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Anatomy The musculoskeletal system Axes and planes of the body Axis Longitudinal axis- head to toe Horizontal axis – right to left Sagittal – front to back Planes Sagittal plane- cross section- 2 halves Transverse plane- horizontal slice Frontal plane – plane parallel to forehead Positions and directions Superior/ inferior- top and bottom Anterior/ posterior- front and back Medial / lateral- towards the body (midline) and away from the body. Distal proximal- describing part of the limb that is away from or towards the body. Distal like distance proximal proximity. Only to limbs where the limb is to the part of the body. Movements Flexion/ extension Internal/ external rotation Adduction/abduction All movements in ball and sockets include rotation. Look at joint that causes the rotation to decide internal or external. The bones 206 bones Fibrous (band of fibres) / cartilaginous/ synovial joints Periosteum “stocking of the bone”. Connected to fascia and ligaments Shape of bone depends on mechanical demands placed on it Jennifer Wathall Yoga TT 2009 Long bones/ short bones/ flat bones and irregular bones Bones produce red and white blood cells Clavicle absorbs the intensity of the shock when you fall Every bone has a body rhythm and expansion Scapula flat bone Know all the bones of the body for the exam remember Periosteum surrounds the bone and is a continuity with fascia and connective tissues- protects changes in the bone sends message to brain – pain!!! Fascia is like glad wrap it wraps around the whole body. All the fasciae are tied together and allows continuity. Function of the clavicle and s shape what is the purpose of S shape- shock absorbing property. From top to bottom in front Skull 29 bones Mandible TMJ (jaw bone) Clavicle- s shaped bone (collar bone) Sternum Manubrium 7 ribs attached to you sternum and Manubrium 12 ribs in total on each side Next 3 ribs attached to common cartilage, 2 floating ribs at the back (purpose unknown!) at the back Pelvis – 3 bones but look at it as one entity Pelvis attaches to the femur which goes all the way down to Patella bone in front of knee (sesamoid bone embedded in the tendon allows the knee to track to control the tracking- in a symmetrical fashion) in the exam eg patella tracking syndrome Tibia – attached to femur flexion, Extends Bone lateral to tibia is fibula Between tibia and fibula is a fibrous joint Jennifer Wathall Yoga TT 2009 Tarsal bones, metatarsal Phalanges Arms- humorous, lower arm radius. Radius is lateral to the ulna. Distal radial joint is the wrist. Proximal radial joint is the elbow. In the wrist there are 8 carpal bones Anatomical position Back of body bones Shoulder blade- scapula attaches to the humorous and clavicle Spine Cervical Thorasic Lumbar Sacrum Sacrum – sacred bone and coccyx Centre of life, ovulation starts here – nervous system starts here. In yoga expanding sacrum creates mobility memories of where it all started. The joints Immovable and movableSeparated by joint space Movable joints are separated by synovial fluid and enclosed by a capsule (shoulder/knee) Immovable are separated by intra- articular ligaments Pelvis and sacrum joints move a little to give space in sacrum Pregnant woman have relaxing hormone which soften all ligaments and bones expand a little –increased flexibility 10X more. So you can create instability- especially in sacrum and shifts which results in pain. Some joints have discs- clavicle and sternum – the disc shifts don as you move you arm up. Your jaw has a disc also. The click in the jaw. The knee also has discs which is called meniscus. Sits between the tibia and fibula- absorb the shock. This is in exam. Function of the joints Movements Inter-articular discs (not same as SPINE discs) to increase surface contact JAW TMJ and sternoclavicle joint Jennifer Wathall Yoga TT 2009 Meniscus of knee to increase shock absorption. Joint cartilage Mechanical and shock absorbing properties Optimal nutrition of the joint requires movement “concepts of loading and unloading”. If you don’t move your body- all your joints will compress- suction between all synovial joints- decreased space decrease nutrition and arthritis and will die eventually. Main Types of joints Ball and socket (hip, shoulder) in exam Condylar joint (wrist) Hinge joint (elbow) Pivot joints (proximal radioulner joint- pivot when arm turns in and out) Function and structure of skeletal muscles Muscles attaches via a tendon Muscle has a belly and head Tendons transfer the force of a muscle contraction from the muscle to the skeleton Muscle fascia, tendon sheaths, bursae and sesasmoid bones reduces friction during muscular work and so reduce effort. Tendonitis friction of bone and muscle. Anything that white is meniscus, ligaments takes a long time to repair. Agonist- action- contracting muscles Antagonist- relaxing muscles. Lever and fulcrum is a lever equal tension in every direction. When you are in balance- equal force where balance in energy Muscle imbalance lever is in neutral Bursa decrease friction between muscle and bone. Role of bursa and tendon Tendon will transfer the force transfers the contraction and bursa will decrease the friction between muscle and bone. Jennifer Wathall Yoga TT 2009 Trunk, Pelvis and Limbs Trunk Spine has 33 vertebrae 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused in the sacrum) and 4-5 coccgeal (fused in the coccyx) This is in exam The Atlas and the Axis C1 and C2 First and second cervical vertebrae are called the Atlas and Axis. Between vertebrae there is synovial discs- made up of fibers around it to allow for torsion. Most of pressure goes in lumbar region as they bear weight of whole spine and rest of body. Last 2 lumbar normally in joint disc has bulged and no stability in that disc. C1 and C2 first and second cervical Pivot joint first Cervical Atlas vertebrae one rotation is the rotation of your head most of movements here is rotation. Rotation of neck comes from C1 and C2. In the exam If first joint doesn’t work C1 then sacrum wont work either. They work together. If you correct the sacrum then neck/ whip lash will be corrected. Jennifer Wathall Yoga TT 2009 Movement of the spine Cervical spine is the most mobile Thoracic spine = side bending/ rotation Lumbars = flexion/ extension Mobility of the Vertebral Flexion of the spine ,rotation, lateral Rib cage Clavicle, sternum, Manubrium In between ribs there are inter costal muscles- 3 layer external, internal and ??? Muscles of the trunk Back muscles Thoracic Abdominal Diaphragm Pelvic floor The back muscles: trapezius, rhomboideus major and minor, levator scapulae (shoulder girdle muscle) and lattissimus dorsi (wings!) Front of the neck anterior thoracic muscle – sternocleidomastoid muscle helps in inhalation. Jennifer Wathall Yoga TT 2009