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Work and Energy Work… …is the product of the magnitude of displacement times the component of force parallel to the displacement. W = F‖ d Units: N·m or Joules (J) Consider a crate pulled across a surface. Where… F is the applied force d is the displacement θ is the angle between the force and the direction F F‖ = Fcosθ d Work = Fd cos Consider the same crate being pulled up an incline… Work = Fd cos θ = ZERO in this situation!!! The force and the displacement are in the same direction F d Work Net work in moving an object is independent of the path to get there. Same amount of work done More force needed Shorter distance traveled Less force needed Greater distance traveled Energy – What is it? The ability to do work Types of Energy Kinetic Gravitational Potential Elastic Potential Heat Light Sound Electrical Chemical Nuclear Mechanical Energy – energy associated with an object’s position or motion Consider a cart with an initial velocity vi and a net force acting on it through a distance d… vi vf Fnet Fnet d Wnet = Fnet d Remember F = ma = m(vf2 – vi2/2d) So… Wnet = m(vf2 – vi2/2d)d Wnet = m(vf2 – vi2/2) Wnet = ½ mvf2 – ½ mvi2 Energy - Kinetic Kinetic Energy is the energy that an object possesses due to its motion If the mass of a body is m and its speed is v then its kinetic energy is given by KE = ½ mv2 Work-Energy Theorem W=½ W = ΔKE 2 mvf –½ 2 mvi The net work done on an object (by a net force) is equal to a change in kinetic energy of the object Example problem -A 10.0 kg sled is initially moving across a frozen pond at a speed of 4.2 m/s. How far will it travel if the coefficient of friction between the sled and ice is 0.10? Energy - Potential • Potential Energy – the energy of an object due to its position, shape, or condition • An system acquires potential energy when work is done against another force Energy - Potential Gravitational Potential Energy This is the energy of an object associated with its position in a gravitational field (work done against the force of gravity to put it there) GPE = mgh m = mass of the object h = height of object above some fixed position (the position is arbitrary) g = the acceleration due to gravity Energy - Potential Elastic Potential Energy This is the energy that an object possesses due to its position of being stretched or deformed (work done against the elastic restoring force) FOR A SPRING (or similar)… EPE= ½ k x2 x = amount of stretch k = the spring constant (a characteristic of the object being stretched) The Principle of Conservation of Energy Energy can be transformed from one form to another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed, i.e. the total energy of a system is constant Energy transformations occur when work is done Conservation of Energy Since energy is conserved for a system, when we compare the total at two different points… Total E1 = Total E2 KE1 + GPE1 + EPE1 = KE2 + GPE2 + EPE2 Power Power is the rate of doing work or the rate at which energy is transferred. P = W/t Units: J/s = Watt Alternate: P = W/t = Fd/t = Fv