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4/12/2016 Adrenal Glands Image From: http://www.hawaiilife.com/articles/2012/03/good-news-vacation-rental-owners/ 70 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 10.14a Adrenal Glands Adrenal gland Adrenal Glands Adrenal cortex • Mineralocorticoids • Gonadocorticoids • Glucocorticoids • Controlled by both nerves and hormones – Adrenal Medulla Adrenal medulla • Controlled by nerves from the hypothalamus • Epinephrine • Norepinephrine – Adrenal Cortex • Controlled by ACTH (a hormone) secreted by the anterior pituitary gland (b) A section through the adrenal gland reveals two regions, the outer adrenal cortex and the inner adrenal medulla. These regions secrete different hormones. 73 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 10.14b Adrenal Glands • Adrenal Medulla Adrenal Glands • Adrenal Cortex – Epinephrine – 2 types of hormones secreted • Increases blood pressure • Increases heart rate • Increases blood glucose levels 74 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc • Mineralocorticoids • Glucocorticoids 75 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 1 4/12/2016 Adrenal Glands - Cortex • Mineralocorticoids Adrenal Glands - Cortex • Aldosterone – Example: Aldosterone – Mineral homeostasis – Water balance – Promotes renal absorption of Na+ and renal excretion of K+ – Increased blood pressure • Target – Kidneys 76 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 77 Adrenal Glands - Cortex • Glucocorticoids Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Adrenal Glands - Cortex • Cortisol – Effects glucose homeostasis – Act on the liver to promote the conversion of fat and protein into intermediate substances available to the body’s cells – Inhibit the inflammatory response – Aids in allowing us to survive stress – Example: Cortisol – Influences carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism – Suppress the immune system • Target – All over the body 78 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 79 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Review Questions • What effect does the presence of epinephrine have on blood pressure? • Which hormone effects the adrenal cortex? • Name the complex carbohydrate that is stored in humans. • Where is the complex carbohydrate stored in the body? • What gland secretes cortisol? 80 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Bali Image From: https://www.tripadvisor.com/Hotel_Review-g297701-d603335-Reviews-Viceroy_BaliUbud_Bali.html 81 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 2 4/12/2016 Pancreas Pancreas • Secreted from the pancreatic islets Stomach Common bile duct (from gallbladder and liver) – Islets of Langerhans • Regulate blood glucose levels through two hormones – Glucagon – Insulin Pancreas Pancreatic duct Duodenum (first part of small intestine) (a) Structure of the pancreas and associated ducts. Exocrine cells of the pancreas secrete digestive enzymes into the pancreatic duct, which unites with the common bile duct before entering the small intestine. 83 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 10.17a Pancreas Gland Hormones Pancreas • Glucagon – Raises blood glucose (BG) levels – Stimulates breakdown of glycogen to glucose – Stimulates formation of glucose from lactic acid • Target – Liver 85 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 10.17b Pancreas Pancreas • Insulin – Lowers BG – Stimulates transport of glucose into muscle cells, white blood cells and connective tissue cells – Inhibits breakdown of glycogen to glucose – Prevents conversion of amino and fatty acids into glucose – Stimulates formation of triglycerides from glucose 87 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 10.18 (2 of 2) 3 4/12/2016 Pancreas Pancreatic Disorders • Diabetes Mellitus – Lack of insulin (Type 1) – Inability of cells to respond to insulin as they should (Type 2) 89 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 10.18 (1 of 2) Review Questions Galapagos • What type of diabetes is caused by the lack of insulin? • What does glucagon do to the blood glucose level? Image From: http://www.avalonwaterways.com/Experience-Avalon/Galapagos/ 90 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 91 Gonads – Ovaries & Testes • Controlled by hypothalamus and the pituitary gland • Testes Gonads - Testes • Testosterone – Stimulates growth of male reproductive organs – Male secondary sex characteristics – Larynx & vocal cords to enlarge – Muscular strength of males – Testosterone • Ovaries – Progesterone – Estrogen 92 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 93 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 4 4/12/2016 Gonads - Ovaries Anabolic Steroids • Side Effects • Estrogen & Progesterone – Increase in body odor – Baldness – Acne – Breast enlargement (men) – Kidney disease – Decrease testicular size – Stimulates growth of female reproductive organs – Secondary sex characteristics – Egg maturation – Regulates ovarian and uterine cycles 94 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 95 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Pineal Gland Pineal gland Cerebrum – Low sperm count – Impotence – High cholesterol – High BP – Heart damage – Liver dysfunction – Liver cancer – Stunted growth – Personality changes Pineal Gland Hypothalamus • Secretes Melatonin – Involved in daily sleep-wake cycle – Regulates sexual development – May play a role in SAD Skull 97 Pituitary gland Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 10.19 Review Question • Which endocrine gland is the most involved in the immune response? – Adrenal medulla – Pancreas – Thymus – Ovaries 98 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Kidneys • Erythropoietin – Stimulates bone marrow to produce more red blood cells (RBCs) • Renin – Stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone – Increases BP 99 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 5 4/12/2016 Summary HORMONE ADH Oxytocin PRODUCED TARGET TISSUE Hypothalamus Posterior Pituitary Kidney Hypothalamus Posterior Pituitary Hypothalamicreleasing Hypothalamus Hypothalamus hormone Hypothalamicinhibiting Hypothalamus Hypothalamus hormones 100 Summary RELEASED FROM HORMONE PRODUCED RELEASED FROM TARGET TISSUE TSH ACTH FSH LH Anterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary Uterus Mammary Glands Anterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary Prolactin Anterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary GH Anterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary Thyroid Adrenal Cortex Ovaries, Testes Ovaries, Testes Mammary Glands Bones, Muscle and Cartilage Anterior Pituitary Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 101 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Summary Summary HORMONE PRODUCED RELEASED FROM Thyroxine (T4) Thyroid Thyroid Triiodothyronine (T3) Thyroid Thyroid Throughout body Aldosterone Calcitonin Thyroid Thyroid Bones, Kidneys Cortisol 102 TARGET TISSUE Throughout body Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc HORMONE Epinephrine 103 Adrenal Cortex Kidney Muscle, Adipose, Immune Summary HORMONE PRODUCED RELEASED FROM TARGET TISSUE Insulin Pancreas Pancreas Liver, muscle, WBC, connective tissue, adipose Glucagon Pancreas Pancreas Liver, muscle, adipose Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Adrenal Cortex TARGET TISSUE Throughout body Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Summary 104 Adrenal medulla Adrenal Cortex RELEASED FROM Adrenal medulla Adrenal Cortex PRODUCED TARGET TISSUE Throughout Testes Testes Testosterone (other tissues) (other tissues) body Throughout Estrogen Ovaries Ovaries body Throughout Progesterone Ovaries Ovaries body HORMONE 105 PRODUCED RELEASED FROM Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 6 4/12/2016 Summary TARGET TISSUE Throughout Melatonin Pineal Gland Pineal Gland body Bone Erythropoietin Kidneys Kidneys Marrow Adrenal Renin Kidneys Kidneys Cortex HORMONE 106 PRODUCED Summary RELEASED FROM Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc – How do they work? – How do they effect the target cells? – Know the differences and examples of each type of hormone 108 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc – How is each controlled? Which hormones are released from which part? • Know the side effects of cortisol 110 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc RELEASED FROM PTH Parathyroid Gland Parathyroid Gland Thymosin Thymus Thymus Leptin Adipose Throughout Prostaglandins body 107 TARGET TISSUE Bones, Kidneys, Intestine T cells T Cells Thymus Thymus Hypothalamus Adipose Throughout Throughout body body Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Important Concepts • Where are ALL the hormones produced and released from? – What are the functions of the hormones? – What is the target of the hormones? • Know all the disorders discussed – Cause, Effect, Treatments • Know location and names of the endocrine glands, be able to label a drawing with the glands 109 Important Concepts • How does the hypothalamus control the pituitary? • What is the function of the hypothalamus? • How are the adrenal glands controlled? • What are the 2 parts of the adrenal glands? PRODUCED Thymopoietin Important Concepts • What is the function of the endocrine system? • What are the similarities and differences between neurotransmitters and hormones? • What are the 2 types of hormones? HORMONE Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Important Concepts • How are calcium levels in the blood regulated? – What hormones and glands regulate it? • How are BG levels regulated? What hormones and glands regulate it? • Know the causes of the 2 types of diabetes 111 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 7 4/12/2016 Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis Hypothalamic Pituitary Thyroid Axis Image From: https://gravesdiseaseproject.wordpres s.com/hormone-regulation/ Image From: http://www.thepaleomom.com/2015/01/stress-undermines-health.html 112 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 113 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc The End Hypothalamic Pituitary Gonadal Axis Image From: http://www.endocrinesurg eon.co.uk/index.php/what -is-the-hypothalamopituitary-axis Image From: http://community.babycenter.com/post/a35803612/baby_butt_at_the_beach_pic 114 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 115 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 8
