the 14th century. Known as "Bedlam", this was the first hospital especializing in the treatment of psychiatric conditions. © Middle Temple Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. Figure 15.F03: Dorothea Dix was an leader in the ethical treatment for those in psychaitric hospitals. She was responsible for founding of dozens of mental institutions in the US. © National Library of Medicine Figure 15.F04: As the population in the mental hospitals declined through deinstutionalization, the prison population increased dramatically. Data from Harcourt, Bernard E., An Institutionalization Effect: The Impact of Mental Hospitalization and Imprisonment on Homicide in the United States, 1934-2001 (March 1, 2007). Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 40, 2011; University of Chicago Law & Economics, Olin Working Paper No. 335; University of Chicago, Public Law Working Paper No. 155. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=970341 Figure 15.F05: In 1955 the first antipsychotic medictions were in wide use. By 1955, the number of patients in mental hospitals had been reduced remarkably. Data from Deinstitutionalization - Special Reports | The New Asylums | FRONTLINE | PBS Out of the Shadows: Confronting America's Mental Illness Crisis by E. Fuller Torrey, M.D. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997). Figure 15.F06: Dr. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), in 1885 Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, [reproduction number LCUSZ62-1234] Figure 15.F07: The Darwin-Coxe Machine was used to swing patients until they were quiet. © Library of Congress/Photo Researchers, Inc. Figure 15.F08: In classic psychoanalysis, the therapist is out of view of the client. © Creatas/Thinkstock Figure 15.F09: In short-term psychodynamic therapy, client and therapist sit face to face in a more goal oriented approach. © Rob Marmion/ShutterStock, Inc. Figure 15.F10: Dr. Carl Rogers Figure 15.F11A: A bell and pad device uses classical conditioning techniques as a treatment for bedwetting Courtesy of Malem Medical, http://www.malem.co.uk Figure 15.F11B: A bell and pad device uses classical conditioning techniques as a treatment for bedwetting Figure 15.F12: Classical conditioning helps to associate a full bladder with waking up. Figure 15.F13: Virtual reality exposure therapy is a form of behavior therapy in which the soldier is subjected to simulations of the event that caused the PTSD symptoms. © US Army/Photo Researchers, Inc. Figure 15.F14: SSRIs block the reabsorption of serotonin (represented as green beads) to the presynaptic cell (red) and increase the availability of serotonin in the synapse Figure 15.F15: Patient undergoing electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in which seizures are electrically induced in anesthetized patients for therapeutic effect. © Will & Deni McIntyre/Photo Researchers, Inc. Figure 15.F16: Frontal lobotomies used to be performed on individuals with severe aggression to intentionally damage regions involved in emotion. This image shows inactive regions in the frontal lobe. © Living Art Enterprises, LLC/Photo Researchers, Inc Figure 15.F17: Using a high powered magnet, Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) excites neurons in the brain, triggering activity. © Richard T. Nowitz/Photo Researchers, Inc. Figure 15.F18: electrodes for Deep Brain Stimulation treatment © Medical Body Scans/Photo Researchers, Inc. Figure 15.F19: Interventions for psychological conditions can occur on multiple levels Figure 15.VOA © iStockphoto/Thinkstock Figure 15.VOB © iStockphoto/Thinkstock Table 15.T01: Hierarchy of Fears for Flying Table 15.T02: Examples of Maladaptive Beliefs in Cognitive Therapy Table 15.T03: Commonly prescribed Monoamine Oxidease Inhibitors MAOIs Table 15.T04: Foods to avoid with Monoamine Oxidease Inhibitors MAOIs Data from Gardner, Shulman, Wealker & Tailor, 1996 Table 15.T05: Commonly prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Table 15.T06: Commonly prescribed selective serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) Table 15.T07: Commonly prescribed benzodiazepines Table 15.T08: Commonly prescribed mood stabilizers Table 15.T09: Commonly prescribed antipsychotic medications Table 15.T10: Empirically supported therapies for psychological conditions Data from the American Psychological Association, Division 12, Society of Clinical Psychology Figure 15.T04A: Foods to avoid with Monoamine Oxidease Inhibitors MAOIs © .shock/ShutterStock, Inc. Figure 15.T04B: Foods to avoid with Monoamine Oxidease Inhibitors MAOIs © Knud Nielsen/ShutterStock, Inc. Figure 15.T04C: Foods to avoid with Monoamine Oxidease Inhibitors MAOIs © Lilyana Vynogradova/ShutterStock, Inc. Figure 15.T04D: Foods to avoid with Monoamine Oxidease Inhibitors MAOIs © SunnyS/ShutterStock, Inc. Figure 15.T04E: Foods to avoid with Monoamine Oxidease Inhibitors MAOIs © Maxim Tupikov/ShutterStock, Inc. Figure 15.T04F: Foods to avoid with Monoamine Oxidease Inhibitors MAOIs © nito/ShutterStock, Inc. Figure 15.T04G: Foods to avoid with Monoamine Oxidease Inhibitors MAOIs © Gregory Gerber/ShutterStock, Inc. Figure 15.UN01: Psychiatrists work with clients may include writing prescriptions to treat psychological conditions. © Arena Creative/ShutterStock, Inc. Figure 15.UN02: Even in the mid 1940s in the United States, patients in mental hospitals were subjectyed to inadequate conditions. © Jerry Cooke/Photo Researchers, Inc Figure 15.UN03: The couch of Sigmund Freud © Geraint Lewis/Alamy Images Figure 15.UN04: The bell and pad treatment can be an effective behavioral treatment for bedwetting © Jupiterimages/Brand X Pictures/Thinkstock Figure 15.UN05: painting a bad tasting liquid on the finger nails can be an example of aversive conditioning. © Piotr Marcincki/ShutterStock, Inc. Figure 15.UN06: Cognitive and rational emotive therapists may ask clients to fill out forms in order to analyze their thoughts. © mast3r/ShutterStock, Inc. Figure 15.UN07: Family and couples therapy attempt to change the way that individuals in a group relate to one another. © Garo/Phanie/Photo Researchers, Inc. Figure 15.UN08: Both therapy and support groups treat clients in a collective setting. © Will & Deni McIntyre/Photo Researchers, Inc. Figure 15.UN09: Primary theoretical orientations for therapists. Reproduced from Norcross, J. C., Hedges, M., & Castle, P. H. (2002). Psychologists conducting psychotherapy in 2001: A study of the Division 29 membership. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 39(1), 97-102. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.39.1.97 Figure 15.UN10: A pepperoni pizza can be a problematic choice for those on MAOIs © Mike Flippo/ShutterStock, Inc. Figure 15.UN11: Celexa (Citalopram) is an antidepressant/ anti anxiety medication which acts as a SSRI, increasing the amount of the neurotransmitter in the synaptic gap. © Chris Gallagher/Photo Researchers, Inc. Figure 15.UN12: Risperidal is a second generation antipsychotic © Robert Brook/Photo Researchers, Inc.