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1 The Sociological Perspective McGraw-Hill McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 1 part THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE The Sociological Perspective McGraw-Hill McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 chapter UNDERSTANDING SOCIOLOGY CHAPTER OUTLINE •What is Sociology? •What is Sociological Theory? •The Development of Sociology •Major Theoretical Perspectives •Applied and Clinical Sociology •Developing the Sociological Imagination •Appendix: Careers in Sociology McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 What is Sociology? █Sociology – The systematic study of social behavior in human groups. – Examines the influence of social relationships on people’s attitudes and behavior. – Studies how societies are established and change. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 What is Sociology? █The Sociological Imagination – Definition: An awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society. – It is the ability to view our own society as an outsider might, rather than from the perspective of our limited experiences and cultural biases. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 What is Sociology? █Sociology and the Social Sciences – In contrast to other social sciences, sociology emphasizes the influence that groups can have on people’s behavior and attitudes and the ways in which people shape society. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 What is Sociology? █Sociology and Common Sense – Knowledge that relies on “common sense” is not always reliable. – Sociologists must test and analyze each piece of information that they use. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 What is Sociology? █ Figure 1.1: Race of Victims in Death Penalty Cases Source: Death Penalty Information Center 2003 McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 What is Sociological Theory? █ Theory: An attempt to explain events, forces, materials, ideas or behavior in a comprehensive manner. █ Sociological Theories: Seek to explain problems, actions, or behavior. █ Effective theories should explain and predict. █ Sociologists employ theories to examine the relationships between observations or data that may seem completely unrelated. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 The Development of Sociology █Early Thinkers – Auguste Comte 1798–1857 • --Coined the term sociology as the science of human behavior – Harriet Martineau 1802–1876 • --Studied social behavior in England and the United States – Herbert Spencer 1820–1903 • --Studied “evolutionary” change in society McGraw-Hill Continued... © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 The Development of Sociology █Early Thinkers – Émile Durkheim 1858–1917 • --Pioneered work on suicide – Max Weber 1864–1920 • --Taught the need for “insight” in intellectual work – Karl Marx 1818–1883 • --Emphasized the importance of the economy and of conflict in society McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 The Development of Sociology █Modern Developments – Charles Horton Cooley 1864–1929 • --Pioneered work on small groups within society – Jane Addams 1860–1935 • --Combined sociological study with activism – Robert Merton 1910–2003 • --Works on deviant behavior and crime McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 The Development of Sociology █Merton’s Micro and Macro Approaches to the Study of Society – Macrosociology: Concentrates on largescale phenomena or entire civilizations. – Microsociology: Stresses the study of small groups and often uses experimental study in laboratories. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 The Development of Sociology █ Prominent Contributors to Sociological Thought Auguste Comte 1857 1798 Harriet Martineau 1802 Herbert Spencer Karl Marx 1876 1820 1903 1818 1883 Émile Durkeim 1858 Jane Addams George Herbert Mead 1860 1935 1863 Max Weber Charles Horton Cooley W.E.B. Du Bois 1864 1931 1920 1864 1929 1868 Talcott Parsons 1963 1902 Robert Merton 1979 1910 C. Wright Mills 2003 1916 Erving Goffman McGraw-Hill The “time lines” shown here give an idea of relative chronology. 1917 1962 1922 1982 Source: Figure 1-2 (p.15) in Richard T. Schaefer and Robert P. Lamm, © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. AllYork: rights reserved. Sociology: An Introduction. 5th ed. New McGraw-Hill. 15 Major Theoretical Perspectives █Functionalist Perspective – Emphasizes the way that parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability. – Views society as a vast network of connected parts, each of which helps to maintain the system as a whole. – Each part must contribute or it will not be passed on from one generation to the next. Continued... McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Major Theoretical Perspectives █ Functionalist Perspective – Manifest Functions of institutions are open, stated, conscious functions. They involve the intended, recognized, consequences of an aspect of society. – Latent Functions are unconscious or unintended functions and may reflect hidden purposes of an institution. – A dysfunction is an element or a process of society that may actually disrupt a social system or lead to a decrease in stability. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Major Theoretical Perspectives █Conflict Perspective – Assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of conflict or tension between competing groups. – Conflict is not necessarily violent. – Conflict can be over economics or over competing values. Continued... McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Major Theoretical Perspectives █Conflict Perspective – The Marxist View: Conflict is seen not merely as a class phenomenon but as a part of everyday life in all societies. – This view emphasizes social change and redistribution of resources, making conflict theorists more radical than functionalists. Continued... McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Major Theoretical Perspectives █ Conflict Perspective – A Racial View: W. E. B DuBois: Encourages sociologists to view society through the eyes of those segments of the population that rarely influence decision making. – Sociology, contended DuBois, had to draw on scientific principles to study social problems such as those experienced by Blacks in the United States. Continued... McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 Major Theoretical Perspectives █ Interactionist Perspective – Generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction in order to understand society as a whole. – Interactionism is a sociological framework for viewing human beings as living in a world of meaningful objects. These “objects” may include material things, actions, other people, relationships, and even symbols. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Major Theoretical Perspectives █Feminist Perspective – Definition: Views inequity in gender as central to all behavior and organization. – Unlike conflict theory, with which it is sometimes allied, the feminist perspective often focuses on the micro-level relationships of everyday life, just as interactionists do. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Major Theoretical Perspectives █ Table 1.1: Comparing Major Theoretical Perspectives View of society Functionalist Conflict Interactionist Stable, well integrated Characterized by tension Active in influencing and and struggle between affecting everyday social groups interaction Level of analysis Macro emphasized Macro Micro analysis as a way of understanding the larger macro phenomena Key concepts Manifest functions Latent functions Dysfunction Inequality Capitalism Stratification Symbols Nonverbal communication Face-to-face interaction View of the individual People are socialized to perform societal functions People are shaped by power, coercion, and authority People manipulate symbols and create their social worlds through interaction Continued… McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 23 Major Theoretical Perspectives █ Table 1.1: Comparing Major Theoretical Perspectives Functionalist Conflict Interactionist View of the social order Maintained through cooperation and consensus Maintained through force and coercion Maintained by shared understanding of everyday behavior View of social change Predictable, reinforcing Change takes place all the time and may have positive consequences Reflected in people’s social positions and their communications with others Example Public punishments reinforce the social order Laws reinforce the positions of those in power People respect laws or disobey them based on their own past experience Proponents Émile Durkheim Talcott Parsons Robert Merton Karl Marx W. E. B. Du Bois Ida Wells-Barnett George Herbert Mead Charles Horton Cooley Erving Goffman McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 24 Major Theoretical Perspectives █The Sociological Approach – Sociologists make use of all four perspectives. – Each perspective offers unique insights into the same issue. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 25 Applied and Clinical Sociology █ Applied Sociology: The use of the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations. █ Clinical Sociology: The use of the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of altering social relationships and facilitating change. █ Basic Sociology: Seeks a more profound knowledge of the fundamental aspects of social phenomena. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 26 Developing a Sociological Imagination █Theory in Practice █Research in Action █The Significance of Social Inequality █Speaking Across Race, Gender, and National Boundaries █Social Policy Throughout the World McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 27 Social Inequality █ Barbara Ehrenreich discusses her book Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By In America (Click inside frame to start video) McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Video © Inc. NBC All News rightsArchives. reserved.