Download Day 12 TT anatomy

Anatomy
The musculoskeletal system
Axes and planes of the body
Axis
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Longitudinal axis- head to toe
Horizontal axis – right to left
Sagittal – front to back
Planes
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Sagittal plane- cross section- 2 halves
Transverse plane- horizontal slice
Frontal plane – plane parallel to forehead
Positions and directions
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Superior/ inferior- top and bottom
Anterior/ posterior- front and back
Medial / lateral- towards the body (midline) and away from the body.
Distal proximal- describing part of the limb that is away from or towards the body. Distal
like distance proximal proximity. Only to limbs where the limb is to the part of the body.
Movements
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Flexion/ extension
Internal/ external rotation
Adduction/abduction
All movements in ball and sockets include rotation. Look at joint that causes the rotation to
decide internal or external.
The bones
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206 bones
Fibrous (band of fibres) / cartilaginous/ synovial joints
Periosteum “stocking of the bone”. Connected to fascia and ligaments
Shape of bone depends on mechanical demands placed on it
Jennifer Wathall Yoga TT 2009
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Long bones/ short bones/ flat bones and irregular bones
Bones produce red and white blood cells
Clavicle absorbs the intensity of the shock when you fall
Every bone has a body rhythm and expansion
Scapula flat bone
Know all the bones of the body for the exam remember
Periosteum surrounds the bone and is a continuity with fascia and connective tissues- protects
changes in the bone sends message to brain – pain!!! Fascia is like glad wrap it wraps around
the whole body. All the fasciae are tied together and allows continuity.
Function of the clavicle and s shape what is the purpose of S shape- shock absorbing property.
From top to bottom in front
Skull 29 bones
Mandible
TMJ (jaw bone)
Clavicle- s shaped bone (collar bone)
Sternum
Manubrium
7 ribs attached to you sternum and Manubrium
12 ribs in total on each side
Next 3 ribs attached to common cartilage, 2 floating ribs at the back (purpose unknown!) at
the back
Pelvis – 3 bones but look at it as one entity
Pelvis attaches to the femur which goes all the way down to
Patella bone in front of knee (sesamoid bone embedded in the tendon allows the knee to
track to control the tracking- in a symmetrical fashion) in the exam eg patella tracking
syndrome
Tibia – attached to femur flexion, Extends
Bone lateral to tibia is fibula
Between tibia and fibula is a fibrous joint
Jennifer Wathall Yoga TT 2009
Tarsal bones, metatarsal
Phalanges
Arms- humorous, lower arm radius. Radius is lateral to the ulna. Distal radial joint is the wrist.
Proximal radial joint is the elbow.
In the wrist there are 8 carpal bones
Anatomical position
Back of body bones
Shoulder blade- scapula attaches to the humorous and clavicle
Spine
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Cervical
Thorasic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Sacrum – sacred bone and coccyx
Centre of life, ovulation starts here – nervous system starts here. In yoga expanding sacrum
creates mobility memories of where it all started.
The joints
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Immovable and movableSeparated by joint space
Movable joints are separated by synovial fluid and enclosed by a capsule (shoulder/knee)
Immovable are separated by intra- articular ligaments
Pelvis and sacrum joints move a little to give space in sacrum
Pregnant woman have relaxing hormone which soften all ligaments and bones expand a
little –increased flexibility 10X more. So you can create instability- especially in sacrum
and shifts which results in pain.
Some joints have discs- clavicle and sternum – the disc shifts don as you move you arm
up. Your jaw has a disc also. The click in the jaw. The knee also has discs which is called
meniscus. Sits between the tibia and fibula- absorb the shock. This is in exam.
Function of the joints
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Movements
Inter-articular discs (not same as SPINE discs) to increase surface contact
JAW TMJ and sternoclavicle joint
Jennifer Wathall Yoga TT 2009
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Meniscus of knee to increase shock absorption.
Joint cartilage
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Mechanical and shock absorbing properties
Optimal nutrition of the joint requires movement “concepts of loading and
unloading”. If you don’t move your body- all your joints will compress- suction
between all synovial joints- decreased space decrease nutrition and arthritis and will
die eventually.
Main Types of joints
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Ball and socket (hip, shoulder) in exam
Condylar joint (wrist)
Hinge joint (elbow)
Pivot joints (proximal radioulner joint- pivot when arm turns in and out)
Function and structure of skeletal muscles
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Muscles attaches via a tendon
Muscle has a belly and head
Tendons transfer the force of a muscle contraction from the muscle to the skeleton
Muscle fascia, tendon sheaths, bursae and sesasmoid bones reduces friction during
muscular work and so reduce effort. Tendonitis friction of bone and muscle. Anything
that white is meniscus, ligaments takes a long time to repair.
Agonist- action- contracting muscles
Antagonist- relaxing muscles.
Lever and fulcrum is a lever equal tension in every direction.
When you are in balance- equal force where balance in energy
Muscle imbalance lever is in neutral
Bursa decrease friction between muscle and bone.
Role of bursa and tendon
Tendon will transfer the force transfers the contraction and bursa will decrease the friction
between muscle and bone.
Jennifer Wathall Yoga TT 2009
Trunk, Pelvis and Limbs
Trunk
Spine has 33 vertebrae
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused in the sacrum) and 4-5 coccgeal (fused in the
coccyx) This is in exam
The Atlas and the Axis C1 and C2
First and second cervical vertebrae are called the Atlas and Axis.
Between vertebrae there is synovial discs- made up of fibers around it to allow for torsion.
Most of pressure goes in lumbar region as they bear weight of whole spine and rest of body.
Last 2 lumbar normally in joint disc has bulged and no stability in that disc.
C1 and C2 first and second cervical
Pivot joint first Cervical Atlas vertebrae one rotation is the rotation of your head most of
movements here is rotation. Rotation of neck comes from C1 and C2. In the exam
If first joint doesn’t work C1 then sacrum wont work either. They work together. If you correct
the sacrum then neck/ whip lash will be corrected.
Jennifer Wathall Yoga TT 2009
Movement of the spine
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Cervical spine is the most mobile
Thoracic spine = side bending/ rotation
Lumbars = flexion/ extension
Mobility of the Vertebral
Flexion of the spine ,rotation, lateral
Rib cage
Clavicle, sternum, Manubrium
In between ribs there are inter costal muscles- 3 layer external, internal and ???
Muscles of the trunk
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Back muscles
Thoracic
Abdominal
Diaphragm
Pelvic floor
The back muscles: trapezius, rhomboideus major and minor, levator scapulae (shoulder girdle
muscle) and lattissimus dorsi (wings!)
Front of the neck anterior thoracic muscle – sternocleidomastoid muscle helps in inhalation.
Jennifer Wathall Yoga TT 2009