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Transcript
SOL: PS.10! I. Measuring Motion A. Distance – how far an object has moved 1. Common unitsà m, cm, km 2. Formula à speed x time 3. Displacementà distance and direction; ex. 25 km, North *** Distance or Displacement? a. 45 m à distance b. 2 cm, left àdisplacement c. 60 km, West à displacement d. 100 cm à distance B. Speed- how far an object travels in a certain amount of time 1. Common unitsà m/s, km/h 2. Formula à distance/time 3. Velocity à speed and direction Ex. 55 km/h, East ** Speed or Velocity? a. 20 m/s àspeed b. 70 km/h, West àvelocity c. 5 m/s àspeed d. 9.8 m/s, down àvelocity C. Time- refers to how long an object takes to travel a distance 1. Common unitsà seconds, hours 2. Formula à distance/speed *Quick Calculations Practice Problems 1. A car travels 1000 meters in 20 seconds. What is its speed? s = 50 m/s 2. An airplane travels at 240 km/hr for 2 hours. What distance is traveled? d = 480 km 3. A taxi cab travels 140 km at a rate of 70km/hr. How long does the trip take? t = 2 hr D. Acceleration- change in velocity 1. Common unitsà km/h/s, m/s2 2. Formulaà (final speed-starting speed) time 3. Positive acceleration- speed is increasing 4. Negative acceleration- speed is decreasing ** also known as deceleration Practice Problems for Acceleration Final speed - starting speed time 1. A car accelerates from rest to 30m/s in 15 seconds. What is its acceleration? a = 2 m/s2 2. A car decelerates from 80m/s to 40 m/s in 2 seconds. What is its acceleration? a = -20 m/s2 II. Nature of Forces A. Force - a push or pull on an object 1. Can cause an object’s motion to change 2. Unitsà Newtons (N) or kg x m/s2 3. Net force àsum of forces a. Balanced force- same size, opposite directions; no movement b. Unbalanced force- different size, same/different direction; movement occurs B. Newton’s 1st law of motion 1. Also called the law of inertia 2. Law states- an object at rest remains still and an object in motion keeps moving unless an outside force changes it *Examples a. Pulling off a tablecloth leaving dishes behind b. Leaning forward when the car comes to a stop C. Newton’s 2nd Law 1. Shows the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration * The greater the force the greater the acceleration * Acceleration and mass change opposite of each other 2. Formulaà F = mass X acceleration 3. Measurement tool à spring scale F mxa F mxa Practice Problems for Force F= ma m = F/a a = F/m 1. What force is needed to push your 80 kg friend on a sled at an acceleration of 0.5 m/s2? F = 40 N 2. A student pedaling a bicycle applies a net force of 200N. The mass of the rider and the bicycle is 50kg. What is the acceleration of the bike and rider? a = 4 m/s2 D. Newton’s 3rd Law 1. Statesà For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction 2. Exampleà a rocket fires its engines downward and the rocket goes upward Review of Newton’s Laws of Motion 1. A magician pulls a tablecloth out from under dishes and glasses on a table without disturbing them. Answer: 1st law 2. A person’s body is thrown outward as a car rounds a curve on a highway. Answer: 1st law Review of Newton’s Laws of Motion 3. Rockets are launched into space using jet propulsion where exhaust accelerates out from the rocket and the rocket accelerates in an opposite direction. Answer: 3rd law 4. A picture is hanging on a wall and does not move. Answer: 1st law Review of Newton’s Laws of Motion 5. A person not wearing a seatbelt flies through a car window when someone slams on the breaks because the person’s body wants to remain in continuous motion even when the car stops. Answer: 1st law 6. Pushing a child on a swing is easier than pushing an adult on the same swing, because the adult has more mass. Answer: 2nd law Review of Newton’s Laws of Motion 7. A soccer ball accelerates more than a bowling ball when thrown with the same force. Answer: 2nd law 8. A soccer player kicks a ball with their foot and their toes are left stinging. Answer: 3rd law Review of Newton’s Laws of Motion 9. A student leaves a pencil on a desk and the pencil stays in the same spot until another student picks it up. Answer: 1st law 10. Two students are in a baseball game. The first student hits a ball very hard and it has a greater acceleration than the second student who bunts the ball lightly. Answer: 2nd law III. Friction and Gravity A. Friction – force of resistance between objects that touch B. Types of Friction 1. Sliding- objects slide past each other; ex. hockey puck on ice 2. Rolling- objects roll over another; ex. bowling ball going down the lane 3. Fluid- caused by gases or liquids; ex. Baseball flying through the air C. Projectile motion - objects travel in curved paths due to gravity and inertia D. Centripetal force - keeps objects moving in a circle; ex. Amusement park rides, satellites, and spinning a bucket of water without spilling it E. Law of gravitation - a force of attraction exists between objects 1. Gravity gives the universe structure 2. Weight – the force of gravity on an object 3. Acceleration due to gravity- 9.8m/s2 **All objects fall with the same acceleration regardless of mass ** Air resistance determines how fast something falls, not gravity IV. Graphing Motion Highlight the key terms associated with each graph shape. A. Constant B. No C. Average IV. Graphing Motion Highlight the key terms associated with each graph shape. D. Constant E. No IV. Graphing Motion Highlight the key terms associated with each graph shape. F. Average G. Negative