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THESIS
TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH IMPERATIVE
SENTENCES IN PROCEDURAL TEXTS INTO
INDONESIAN
IFONI LUDJI
MAGISTER PROGRAM
LINGUISTICS PROGRAM IN TRANSLATION STUDY
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM
UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
DENPASAR
2014
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THESIS
TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH IMPERATIVE
SENTENCES IN PROCEDURAL TEXTS INTO
INDONESIAN
Thesis for Obtaining Magister Degree
at Magister Program, Linguistics Program Study- Translation Program
Magister Program of Udayana University
IFONI LUDJI
NIM 1290161055
MAGISTER PROGRAM
LINGUISTICS PROGRAM IN TRANSLATION STUDIES
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM
UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
DENPASAR
2014
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APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis has been examined on July 01st,2014
by
Supervisor I,
Supervisor II,
Prof. Dr. I Wayan Pastika, M.S.
NIP 19591231 198511 1 001
Prof. Dr. I Nengah Sudipa, M.A
NIP 19540731 197911 1 001
Approved by
Head of Master Program in
Linguistic Department
Postgraduate Program
Udayana University
Director of Postgraduate Program
Udayana University
Prof. Dr. I Nyoman Suparwa, M.Hum
NIP. 19620310 198503 1 005
Prof. Dr. dr. A.A Raka Sudewi, Sp.S(K).
NIP. 19590215 198510 2 001
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This thesis has been examined by the board of examiners on July 01st, 2014 based
on the Decree of Rector of Udayana University No. 2053/UN/14.4/HK/2014.
The board of Examiners:
Chairman
: Prof. Dr. I Wayan Pastika, M. S
Prof. Dr. I Nengah Sudipa, M.A
Members
: 1. Prof. Dr. NL Sutjiati Beratha, M.A
2. Dr. NL Ketut Mas Indrawati, M.A
3. Dr. Ni Wayan Sukarini, M.Hum
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SURAT PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIAT
Saya yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini:
Nama
: Ifoni Ludji
NIM
: 1290161055
Program Studi
: Magister (S2) Linguistik, Konsentrasi Penerjemahan,
Program Pascasarjana, Universitas Udayana
Judul Tesis
: Translation of English Imperative Sentences in Procedural
Texts into Indonesian
Dengan ini menyatakan bahwa karya ilmiah saya Tesis ini bebas plagiat.
Apabila dikemudian hari terbukti terdapat plagiat dalam karya ilmiah ini, maka
saya bersedia menerima sanksi sesuai peraturan Mendiknas Republik Indonesia
No.17 tahun 2010 dan perundangan yang berlaku.
Denpasar, ………2014
Ifoni Ludji
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Almighty
God, in the name of Jesus Christ for His blessing, thus this thesis could be
completed and the Master’s Degree in Applied Linguistics, particularly in
translation studies could be obtained.
In this good opportunity, I would like to express my deep greatest thanks
to Prof. Dr. I Wayan Pastika, M.S. as my first supervisor, who gave me lots of
suggestions, directions, and support to complete my thesis. My thankfulness also
goes to my second supervisor, Prof. Dr. I Nengah Sudipa, M.A for his
suggestions, corrections, and assistance in guiding me to finish my thesis.
In addition, my deep gratitude also goes to the Rector of Udayana
University (Prof. Dr. dr. Ketut Suastika, Sp. PD-KEMD.), the Director of
Postgraduate Program Udayana University (Prof. Dr. dr. A.A. Raka Sudewi,
Sp.S(K).), the Head of Master Program in Linguistic (Prof. Dr. I Nyoman
Suparwa, M.Hum.), Secretary of Master Program in Linguistic (Dr. Made Sri
Satyawati, S.S., M.Hum), and staff of Master Program in Linguistic (I Gusti
Agung Ayu Supadmini, I Ketut Ebuh, I Nyoman Sadra, Ida Bagus Suanda,
Nyoman Adi Triani, Ni Nyoman Sumerti, and Ni Nyoman Sukartini) for the time,
recommendations, facilities, and opportunities during my study in this institution.
Moreover, I would also like to express my special gratitude to the board of
examiners for their valuable support and input such as Prof. Dr. NL Sutjiati
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Beratha, M.A., Dr. NL Ketut Mas Indrawati, M. A. and Dr. Ni Wayan Sukarini,
M.Hum.
Finally, I would also like to express my special gratitude to my beloved
husband (Edward Rollys Menno) for supporting my study financially and morally
and always praying for me. For my parents. (Marthinus Ludji, and Bendelina
Djami), my brothers, sisters, sister in law and nephews: ( Lius Ludji, Titof Ludji,
Yesli Ludji, Erny Ludji, Marlin Ludji, and Christiany Supiaty, Echa & Alena)
who gave me valuable supports, praying, and inputs. For my foster father, DR.
Philip Passmore who had supported my study financially and morally, and always
pray and give me motivation. For my best friends, I Gusti Mahatma Agung,
Dominikus Tauk, Dian Purnama, M.Hum, Rina Pamantung, M.Hum, Sandra
Nanlohi, Maya Sopha, Vallentina Lawalata, Aty Ratu Djawa, Bertha Kitu Homa,
K Bayu, K ery lots of thanks for their help and support. And for La Denpasar
Language course, the director of La Denpasar (Pak Nanang & K Ine), and all the
staffs and all of the Indonesian and Foreigner students, thank you very much for
their motivation and support. The last would be given to my dear cousin Polce
Aryanto Bessie, M.Hum, lots of thanks for his support, help, motivation and
inspiration.
I hope that God will always bless those who are conducted in completing
this thesis.
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TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH IMPERATIVE SENTENCES IN
PROCEDURAL TEXTS INTO INDONESIAN
Abstract
In order to achieve satisfactory communication among people who speak
different languages, translation is essential. This study deals with translation of
English imperative sentences in procedural texts translated into Indonesian. This
study showed the goal such as to identify the types of English imperative
sentences in procedural texts and their translation equivalents, and to describe the
reason why translation procedures were applied in translating English imperative
sentences into Indonesian imperative sentences of the procedural text.
The data focus on the types of English imperatives taken from bilingual
psychological books. The data source was collected through qualitative
observation method and note taking by reading those books and choosing the
imperative sentence; the data were analyzed using the theories applied.
To answer the problem of this study, the theories applied in the research
were imperative, translation processes in a translated text, descriptive syntax,
grammaticality, grammar translation, and translation procedures.
The result indicates that there are three types of imperative found in this
study. They are: negative commands, requests, and positive commands. The
negative commands were translated into eight variation forms; requests were
translated into four variation forms, and positive commands were translated into
nine variation forms. There were four kinds of translation procedures used in this
study; they are borrowing, modulation, transposition, and literal. Finally, the
reasons why translation procedures were applied in this study were that the
existence of translation procedures is influenced by three factors including:
semantic factor, syntactic factor and culture factor. The example of culture factor
can be seen in borrowing procedure, the culture of using butter in Indonesian is
borrowed from western culture. Indonesian has no staple food such as butter.
Therefore, in translating a text, a translator must pay attention to those reasons
since it is essential to determine the real message of a text and to have good
translation.
Keywords: procedural text, imperative, translation procedure.
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TERJEMAHAN KALIMAT PERINTAH BAHASA INGGRIS DALAM
TEKS PROSEDURAL KE DALAM BAHASA INDONESIA
Abstrak
Untuk mencapai komunikasi yang baik di antara penutur bahasa yang
berbeda, terjemahan sangat diperlukan. Penelitian ini berkaitan dengan terjemahan
kalimat perintah bahasa Inggris dalam teks-teks prosedural yang diterjemahkan ke
dalam bahasa Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah mengidentifikasi jenisjenis kalimat perintah bahasa Inggris ke dalam teks prosedural dan terjemahannya,
dan mendeskripsikan alasan mengapa prosedur penerjemahan tersebut diterapkan
dalam menerjemahkan kalimat perintah bahasa Inggris dalam kalimat perintah
bahasa Indonesia pada teks prosedural.
Sumber data dari penelitian ini adalah buku psikologi bahasa Inggris yg
diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia. Data dikumpulkan melalui metode
observasi kualitatif. Proses pencatatan dilakukan setelah membaca dan
mengelompokkan jenis kalimat perintah tersendiri. Data dianalisis dengan
menggunakan teori yang diterapkan.
Untuk menjawab permasalahan dari studi ini, teori-teori yang digunakan
dalam studi ini adalah imperative, translation process in a translated text,
descriptive syntax, grammaticality, grammar translation, dan translation
procedures.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada tiga tipe kalimat perintah yang
ditemukan yaitu: kalimat perintah negatif, kalimat permintaan, dan kalimat
perintah positif. Kalimat perintah negatif dijabarkan dalam delapan bentuk variasi,
kalimat permintaan dijabarkan dalam empat bentuk variasi, dan kalimat perintah
positif diterjemahkan dalam sembilan bentuk variasi. Selain itu, Terdapat juga
empat macam prosedur penerjemahan yang digunakan yaitu prosedur
peminjaman, modulasi, transposisi, dan literal. Pada akhirnya alasan mengapa
prosedur penerjemahan diterapkan dalam penelitian ini adalah oleh karena
keberadaan prosedur penerjemahan yang dipengaruhi oleh tiga faktor yaitu :
faktor semantik, sintaksis, dan faktor budaya. Contoh faktor budaya yang dapat
dilihat dalam prosedur peminjaman yaitu budaya menggunakan mentega di
Indonesia dipinjam dari budaya barat. Indonesia tidak memiliki makanan pokok
seperti mentega. Utuk itu
dalam menerjemahkan sebuah teks, seorang
penerjemah harus memperhatikan ketiga faktor tersebut untuk menghasilkan
produk terjemahan yang baik.
Keywords: Teks prosedural, kalimat perintah, prosedur penerjemahan
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TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER ................................................................................................................ i
PREREQUISITE TITLE...................................................................................... ii
APPROVAL SHEET .......................................................................................... iii
THE BOARD OF EXAMINER .......................................................................... iv
SURAT PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIAT ...................................................... v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................. vi
ABSTRAK ...................................................................................................... viii
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... ix
TABLE OF CONTENT ....................................................................................... x
ABBREVIATION AND SYMBOLS ................................................................ xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1
1.1 Background .................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Research Problem ......................................................................................... 6
1.3 Aims of Study............................................................................................... 6
1.4 Significance of the Study .............................................................................. 7
1.4.1 Theoretical significance ............................................................................ 7
1.4.2 Practical Significance ................................................................................ 7
1.5 Scope and Limitation of Study ...................................................................... 8
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE, CONCEPT
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH MODEL ......................... 9
2.1 Review of Related Literature ........................................................................ 9
2.2 Concept ...................................................................................................... 15
2.2.1 Imperative sentence ................................................................................. 15
2.2.2 Procedural text ......................................................................................... 16
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2.2.3 Translation............................................................................................... 17
2.3 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................... 18
2.3.1 Descriptive syntax ................................................................................... 19
2.3.2 Translation process in a translated text .................................................... 19
2.3.3 Imperative in English ............................................................................... 20
2.3.4 Indonesian Imperative.............................................................................. 27
2.3.5 Grammaticality........................................................................................ 37
2.3.6 Grammar Translation .............................................................................. 37
2.3.7 Translation Procedure.............................................................................. 38
2.4 Research Model .......................................................................................... 42
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ............................................................ 44
3.1 Research Approach ..................................................................................... 44
3.2 Data Source ................................................................................................ 44
3.3 Research Instruments .................................................................................. 45
3.4 Method and Technique of Collecting Data ................................................. 45
3.5 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data .................................................. 47
3.6 Method and Technique of Presenting Data .................................................. 49
CHAPTER IV THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH
IMPERATIVE SENTENCES IN PROCEDURAL TEXTS TRANSLATED
INTO INDONESIAN ....................................................................................... 50
4.1 The Types of Imperative Sentence in English Procedural Texts and Their
Indonesian translation ...................................................................................... 51
4.1.1 Negative Commands Types of Imperative sentence ................................. 51
4.1.1.1
English imperative with do not + base verb (Negative commands)
corresponds to jangan + prefix meng- + base veb+ suffix -kan and their
Indonesian Equivalents ..................................................................................... 52
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4.1.1.2 English imperative with do not + base verb (Negative commands)
corresponds to jangan + prefix meng- + base verb and their Indonesian
Equivalents....................................................................................................... 56
4.1.1.3 English imperative with do not + base verb (Negative commands)
corresponds to jangan + prefix ber+ base verb and their Indonesian
Equivalents ...................................................................................................... 58
4.1.1.4 English imperative with do not + base verb (Negative commands)
corresponds to jangan + base verb + -kan and their Indonesian Equivalents .... 61
4.1.1.5 English imperative with never + base verb (Negative commands)
corresponds to jangan pernah + base verb +prefix meng-+ kan and their
Indonesian Equivalents ..................................................................................... 64
4.1.2 Requesting type of English Imperatives with Base Verb are Translated into
TL Base Verb+ Particle -lah .......................................................................... 66
4.1.3 Positive Commands Types of English Imperatives with Base Form of Verb
which are Translated into Base Verb+ Suffix-kan and Their Indonesian
Equivalents ...................................................................................................... 70
4.1.3.1 Positive Commands Types of English Imperatives with Base Verb and the
Translation of Base Verb .................................................................................. 75
4.2 Reasons of Applying such Translation Procedures in English Imperative
Sentences Translated Into Indonesian ............................................................... 77
4.2.1 Semantic Factor ...................................................................................... 80
4.2.2 Syntactic Factor ...................................................................................... 82
4.2.3 Culture Factor ......................................................................................... 84
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION .......................................................................... 87
5.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 87
5.2 Suggestion .................................................................................................. 88
Bibliography .................................................................................................... 89
Appendix ......................................................................................................... 91
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ABBREVIATION AND SYMBOL
ABBREVIATION
e.g
: Example Given
SL
: Source Language
TL
: Target Language
TT
: Target Text
Pc
: Personal Computer
SYMBOL
:
To show the language system in source language is translated
into target language
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Through language, people share information, express their ideas and
interact with others. Moreover, to achieve satisfactory communication among
people who speak different languages, translation is essential. Translation is a
process or a result of converting information from one language into another, or is
a process of transferring meaning.
The most common translation in Indonesia is the translation of books from
English into Indonesian. Recently, there are a lot of translated books sold in
Indonesia. Thus, the translation problems which often occur are the problems with
lexicon, communication situation, and also cultural context of the source language
text (English). The most common problem faced by the translator is the
construction of the source language grammar, thus it is difficult to translate certain
sentences into the target language. Some sentence constructions are poorly
understood, in the sense that it is not clear how they should be represented, or
what rules should be used to describe them. It is because each language has its
own rules. The concept of translation proposed by Nida (1969: 12) stated that:
“Translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural
equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and
secondly in terms of style”.
It means that, the implied meaning in a source text should be the same as
the implied meaning in a target text. The implied meaning which is meant here
can be the speaker(s)’ intention in conveying what he means. The style of
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translation proposed by Nida refers to the way of expressing the speaker(s)’
intention. Therefore, the style in the source text should be the same as the style in
the target text without avoiding the naturalness of the languages. In short, the
styles should be kept, while the implied message in the sentences (English and
Indonesian) provides the same idea.
Based on the definition stated above, there are three conditions to be
fulfilled in order to produce a good translation namely: accuracy, clarity and
naturalness. Dealing with accuracy, procedural text as one of the texts which
consists of a series of instructions designed accurately in order to mean to an end
(e.g. to encourage a person, to help her to revise her opinion, and enrich the goals
and purposes by outlining certain action). One example related to this situation is
the translation of English imperative sentence translated into Indonesian in
procedural texts.
Procedural texts tell us about the process of making or doing something.
By following the instructions, people can make and get the information about
doing something. A procedural text is a text that is designed to describe how
something is done through a sequence of actions or steps. It explains the way
people perform various processes in a sequence of steps. This text uses simple
present tense, often in imperative sentences. It also uses temporal conjunction
such as “first”, “second”, “then”, “next”, and ”finally”. Procedural text is
important for people as a guidance to follow the instructions in order to reach the
goal. Thus, in translating a procedural text the translator should understand the
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characteristic of the procedural text in order to adapt the style when the translator
translates it into Indonesian.
The purpose of procedural discourse is to prescribe and to give the steps to
do something. What is being talked about is usually a process or an action. The
agent is usually unspecified; the proposition often contains an instrument or a
manner concept (Larson, 1998: 404). As a part of the use of procedural
terminologies, it is important to consider what is meant by imperative sentences in
the procedural texts. Imperative sentence is a sentence that gives advice or
instructions or that expresses a requests or command. It typically begins with the
base form of a verb, as in Go now! The implied subject you is said to be
“understood” (or elliptical): (you) go now!
Actually, when talking about texts, directly we automatically talk about
sentences. According to Frank (1972:220), “sentence is the unit of grammatical
organization with which part of speech (e.g. nouns, verbs, adverbs) and
grammatical classes (e.g. word, phrase, and clause) are said to function. Sentence
based on its function in discourse can be divided into four, namely declarative
sentence, interrogative sentence, imperative sentence, and exclamatory sentence.
Declarative sentences are used to convey information or to make statements (e.g
Tika plays the guitar). Interrogative sentences are used to ask questions (e.g Is this
your book?). Imperative sentences are used to issue orders or directives (e.g Don’t
shut the door!). Exclamatory sentences are used to make exclamations ( e.g What
a stupid man he is!). Based on the above explanation, this current study will focus
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on the discussion about imperative sentences as one of the sentence function in
English.
Imperative sentences are usually used to give command and prohibition to
other people. Imperative sentence is usually ended with an exclamation mark (!).
It is usually used in the procedural text. In imperative sentences, the same subject
can be found. That is “You”. Hall says (1981: 59), “imperative sentence –
commands and request use the simple form of the verb without any stated
subjects”. According to Hornby (1976: 193), imperatives can be expressed in
various ways; the verbs command, invite, request, suggest, and give advice to the
addressee. In addition, the imperative is frequently used in everyday speech.
Formally, it is a sentence which occurs only in the main clause, normally has no
grammatical subjects and contains the verb in its most basic form. Thomson,
(1986) divided the imperative into five types namely, commands, requests,
invitation, advice, and suggestion.
Moreover, beside the English imperative notion stated above, Indonesian
imperative gives the similar notion about the imperative. According to Sneddon
(1996: 324), imperative moods are all addressed to someone to have something to
be done. They range from strong commands to requests, appeals and suggestions.
Basic imperatives are usually written with a final exclamation mark, although this
convention is not always observed, especially if the order is a mild one.
The main purpose of this research is to analyze the translation of English
imperatives into Indonesian found in the procedural text of a psychology book’.
For example, the English imperative “Make each day your masterpiece” is
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translated into “buatlah setiap hari menjadi mahakaryamu”. The word make is
translated into buatlah in Indonesian. From the process of imperative
constructions of the source text (ST), it can obviously be stated that it is formed
through syntactical process, that is, SL+ infinitive (base verb), whereas in target
text (TT) it is formed through morphological process, that is, by attaching base
verb + particle- lah. The particle-lah in Indonesian writing and speech is
optionally added to the verb in the imperative constructions. This can also occur
in informal styles but is much less frequent. Its occurrence here is to mark the
predicate, which is out of its normal position, occurring at the beginning of the
clause as an example: Jadilah, senyumlah. It is also frequently stated that –lah
makes an imperative polite. Some writers even translate it into ’please’. In
addition, the English imperative sentence construction has very simple types while
Indonesian imperative sentence is quite complicated. English is in syntactic
operation level, meanwhile the Indonesian imperative sentences are complex
especially in morphological operation.
Related to the phenomena above, this study becomes an interesting topic
to discuss. This study was conducted to analyze the translation of English
imperative into Indonesian. The analysis of this study relies on the product of
translation. The product itself refers to the result of the English imperatives
sentence translation into Indonesian. Not all messages or elements in the SL can
be translated in the same way.
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1.2 Research Problem
Dealing with the translation of English imperatives in procedural text
found in a psychology book entitled “What I wish I knew at Eighteen” which was
translated into Indonesian as stated in the background above, thus there are two
interesting problems to be discussed:
1. What are the types of imperative sentences in English procedural texts “What I
wish I knew at eighteen” and their Indonesian?
2. Why the translation procedures are applied in translating English imperative
sentences into Indonesian in “What I wish I knew at eighteen”?
1.3 Aims of the Study
The general aim of this study is to shed further insights and more scientific
evidences concerning effective and efficient translation either from English into
Indonesian or vice versa. Specifically, this study’s aims are based on the two
problems stated in the research problem, thus the aims of this study are:
1. To identify the types of imperative sentence found in English procedural texts
and their Indonesian translation which are used in a psychology book entitled
“What I wish I knew at eighteen”.
2. To describe the reason why such translation procedures are applied in
translating English imperative sentence into Indonesian imperative sentences of
the procedural texts in the book entitled “What I wish I knew at eighteen”.
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1.4 Significance of the Study
This study is expected to give two significant aspects. They are theoretical
aspect and practical aspect.
1.4.1 Theoretical Significance
Theoretically, it is hoped that the result of this study will improve the
knowledge based on translation results regarding the imperative sentence patterns
in procedural text and give contribution to linguistic studies especially translation
studies. Furthermore, translating English imperative into Indonesian bring
implication to translation subject in terms of the way of rendering messages from
a wider grammatical sentence pattern and the way of identifying translation
techniques in a translation product can be done by students theoretically for
example denoting the imperative meaning of the sentences which are going to be
translated. Specifically, this study will be a reference for those who use imperative
sentences in procedural text.
1.4.2 Practical Significance
Practically, the result of this study contributes a new comprehension for
the students of translation class in translating imperative sentences from English
into Indonesian. The findings of the present study are expected to be valuable and
practical significant to the language learners, especially those who are interested
in and concerned with translation work, either translating from English into
Indonesian or vice versa. It is also wished to be a reference for the other
researchers to analyze procedural text. Furthermore, it can inspire and add their
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knowledge of the imperative sentences in English and Indonesian, the translation
procedures, and techniques that may be useful especially in translating a text in
the same domain or genre as in the text (data) of this study.
1.5 Scope of the Study
The scope of the study is intended to give the limitation of the discussion
based on the characteristic of the data. This study is concerned with a descriptive
qualitative analysis of imperative sentences, especially their types, and the
translation procedures applied in translating the sentences from English into
Indonesian. Eventually, this study explores the reason why such translations
procedures were applied. Specifically, this study is focusing on the unit of
translation in the level of sentence of a text. In this case, English imperative
theories proposed by Thomson (1986), Swan (1998), and Indonesian imperative
theories proposed by Sneddon (1996) and all seven translation procedures
proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet in Venuti (2000) were used as references to
assess the result of the translation.
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPT, THEORETICAL FRAME WORK,
AND RESEARCH MODEL
2.1 Literature Review
In conducting this research, some previous studies which still have
relevance to the objective of this study were reviewed. Below are some theses and
articles reviewed to support this present study.
Wirawan (2012) in his thesis discussed about “The Translation of English
Passive Into Indonesian : A Case Study of Labor Agreement Translated into
Indonesian”. The study is aimed at presenting the first result of the form of
passive construction of SL after being transferred into TL. The result of the
analysis shows that there are some differences between English and Indonesian
passive voice. Certainly English has more ways of forming passive sentences than
Indonesian because in English passive voice should be used in agreement with the
tenses and are also distinguished into regular and irregular verbs. This analysis
indicates that the translation of English passive construction into Indonesian is
also influenced by the use of passive construction in the agreement.
The above study contributes significantly to this study, the study is not
directly related to this study about the imperative sentences in procedural text, her
study did not explain the English passive construction while this research did it.
But the way of his analysis, especially in relation to the ways of identifying and
translating imperative sentences of English into Indonesian, is similar.
Kemala Putri (2010) in her thesis entitled ‘The translation of English
imperatives into Indonesian by Google translate’ discusses the result of translation
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of English imperatives into Indonesian by Google translate. Her study is similar
to this study in terms of the topic that is the translation of English imperative
analysis. However, this study is specifically focused on the types of English
imperative sentences and their Indonesian translation. Based on the result of her
study, it can be seen that her study and this study are different. Her study did not
explain the English imperative construction and the translation procedure used in
translating the English imperative sentence into Indonesian. She only explained
the result of the Google’s translation. On the other hand, this study explained the
English imperative sentence construction and the Indonesian imperative
construction, especially the types of the imperative construction and the
translation procedures used.
A study about procedural text entitled Analyzing the Explanation Structure
of Procedural Texts: Dealing with Advice and Warnings conducted by Fontan and
Dizier (2006) also deals with the imperative structures. The main goal of their
project is to analyze the structure of procedural texts in order to efficiently and
accurately respond to How-to-do-X questions. This means identification of titles
(which convey the main goals of the procedure), sequences of the instructions
serving these goals, and a number of additional structures such as prerequisites,
warnings, advice, illustrations, and so forth.
In terms of the goal above, it can be argued that the result of Fontan and
Dizier’s study which is indicating the structure of procedural text is almost true.
Unfortunately, there is still lack investigation regarding the concept of that
structure order to answer the How-to-do-X questions. If a researcher wanted to
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know the implied response to such a question, it is better that he/she breaks down
the concept of that structure. After knowing the structure of a sentence in a
particular procedural text, there is still a question for us about what the structure
means? Is the structure used only to compose the procedural text? If yes, thus
what is the real notion implied in the sentence structure of the procedural text
structure?
Actually, in conducting
such a study, the researchers must not only
determine the structure of the procedural text but also identify the implied
meaning of each instruction in each step or section of the procedural text. That
makes Fontan and Dizier’s article different from this study. Their article focuses
on the analysis of the structure of procedural texts in order to respond to How-todo-X efficiently and accurately. However, this study does not focus on the
procedural text but on the use of imperative sentences in a procedural text. Thus,
this study focuses on the types of English imperative sentences in procedural
texts. On the other hand, their study supports this study in terms of the structure
analysis in procedural texts which can be used as a guideline to analyze the
structures of the English imperative and Indonesian imperative.
Another relevant study to this research was conducted by Estelle Delpech
and Dizier (2007) entitled “Investigating the Structure of Procedural Texts for
Answering How-to Questions”. Their paper presents ongoing work in parsing the
textual structure of procedural texts. They proposed a model for the instructional
structure and criteria to identify its main components: titles, instructions, warnings
and prerequisites. The main aim of that project, apart from giving a contribution to
12
text processing, is to answer procedural questions (How-to-do X questions), in
which the answer is a well-formed portion of a text, not a small set of words as for
factoid questions. The approach of the study was based on (1) a conceptual and
linguistic analysis of the notion of procedure and (2) a mainly manual corpusbased analysis, whose aim is to validate and enrich the former. In that short paper,
they summarized their results, focusing (1) on the conceptual notion of
instructional compounds, which does capture the complexity just advocated, and
(2) on the recognition of titles, instructions and instructional compounds.
The results of the study are:
(1) The justification and explanation structure, which has wider scope over the
remainder of the compound, indicates motivations for doing actions that follow in
the compound (e.g. in your bedroom, you must clean regularly the curtains...,
which here motivates actions to undertake).
(2) The instruction kernel structure, which contains the main instructions.
These can be organized temporally or just be sets of actions. Actions are identified
most frequently through the presence of action verbs (in relation to the domain) in
the imperative form, or in the infinitive form introduced by a modal. A number of
forms of subordinated instructions were also observed. These are in general
organized within the compound by means of rhetorical relations.
(3) The deontic and illocutionary force structures: consist of marks that operate
over instructions, outlining different parameters: deontic: obligatory, optional,
forbidden or impossible, alternates (or), illocutionary and related aspects: stresses
on actions: necessary, advised, recommended, to be avoided, etc.
13
(4) The conditional structure: introduces conditions over instructions within the
compound or even over the whole instructional compound.
(5) The rhetorical structure whose goal is to enrich the kernel structure by
means of a number of subordinated aspects (realized as propositions, possibly
instructions) among which, most notably: causality, enablement, motivation,
argument for, circumstance, elaboration, instrument, precaution, manner. The
rhetorical structure is in general composed of instructions (satellites) related to the
instructions in the kernel.
Furthermore, they stated that Verbs used in procedural text must be action
verbs. The statement is acceptable but it should be supported by strong argument
of why it should be considered action verb. In addition, we should consider that
action verbs are not always used in procedural text because sometimes few
statements do not have action verbs but those statements belong to procedural
text, for example, the Indonesian verb biarkan. The verb is not an action verb but
it is a stative verb. The existence of the verb needs a notion that the subject you
just do nothing and let something happen. It can be proved in a sentence Biarkan
airnya mendidih selama satu jam.
Their study is actually relevant to this study as it also talks about the English
imperative sentence in procedural text found in psychological book. However,
there is a difference between this study and the previous one. This study focuses
on the way to compose imperative sentence in procedural text and the implied
meaning of those English imperative sentences translated into Indonesian in a
procedural text and their types of imperative sentences.
14
Another study was conducted by Isaraj (2010) entitled ‘A Comparative
Study of Imperative Sentences in English and Albanian Language’. That study
focused on the syntax and structure of imperative sentences in English and
Albanian language. The result of the study indicates that there are similarities and
differences between English and Albanian. The similarities between the two
languages are viewed in spite of the distinctions they have. Similarities in the
semantic field: the imperative modality was noticed.
The difference is noticed in the morphology of sentences, as Albanian
language is rich in morphology and has inflections marking the category of tense,
person or number, while English language has an impoverished morphology. Also
there are differences in the syntactic structure. English has a fixed word order and
the use of subject is optional while in Albanian it may not be used at all as it is
marked by the inflectional endings. The rich inflectional system influences the
lack of subject in the imperative sentences.
The result of the study shows that the study is different from the current
study. In his study he did not explain the form of the imperative sentences in
English and Albanian and also their types of imperative sentences. But this study
explained the form of both English imperative sentences and Indonesian and their
types. On the other hand, his study supports this study in terms the imperative
sentence especially in syntax and structure.
15
2.2 Concept
This research relies on three main concepts. The concepts are closely
related to the foundation of this research. The concepts are imperative sentence,
procedural texts and translation. The imperative sentence is explained based on its
characteristics in particular English imperative sentence because English is the
source language in this study, thus it enables the researcher to find the data easily.
However, the most important thing in this case is the general concept of the
imperative sentence itself. Furthermore, the concept of the procedural text and
translation is also explained in this section. For the detail they are explained in the
following sub-sections.
2.2.1 Imperative Sentence
Imperative is a type of sentence that gives advice or instructions or that
expresses a request or command. According to Hornby (1976: 193), imperatives
can be expressed in various ways, the verbs command, invite, request, suggest,
and give advice to the addressee. Commonly, in imperatives it is unnecessary to
indicate the subject because the second person of the address is directly
understood.
Swan (1996: 268) stated that Imperatives are used, for example, to tell or
ask people what to do, to make suggestions, to give advice or instructions, to
encourage and offer, and to express wishes for people’s welfare. Therefore, this
concept supports the negative form of imperative sentence such as “don’t go
anywhere “in discourse context, there is no subject and object explicitly but it is
understood that the speaker is the person who gives the instruction to the person
16
whom has been addressed. The last is imperative proposed by Thomson (1986) as
the main theory of imperative of this study in which it is stated that the
imperatives are expressed into commands, requests, invitations, advice and
suggestions. Moreover, in Indonesian, according to Sneddon (1996: 324),
imperative moods are all addressed to someone with an intention that something
to be done. They range from strong commands to requests, appeals and
suggestions. Basic imperatives are usually written with a final exclamation mark,
although this convention is not always observed, especially if the order is a mild
one.
2.2.2 Procedural Text
Procedural texts explain how to realize a certain goal by means of actions
which may be temporally organized. The purpose of a procedural discourse is to
prescribe, to give the steps in how to do something. Each procedure is a unit and
the discourse consists of a sequentially related series of steps within each
procedure. Very often the event being talked about will be a process, or an action
which is a PROCESS ACTION. The AGENT is not usually specified, and it is the
characteristic of procedural discourse that most of the ACTIONS will have an
AFFECTED. The propositions often contain an INSTRUMENT or MANNER
concept the groupings in the semantic structure will parallel the steps and the
procedures. (Larson, 1984:404)
17
2.2.3 Translation
There are some definitions of translation already put forward by different
linguists. According to Munday (2001: 4), the term translation itself has several
meanings; it can refer to the general subject field, the product (the text that has
been translated) or the process (the act of producing the translation, otherwise
known as translating). The process of translation between two different written
languages involves the change of an original written text (the source text or ST),
in the original verbal language (the source language or SL) into a written text (the
target text or TT) in a different verbal language (the target language or TL).
In line with Munday, Catford (1965:20) defines translation as the
replacement of textual material in one language by equivalents textual material in
another language. The use of textual material underlies the fact that in normal
condition it is not the entirety of a SL which is translated that is replaced by TL
equivalents because at one more levels of language there may be simple
replacement by non equivalent form.
Bell (1991:5) also gives definition of translation. He states that translation
is the expression in another language (or TL) of what has been expressed in
another, SL, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences. He also states that the
goal of translation as the transformation of a text originally in one language into
an equivalent text in a different language retaining, as far as is possible, the
content of the message and the formal features and functional roles of the original
text (Bell, 1991: xv).
18
Baker (1998:118) defines translation as a process of intercultural
communication, whose end product is a text which is capable of functioning
appropriately in specific contexts and situation of use.
Due to the different perspectives of translation above, there are two main
focuses as the definition of translation. First, it focuses on the process of
translation itself, which indicates how the translator transfers the SL into TL
equivalency. The second, it focuses on the product of translation produced by the
translator.
2.3 Theoretical Framework
In doing this research, the present work is an attempt to provide a
description of imperative sentence in English and Indonesian. The analysis of
imperatives conducted here focuses on presenting an explanation of the types of
imperative sentences found in the procedural text of the study, their translation,
and the reason why such translation procedures were applied. The theoretical
foundations of this study are drawn from the theories of English imperative as the
main theory such as English imperative (Thomson,1986), Indonesian Imperative
(Sneddon, 1996), translation procedure proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet’s
(2000), and the supporting theories of translation processes in a translated text
proposed by Bell (1991), descriptive syntax proposed by Brinton (2000),
grammaticality proposed by Fromkin at al(2007: 114-116).
Those theories are considered the appropriate ones because they are
representing the good foundation for comprehending the data and also they enable
the researcher to be sure in exploring the data dealing with the objectives of the
19
study. Those theories were used as the supporting theories and were used as a
reference to assess the result of the translation because they are related to the
translation of the smaller units of a language and they were used to examine the
translation procedures applied by translator. They are explained in the subsections below.
2.3.1 Descriptive syntax
According to Brinton (2000:11), syntax is the study of the order and
arrangement of words into larger units, as well as the relationship, holding
between elements in these hierarchical units. It studies the structure and types of
sentences (such as question or commands), of clause (such as relative or adverbial
clauses), and of phrases (such as prepositional or verbal phrase). Syntax is an
extensive and complex area of language.
2.3.2 Translation process in a translated text
According to Bell’s theory (1991), there are three possible categories
depending on the focus of investigation in translation. The theories are translation
as a process, as a product, and as both process and product. A theory of translation
as process (e.g a theory of translating) would require a study of information
processing and, within that, such topics such as perception, memory, and the
encoding and decoding of messages, would draw heavily on psychology and on
psycholinguistics. A theory of translation as a product (e.g the theory of translated
texts) would require a study of texts not merely by means of the traditional levels
of linguistic analysis (syntax and semantics) but also making use of stylistic and
20
recent advances in text-linguistics and discourse analysis, and theory of translation
as both process and product (e.g the theory of translating and translation) would
require the integrated study of both and such a general theory is, presumably, the
long-term goal for translation studies (Bell, 1991 : 26).
2.3.3 Imperative in English
Imperative sentence is subsection of clause types in grammar. According
to Thomson(1986: 245), commands, requests, invitations, advice, and suggestions
are expressed by the imperative. “As the imperatives are used, for example, to tell
or ask people what to do, to make suggestions, to give advice or instructions, to
encourage and offer, and to express wishes for people’s welfare.”It is divided into
five types. They are as below.
1) Commands expressed by the imperative
A command is an imperative, but it might not be a complete sentence (e.g.,
'Left turn!'). Furthermore, the word “command” implies that there is a way of
enforcing the imperative. It is certainly arguable, and the consensus would seem
to indicate that “left turn” is an imperative sentence. More words need to be
implied than, for example, the implied “You” in the imperative sentence “stop” in
the “left turn” example, it is less clear what words should be implied. The
meaning of “You left turn” is not precise, not entirely clear. Furthermore, the
sentence structure is awkward. It is also arguable that “You left turn” does not
even express a complete thought, and is not a sentence for that reason as well. For
some unknown reason, “fragments” seem to be considerable in the English
21
language, or at least in English grammar, and yet most of what are called
imperative.
(1) The second person imperative
This has the same form as the bare infinitive:
e.g Hurry! Wait! Stop!
For the negative, we put do not (don’t) before the verb:
e.g Don’t hurry!
(2) The person addressed is very often not mentioned, but can be expressed by
a noun placed at the end of the phrase:
e.g Eat your dinner, boys. Be quiet, Tom
These nouns can be placed before the verb, but this is much less usual. The
pronoun you is rarely used unless the speaker wishes to be rude, or wishes
to make a distinction, as in:
e.g You go on; I’ll wait.
(3) Do can be placed before the affirmative imperative:
Do hurry.
Do be quiet.
This do could be persuasive, but could also express irritation.
(4) The first person imperative
Form
Let us (let’s) + bare infinitive
e.g Let us stand together in this emergency.
22
For the negative we normally put not before the infinitive:
e.g Let us not be alarmed by rumours.
But it is possible in colloquial English to put don’t before let’s:
e.g Don’t let’s be alarmed by rumors.
By let us (let’s) the speaker can urge his hearers to act in a certain way, or
express a decision which they are expected to accept, or express a
suggestion
(5)The third person imperative
Form
e.g Let him/her/ it/them + bare infinitive
e.g Let them go by train.
This is not a very common construction in modern English. It would be
more usual to say:
e.g They are to go by train.
Eg. They are must go by train
The negative imperative, let him/her/them +bare infinitive, is not used in
modern English. Instead, would you must not or is/are not to:
e.g They must not to go by air.
E.g they are not to go by air
Others ways of expressing commands:
1. Subject +shall for third person commands (in written English)
Shall can be used in very formal written regulations which will
normally remain in force for some time. These are very often in
23
passive: a record shall be kept of the number of students attending each
class. (college regulations)
2. Subject +will, mainly for the third person commands:
When the alarm rings passengers and crew will assemble at their boat
stations (notice on board ship)
This is a formal, impersonal, peremptory type of command, implying
that the person giving the order is quite certain that he will be obeyed. If
we move the will and place it before the subject, we turn the command
into a request.
It is possible to use you will for spoken commands:
e.g You will not mention this meeting to anyone.
But it is more usual and more polite to use must:
e.g You must not mention this meeting to anyone.
3. Commands are often expressed as obligations by must:
e.g You must not smoke in the petrol store.
e.g Dogs must be kept on leads in this area.
4. Instructions or orders can be conveyed by the be + infinitive
construction:
e.g You are to report for duty immediately.
e.g The switchboard is to be manned at all times.
5. Prohibitions may be expressed in written instructions by may not:
e.g Candidates may not bring textbooks into the examination room.
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2) Request with can/could/may/might I /we
(1) can/could/may/might I/ we +have +noun/pronoun, can is the most
informal:
e.g ‘Can I have a sweet?’ said the little boy.
Could I/ we is the most generally useful form:
e.g Could I have a cup of tea?
Could I have a cup of tea, please?
May and might are more formal than could, but possible in both spoken
and written in English:
e.g May/ might I have a copy of the letter?
(2) can/could/may/might I /we + verb
e.g May/could I see Mr Jones?
(3) Requests with could/will/would you etc
e.g Could you possibly lend me money?
e.g Could you is very useful request form.
Couldn’t expresses the speaker’s hopes for a more favorable answer than
has just been indicated:
e.g Couldn’t you wait five minutes?
1) Will/would you* (please)
e.g Will/would you please count your change?
e.g Would you (please) has the same meaning as could you.
e.g Will you is more authoritative and, therefore, less polite.
e.g Will/would you can be placed at the end of the phrase:
e.g shut the door, will you?
25
This form can only be used in very friendly relaxed situations. Used
otherwise, it would sound very rude.
2) You’ll ….. won’t you? Is a persuasive type of requests used mainly
among friends.
‘You will write to me, won’t you?’
3) Would you mind + gerund
e.g Would you mind moving your car?
4) Perhaps you would imply confidence that the other person will
perform this service. It would not be used at the beginning of a
conversation or letter, but would be possible later on:
e.g Perhaps you would let me know when your new stocks arrives.
5) Would you like to…..? is also a possible request form:
e.g Would you like to take a seat?= please take a seat.
3) Invitations
1) Will you have/ would you like + noun:
Will you have a drink? Or would you like a coffee?
4) Advice forms
(1). Must, ought to, and should can be used for advice:
e.g You must read this book.
e.g You should grow your own vegetable.
e.g You ought to plan some trees.
(2). You had better + bare infinitive
e.g You had better take off your wet shoes
26
(3). I advise/would advise you + infinitive
e.g I (would) advise you to apply at once or I advise/ would advise +
gerund: I (‘d) advise applying at once
(4). It is time you + past tense:
e.g It is time you bought a new car
5). Suggestions
First person suggestions with let’s
(1). Let’s + infinitive:
Let’s paint it ourselves
First and second person suggestions
(2). Why don’t we/ you + infinitive or why not + infinitive/expression of time
or place:
Why don’t we meet and discuss it?
Why not meet and discuss it?
Why not at the hotel?
(3). What / how about + gerund / noun
Where shall we sleep?- what about renting a caravan?
What about a bed and breakfast place?
(4). Suppose I / we/ you + present or past tense:
Suppose you offer / offered to pay him?
(5). Suggestion with suggest or propose (+ possessive adjective) + gerund, or
suggest that + subject + present tense/ should.
27
Propose is used in exactly the same way but it is slightly more formal
than suggest + a present or past tense.
I suggest (your) selling it
We suggest that you should sell it.
I propose that the secretary send in/ should send in a report.
I propose that a report (should)be sent it.
(6). Suggestions in indirect speech
Suggestion can be reported by:
Suggest/suggested + possessive adjective + gerund, or
Suggest that + subject present tense /should, or
Suggested that + subject + past tense / should, or
Suggest (any tense) + noun/ pronoun:
e.g Tom suggests / suggested (our) having a meeting
e.g Ann suggests that he sells/ should sell his house
e.g Ann suggested that he sold/ should sell it.
2.3.4 Imperatives in Indonesian
According to Sneddon (1996: 324), imperative moods are all addressed to
someone with the intention that something is done. They range from strong
commands to requests, appeals and suggestions. Basic imperatives are usually
written with a final exclamation mark, although this convention is not always
observed, especially if the order is a mild one. Below are some types of
imperatives in Indonesian:
28
(1) Intransitive verbs in imperatives
Intransitive verbs undergo no change in imperatives:
Example: Datang ke sini!
Come here!
Berangkat sekarang!
Leave now!
(2) Transitive verb in imperatives
Transitive verbs drop the prefix meng- if they prefer the action performed on a
specific object:
Example: Lihat foto ini!
Look at this photo!
Tutup pintu!
Shut the door!
A transitive verb in an imperative construction does not lose its prefix if it occurs
without an object, that is, if acting pseudo-intransitively.
Example: Membaca sekarang!
Read now!
Menulis baik-baik!
Write properly!
Prefix meng-is also retained if an object occurs but does not refer to something
specific:
Example: Menabung uang untuk hari tuamu!
Save money for you old age!
29
(3) Negative imperatives
Negative commands are formed with jangan’ don’t’:
Example: Jangan merokok di sini!
Don’t smoke here!
Jangan tidur!
Don’t go to sleep!
In the presence of jangan, prefix meng- on transitive verbs is regarded by most
people as optional, even if there is a specific object:
Example: Jangan (mem) baca buku itu sekarang!
Don’t read that book now!
The use of meng- in such cases reduces the force of the command, resulting in a
milder imperative. Prefix meng- is retained with pseudo –intransitives, as the case
in positive imperatives.
(4) Passive imperatives
An imperative with a transitive verb can be expressed in the passive with
prefix di -, as such a verb cannot occur in a statement with a second person agent.
This construction contains a suggestion of being directed not at the addressee but
at a third person. It is thus more indirect and, consequently, less forceful than an
imperative with an active verb, containing a sense of ‘it is to be done’ rather than
‘you do it’ although this is not always reflected in the translation of the following
examples:
Barang itu ditaruh di sini saja!
Just put those things here!
30
Diangkat, jangan diseret!
Lift it, don’t drag it!
In a negative construction the subject can either precede jangan or follow the
predicate:
Jendela ini jangan dibuka!
Jangan dibuka jendela ini!
The window is not to be opened!
Prohibitions are expressed as passives, for instance, dilarang ‘(it is) forbidden’.
These are structurally statements but their intention is imperative:
Dilarang masuk!
No entry
Dilarang menyalakan api!
Lighting fire is prohibited!
(5) Addressee in imperatives
Although the addressee is not usually mentioned in imperatives, it can be. In
Classical Malay it was expressed in an agent phrase, olehmu ‘by you’:
Tangkaplah olehmu sang Tomo, hai Bima!
Seize Tomo, o Bima!
With jangan the addressee can be expressed by a pronoun placed before the verb:
Jangan kamu (mem)baca surat ini!
Don’t you read this letter!
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(6) Pronoun objects
Bound pronouns cannot occur as objects of verbs in imperative constructions;
instead, full pronouns must occur:
Jangan mengganguku
Jangan menggangu nya
Don’t disturb me/him!
While –nya can occur as object in a statement, corresponding to unstressed ‘it’ in
English, as in the first sentence below, it cannot occur in an imperative. Instead
the object is not mentioned if it is clear from context, or, if necessary, it is
mentioned fully.
Ini suratnya, baca!
This is her letter, read it!
(7) Particle –lah in imperatives
In writing and formal speech –lah is optionally added to the verb in imperative
constructions. The function of –lah is to emphasize the action exhibited by the
verb. This can also occur in informal styles but is much less frequent. Its
occurrence here is to mark the predicate, which is out of its normal position,
occurring at the beginning of the clause:
Bukalah pintu itu!
Open that door!
Berangkatlah sekarang!
Depart now!
32
(8) Softeners in imperatives.
A number of words can be used in imperatives to make them softer or to produce
polite requests. Those are:
Tag ya
It is noted that as a sentence tag in informal statements ya allows the speaker to
avoid the impression of making a firm assertion. By drawing the listener into
agreement, it avoids the impression of a firm order.
Jendela ditutup, ya, sebelum tidur
Shut the window, won’t you, before you go to bed.
(9) Silahkan ‘please’
Silahkan (or silahkan), which is into translated ‘please’, invites the addressee to
do something for his or her own benefit. Prefix meng- drops with transitive verbs:
Silahkan masuk.
Please come in.
Silahkan ambil kue
Please take some cake.
(10) Tolong, coba, harap in imperatives
The word tolong which is translated into ‘please’ tolong requests the addressee to
do something for the speaker’s benefit (ex. menolong ‘help’). It is frequently used
by one with less authority to one with more authority or seniority, or to someone
of the same status who is not well known to the speaker:
Tolong ambilkan saya jas itu.
33
Please fetch me that jacket.
Tolong dicuci pakian ini.
Please have these clothes washed.
Tolong is only used with transitive verbs and only then if the verb has a specific
object, prefix meN- is deleted.
The word coba translatable into ‘please’ coba frequently has a suggestion of
urging (cf. mencoba ‘try’):
Coba duduk baik-baik, Andi.
Please sit properly, Andi.
Coba can occur with kita ‘we’ (inclusive)’, the addressee is then urged to join the
speaker in the action:
Coba kita lihat siapa yang ada disana.
Let’s see who’s there.
It can also be used with saya ‘I’, the addressee is urged to allow the speaker to
perform the action:
Coba saya lihat PR-mu.
Let me see you homework .
The word harap is more polite than coba and can be can be used to elders and
seniors. It is somewhat softer than ‘please’, the expression ‘would you please is
usually a more appropriate translation. (berharap ‘ hope’). It may, like tolong,
seek help for the speaker but is not restricted to this:
Harap telepon Tuti di rumah
Please telephone Tuti at home.
34
Harap buku saya dikembalikan
Would you please return my book?
As coba, it can be used with intransitive and pseudo intransitive verbs, prefix
meng- being retained:
Harap berdiri
Would you please stand up
The addressee can be mentioned:
Harap bapak tunggu sebentar.
Would you please wait a moment, sir.
(11) Softeners occurring with ‘jangan’
Tolong, coba, and harap can be placed before negative imperatives:
Tolong jangan antarkan Siti ke stasiun sekarang.
Please don’t take Siti to the station now.
(12) Softerners occurring with-lah
If-lah occurs with a softener it is usually attached to the softener, which is the first
word of the clause. Alternatively, it can follow the verb:
Tolonglah buka jendela itu.
Tolong bukalah jendela itu.
Please open that window.
(13) Requests with minta and mohon
The verbs (me) minta and (me) mohon both occur in statements with the meaning
‘request’. Simple, direct requests with them are, however, in imperative mood:
35
Minta air
Can I please have some water.
Mohon undangan dibawa.
Please bring your invitation.
(14) Requests with hendaklah and hendaknya
The words hendaklah and hendaknya, meaning ‘please’ it is requested, you
should, form polite requests, usually conveying a suggestion that the action should
be performed.
Hendaknya koper-koper dikunci.
Suitcases should be locked.
Hendaklah membalas surat ini dengan segera.
Would you please reply to this letter at once.
(15) Constructions with mari and ayo
Mari is used to urge the addressee to join the speaker in the activity, being
translated’ let us’. The first person inclusive pronoun kita optionally occurs:
Mari kita pergi ke bioskop
Let’s go to the movies.
Particle- lah can be attached to mari:
Marilah (kita) menyanyi.
Let us sing.
36
Mari can also be used with a first person pronoun if the speaker wishes to do
something for the benefit of the addressee. The verb must be transitive and have a
specific object:
Mari saya bawakan tas bapak.
Let me carry your bag.
Ayo has a similar meaning but is more informal. Unlike mari, it cannot be used to
older people, it may only be used to equals and juniors. It has a sense of ‘come on.
let’s…..’
Ayo kita makan dulu.
Come on, let’s eat now.
(16) Constructions with biar
Biar means ‘let’ allow’. In imperatives, it urges the addressee to allow a course of
action to occur. It can refer to any action by any person except the addressee.
Particle- lah can be attached to biar.
Biar dia tidur!
Let him sleep!
Biarlah saya sendiri menemani dia!
Let me accompany him myself!
Mari and biar contrasted
Because mari urges the addressee to join the speaker while biar excludes the
addressee from participating, the former can occur with kita. The latter can occur
with any first or second person pronoun except kita, including kami ‘we’
(exclusive)’:
37
Mari kita pergi!
Let us (you and me) go!
Biar kami pergi!
Allow us (me and someone else) to go!
2.3.5 Grammaticality
According to Fromkin at al. (2007: 114-116) grammaticality describes a
well-formed sequence of words, one conforming to rules of syntax. This theory is
representative to obtain the answer of the first problem of this research because
this theory relies on the rule of formatting sentence too. For example, when we
want to compose a sentence that expresses a polite request thus we have to know
what appropriate words are and how to put them in sentence structure. This can be
proved in the sentence constructions as below.
(1) Could you please taking the stone for me?
(2) Would you mind sending me that message?
Even though those sentences are like questions but actually they indicate polite
request. The speaker(s) is the pronoun me in those sentences while the person who
have the commanding is indicated by the second person singular pronoun you.
2.3.6 Grammar Translation
Grammar translation is a method of second-language learning in which the
students memorizes words and syntactic rules and translates them between the
native language and target language (Fromkin at al. 2007: 338). In this case, the
researcher makes herself as if a student then tries to find the equivalent of the
38
source text and target text. Furthermore, the theory enables the researcher to find
the syntactic rules of imperative sentence in English and its parallel structure in
Indonesian. In addition, it is mentioned that grammar translation is an example of
synthetic approach. It means that we have to focus on the grammatical parsing of
text and the context of the language.
2.3.7 Translation procedures
In this study, translation procedures are defined as a means of translating a
particular element of the SL into TL. In doing translation, a translator absolutely
needs the procedures in rendering message from source language into target
language. The procedures are related to the effect or the result of translation.
Vinay and Dalbernet (2001 : 56) propose seven procedures of translations. Those
seven procedures are:
1) Borrowing
Borrowing is considered the simplest of all translation methods. It refers to
a case where a word or an expression is taken from the SL and used in the TL, but
in a ‘naturalized’ form, that is, it is made to conform to the rules of grammar or
pronunciation of the TL. It is usually used in terms of new technical or unknown
concepts. Haugen in Sari (2009: 27) argued that there are some possibilities that
may occur in this procedure: (1) borrowing with no change in form and meaning
(pure loanwords). For examples: internet —>internet, (2) borrowing with changes
in form but without changing the meaning (mixed loanword). For examples:
account akun.
39
2) Calque
Calque is a kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression
from another and then it is translated literally in terms of each of its element. The
results are either a lexical calques e.g calque which respects the syntactic structure
of the target language whilst introducing a new mode of expression. Thus, calque
is categorized into two types, namely lexical calques (e.g honey moon —> bulan
madu) and structural calques (e.g Bali post —> Bali post) lexical calques happen
at the level of syntax, while structural calques happen at the level of construction
of language.
3) Literal Translation
Literal translation is word –for- word translation which follows closely the
form of the SL. Newmark (1988) states that extended literal translation ranges
from one word to one word, through group to group, collocation to collocation,
clause to clause and sentence to sentence. A literal translation is useful if one is
studying the structure of the source language text as in an interlinear translation,
but a literal translation does not communicate the meaning of the source language
text. It is generally no more than a string of words intended to help someone read
a text in its original language. It is unusual and hard to understand, may even be
quite meaningless, or give a wrong meaning in the receptor language. It can
hardly be called translation then. It is, of course, expected that literal translation
might optimally function as a direct transfer of a source language (SL) text
grammaticality and idiomatically appropriate in the target language (TL). In this
case, the translator’s task is to stick firmly to the linguistic servitudes of the target
40
language. In spite of the fact, principally literal translation is a unique solution
which is reversible and complete in itself, although it is most commonly used
when translating between two languages of the same family, and even more so
when they also share the same culture (Venuti, 2000:86). For example: I am a
student is translated into saya adalah seorang murid.
4) Transposition
Transposition involves replacing one word class with another without
changing the meaning of the message. The method also involves a change in the
grammatical change that occurs in translation from SL to TL (singular to plural,
position of adjective, changing the word class or part of speech). The transposition
can also be applied within a single language, in addition to being a special
translation procedure. There are two types of transposition: obligatory
transposition and optional transposition. For instance, dilarang merokok in
Indonesian is translated into no smoking in English. Dilarang merokok is clausal
construction while no smoking is a nominal phrase. Another example is a
compound ‘keyword’ in English is translated as kata kunci (phrase) in Bahasa
Indonesia.
5) Modulation
Modulation is a change in point of view that allows us to express the same
phenomenon in a different way. Modulation as a procedure of translation occurs
when there is a change of perspective accompanied with a lexical change in the
TL. There are two types of modulation, i.e. Free or Optional Modulation and
41
Fixed or Obligatory Modulation. For instance, “He was killed in the war” in
English is translated as Dia gugur dalam perang in Bahasa Indonesia. ‘Negated
contrary’, which is a procedure that relies on changing the value of the ST in
translation from negative to positive or vice versa, is also considered
fixed
modulation. For example, “It isn’t expensive” is translated to be It’s cheap.
6) Equivalent
This term is used to refer to cases where languages describe the same
situation by different stylistic or structural means. For example, an interjection
“Ouch!” in English can be translated into Aduh or Aw in Bahasa Indonesia. An
English idiom “Don’t cry over spoiled milk” may can be translated into Nasi
sudah menjadi bubur in Bahasa Indonesia.
7) Adaptation
Adaptation is used in the cases where the type of situation being referred
to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture. In such a case, the translators
have to create a new situation that can be considered being equivalent. For
instance, “take a bath” in English is translated into Mandi in Bahasa Indonesia.
42
2.4 Research Model
This study is figured out in a diagram below as the model of how this
research was conducted. For the detail, please examine the chart below.
ENGLISH IMPERATIVE SENTENCES IN PROCEDURAL
TEXTS INTO INDONESIAN
SL
TL
THEORY
PROBLEMS
1. The types of imperative sentences in
English procedural texts “What I
wish I knew at eighteen” and their
Indonesian?
1. English imperative by
Thomson(1986)
2. The reason why the translation procedure
are applied in translating English
imperative sentences into Indonesian
in “What I wish I knew at eighteen”?
3. Translation procedure, Vinay
& Dalbernet (2000)
2. Indonesian imperative by
Sneddon (1996)
QUALITATIVE
METHOD
ANALYSIS
RESULT
43
The diagram above indicates the whole model of the present study. The study
started form spotlighting the data of English Imperative sentences in the
psychological book and its translation into Indonesian using the descriptive
qualitative method and library research. After applying the method and the
approaching, the researcher grouped the data into Source Language (SL) and
Target language (TL).
When the data were classified into SL and TL as in the third step in the
research model above, the researcher tried to apply theories which are appropriate
in that study. The theories are imperatives proposed by Thomson (1986),
Indonesian Imperative by Sneddon (1996), Descriptive Syntax proposed by
Brinton (2000), Translation procedure theory proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet in
Venuti (2000) and the theory of Grammar Translation proposed by Fromkin at al
(2007: 338).
Concerning with the theories the researcher applied the method of
analyzing data namely identity method proposed by Sudaryanto (2011: 239) was
used. The method enabled the researcher to analyze the data naturally and can
match the data and the theories in the study. Then finally, the researcher could
find the result of the research. In the next chapter, the researcher will present the
research method of this study.
44
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research Approach
This
study applies
qualitative
research
approach
or
qualitative
methodology. The qualitative research is applied as the qualitative data, one
English textbook with its Indonesian version is used as the data source of this
study. The research was conducted by observing the English textbook of
psychology and its translation into Indonesian. Observation method is included or
applied qualitatively and the analysis is explained through descriptive sentences.
Furthermore, by using the descriptive qualitative method, the researcher could
explore the entities of the data naturally by explaining the data briefly and clearly.
3.2 Data Source
As stated in the purpose of the study, this study is intended to analyze the
translation of English imperative in procedural texts translated into Indonesian
texts. Hence, there are two primary sources of the data used in this study. The data
were taken from one English psychology book text (SL) along with its translation
into Indonesian psychology book text (TL) used as the data source. The
psychology book used as the data source is “what I wish I knew at 18, published
by LifeSmart Publishing, LLC. Gig Harbor, WA 98332 (2011), while the
Indonesian text is “what I wish I knew at 18” published by Kesaint Blanc –
Anggota IKAPI translated by Dwin Gideon Manalaksak (2012)
44
45
The reason why these two texts were chosen was the fact that the
translation of these two sources provides many procedural texts that contain many
imperative sentences. Furthermore, the use of English imperatives in the
Indonesian version in this book and their translation is an interesting study. In
addition, there is a lot of information which is concerned with translation
phenomena, in terms of translation procedure especially in translating the
imperative sentences in procedural texts from English into Indonesian. The last is
that this book contains a lot of data which are relevant to the problems discussed
and analyzed in this study.
3.3 Research Instruments
Research instrument is an important part in the process of this study in
order to obtain valid and complete data of the research. The data were collected by
listing table (grouping). The English imperatives used as the data in this research
contain hundreds of pages; thus, the data were collected in the form of table
containing kinds of imperative types and translation procedures. In addition, the
ballpoint, paper and computer were the important parts of this research. The
instruments were used to collect the data starting from reading the English and
Indonesian sources to when their types were written.
3.4 Method and Technique of Collecting Data
The method of collecting data in this research was observation as proposed
by Sudaryanto (1993:133-137) and document analysis. The observation method
and document analysis method were simultaneously applied in such a way by
46
observing carefully the entire data source that contain English imperatives in the
source language (SL) and their Indonesian translation in target language (TL).
First of all, the writer should understand the concept of procedural texts and
imperative sentences because it is very important. This study is a kind of library
research. The procedure of analyzing applied in this study is a qualitative
procedure as the analysis is explained using descriptive sentences.
First, taking the two books, the English version and its translation into
Indonesian, then observing the procedural text containing the imperative
sentences found then underlining them before they were compared by reading the
target language in order to identify how they were translated into target language.
Second, taking note of the English imperative sentences in procedural text
of the source language and its translation in Indonesian that had been found into a
paper or note book completed with their page numbers and they were classified
based on the way in which the English imperatives in SL were translated into TL
(Indonesian). The data on the SL and TL were put side by side in tables. Each
table represented one way of translating the imperative into Indonesian.
Last, all the data that had been found were transferred into PC in order to
make them easily identified . Furthermore, the data were put into the imperative
theory, proposed by Thomson (1986), and Indonesian imperative proposed by
Sneddon (1996) and the translation procedure proposed by Vinay & Dalbernet in
Venuti (2000).
47
3.5 Method and Technique of Analyzing the data
The purpose of data analysis is to answer the research questions under
study, the methods and technique of analyzing the collected data should be
constantly directed to discover or find reasonable adequate answers to the research
problem in question. The method of analyzing data used was the method proposed
by Sudaryanto (2011: 239). This method is comprehensive because it deals with
the procedure of analyzing data based on theory. Thus, when the reseacher wants
to analyze data, the theory could be matched to the characteristics of the data by
considering again the main focus of the theory applied in that study.
The data analysis was based on the concepts of English imperatives as
proposed by Swan (1996), and the concept of Indonesian imperatives as proposed
by Sneddon (1996); in addition, the data analysis was also based on the relevant
concepts of translation and the kinds of translation procedures as proposed by Bell
(1991); Larson (1998); Newmark (1998); Catford (1965) and Vinay and Dalbernet
(2000).
This method was supported by the techniques such as identifying the types
of imperrative sentences in source language (English) and their translation in
target language (Indonesian), describing data qualitatively, exploring the implied
linguistic phenomena and the discourse of the text in data of the study, classifying
the translation procedures applied by the translator in the product of translation in
terms of imperrative sentences and their translation. As an illustration, one data is
examined using the applied theories, as follows.
SL: Don’t whine … just do it (p.68)
TL: Jangan mengeluh ….. just do it (p.70)
48
The example above shows that the two sentences are negative commands.
That negative commands above are marked by jangan + prefix meN + base verb.
It can obviously be seen that the negative imperative commands ‘do not and
jangan’ are markers of the negative command constructions in the sentences.
Based on the concept proposed by Thomson (1986: 280), the example above
belongs to the type of negative command since it is reported by not + infinitive
(base verb) in the sentences. Actually, the SL data was translated into Indonesian
in the same type of imperative, namely, negative imperative command as Sneddon
(1996 : 325) stated that negative commands are formed with ‘jangan’ or ‘do not’
before the verb.
The translation result in data above (SL): don’t whine… just do it and the
translation in (TL): jangan mengeluh.. just do it
involved
the borrowing
procedure. The procedure was used since the concept of borrowing refers to a case
where a word or an expression is taken from the SL and used in the TL without
any change in form and meaning (pure loanwords) as stated by Vinay and
Dalbernet (2000:56). The real one is indicated by the clause, “just do it” which
was translated into “just do it” in (TL). The strong reason for borrowing words is
that sometimes people get difficulty in understanding the messages in the
translated form. Besides, people sometimes receive information easily if it is
written in the original form than in translated form. Moreover, sometimes the loan
word is untranslatable or cannot be translated. The common reason for borrowing
words is prestige.
49
3.6 Method and Technique of Presenting Data
In presenting data, this research was presented by using the formal
method. It deals with the way of presenting a topic by applying explanation using
words to describe findings (Sudaryanto, 1993). Thus, in this study, the reseacher
prefers using the formal method in order to be able to explain clearly the data
descriptively.
50
CHAPTER IV
TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH IMPERATIVE SENTENCES IN
PROCEDURAL TEXTS TRANSLATED INTO INDONESIAN
This chapter discusses about types of English imperative sentences and
their Indonesian equivalent sentences. Further, in this sub-section the researcher
elaborates the reason of applying translation procedures. Those topics (type of
imperatives and translation procedures) are important to be discussed because
English has simple types while Indonesian has quite complicated ones. This
statement is proved linguistically. English imperative is mostly in syntactic
operation level; meanwhile, the Indonesian imperative sentences are complex
especially in morphological operation.
A good illustration is shown in the English sentence “open the door for
her” which can be translated into Indonesian; bukakan pintu untuknya, bukalah
pintu untuknya, buka pintu untuknya. Those Indonesian sentences are accepted by
the Indonesian people. They are understood. But the most important thing is what
is behind those sentences; are they equivalent to the English sentence? Even
though we know that English has only base verb namely “open” without
morphological process while the Indonesian sentences have “bukakan, bukalah,
and buka”. Thus, it is this kind of delicacy which is going to be discussed in this
chapter. Further, the translation procedure of the phenomena is also elaborated.
The researcher discussed the factors that trigger the procedures. For the detail, let
consider the following sub-sections.
50
51
4.1 The Types of Imperative Sentences in English Procedural Texts and
Their Indonesian Translation
This chapter deals with the analysis of the translation of English
imperatives and their translation in Indonesian with reference to the psychological
book of “what I wish I knew at Eighteen “ and its Indonesian translation “what I
wish I knew at Eighteen “. As what has been stated in chapter 1, there are two
problems or questions which are formulated in this study namely: (1) what are the
types of imperative sentences in English procedural text “What I Wish I Knew at
Eighteen” and their Indonesian translation were found in psychological book? (2)
Why the translation procedures were applied in translating English imperative
sentences of the procedural text? Dealing with those research problems, the
present data analysis is intended: (1) to identify the types of imperative sentences
found in English procedural texts and their Indonesian translation found in
Psychological book; (2) to describe the reason why such translation procedures
were applied in translating English imperative sentences into Indonesian
imperative sentences of this procedural text.
After doing a through reading and note taking, there were three kinds of
English imperative sentences found in the texts of What I Wish I Knew at
Eighteen, namely: negative imperative commands, positive commands, and
requests. Each English imperative has its own translation variations.
4.1.1 Negative Command Types of Imperative Sentence
Based on the data source, there were five basic types of negative command
of English imperative sentences and their equivalents in Indonesian. The negative
52
commands in English are not dynamic in terms of syntactic level, while
Indonesian negative commands are dynamic. They are dynamic because of
morphological operation. The morphological operation is marked by word
formation in particular verbs in Indonesian. This issue is elaborated in the five
sub-sections below.
4.1.1.1 English Imperative with do not + base verb (Negative commands)
Corresponding to jangan + prefix meng- + base verb+ suffix -kan and
their Indonesian Equivalents
Imperative sentences in English are various. One of the varieties is marked
by the sentence structure do not + base verb. The basic pattern is similar to the
Indonesian imperative sentence pattern jangan + prefix meng-+ base verb + suffix
– kan. It means that English has a simple morphological pattern. The simple
morphological pattern that is mean here refers to having two steps, the first step is
do not and the second step is base verb. it is totally different from the Indonesian
pattern, Indonesian has four steps they are: jangan + meng + base verb + -kan.
The simplicity of the pattern may be shown through two steps only, namely, the
existence of do not and the base verb. The English pattern is quite different from
the Indonesian one. Indonesian insists morphological process. It means that the
complexity of the semantic form is important. The complexity represents the
notion which is meant by a sentence. For example, the word mengandalkan is
derived from ‘andal’ it is the root or the base. It has prefix meng- and suffix kan.
If the prefix meng is omitted, then the meaning of the form will be different. The
prefix meng means that the subject is an agent which does or should do the
implied meaning of the verb, while “andalkan” means that the agent is not the
53
real doer or not necessary to the implied meaning. This phenomenon comes up in
the data of this study.
Based on the data source there are two representative data that describe the
phenomenon as in the above concept.
(1) SL : Don’t make promises you cannot keep (pg. 62)
TL :Jangan menjanjikan hal-hal yang tidak bisa kamu penuhi ( pg. 64)
(2) SL : Don’t define success by riches ( pg. 31)
TL :Jangan mendefinisikan sesuatu dengan kekayaan ( pg. 31)
The two examples of the data above show that all of those sentences are
negative commands. The negative commands above are all marked by jangan +
prefix meng- + base verb + suffix -kan. It can obviously be seen that the negative
imperative commands ‘do not and jangan’ are markers of the negative command
constructions in the sentences. Based on the concept proposed by Thomson (1986:
280), all the examples above belong to the type of negative command since they
are reported using not + infinitive (base verb) in the sentences.
Actually, the SL data were translated into Indonesian in the same type of
imperative, namely negative imperative command as Sneddon (1996 : 325) stated
that negative commands are formed with ‘jangan’ or ‘do not’ before the verb. As
can be obviously seen that the SL in imperative constructions are marked by
jangan + prefix meng + base verb + suffix -kan and they belong to negative
command. Based on the process of imperative constructions of the SL, it can be
stated that they are formed by syntactical process, that is, do not + infinitive (base
verb), whereas in TL they are formed using morphological process, that is, by
54
attaching jangan + prefix meng- + base verb + suffix -kan. The affixation mengkan functions to form the active transitive verb.
The prefix meng- represents a sound which changes, depending on the first
sound of the base. In this case /n/ becomes n with initial /d/ and /j/. Attaching the
prefix meng- to a verb root word does not change the meaning of the verb but
gives the new verb a sense of having the main focus of the sentence on the actor
and not on the action or the object of the action. The prefix meng- indicates an
event which is called action. Thus, if there is no prefix meng- then only suffix kan used thus, the mood of the verb will be changed. For example; jangan
definisikan is different from jangan mendefinisikan. In jangan definisikan, the
speaker tends to emphasize the instruction should be done. But in jangan
mendefinisikan the speaker has not tended to spotlight his mood in the verb
mendefinisikan.
In addition, adding "-kan" to a verb results in a verb indicating causation;
causing something to happen. Its main function is to carry or transfer the action of
the verb to some other parts of the sentence. It is often used for imperatives on
product labels or with instructions in cooking recipes. The suffix "-kan" can
sometimes be viewed the same as a short form of "akan", the same as adding the
preposition "akan" after the word root, for example, “mengambilkan” which
means ‘akan ambil’. It is frequently used in conjunction with the meng- prefix and
also frequently as the sole affix for imperative or instructional verbs. Thus, in this
context menjanjikan ‘promise’ and ‘mendefinisikan’ allows the addition of -kan to
show that the subject get someone else to perform the action.
55
Furthermore, if we consider in translation studies, data (1) shows
transposition procedure. It is called transposition procedure since the translator in
TL translated the ‘compound’ make promises in SL into the ‘verb’ menjanjikan in
TL. According to Vinay and Dalbernet (2000: 56), transposition involves
replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the
message. This procedure involves a change in grammatical change that occurs in
translation from SL to TL, in this case, (singular to plural, position of adjective,
and change in the word class or part of speech). Thus, the data above shows the
change of the unit shift. In this case from the ’phrase’ in SL into the ‘verb’ in TL.
Further, Catford stated that transposition translation procedure occurs in
meaning level that, if the unit or component of sentence or phrase or word in SL is
single, then its translation is more than two shapes in terms of word; thus, it is
called low to high. It can occur vice versa, from high to low. The data “make
promises” is categorized as high level to low level because it consists of two
words; ‘make’ and ‘promises’ while ‘menjanjikan’ is only one unit. Thus, it
involves transposition translation procedure. The word menjanjikan has
represented a concept of preparing or making appointment. Then they are
equivalent one another.
The second (2) data shows clearly the modulation translation procedure.
The word success was translated into sesuatu, in which there is a variation of form
of the message. The modulation procedure changes the point of view of the source
language. Newmark (1988: 88) defines the term ‘modulation’ as a variation
through a change of viewpoint, of perspective and very often of though. This
56
occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL
text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since SL and TL may appear
dissimilar in terms of perspective. Thus, through modulation, the translator
generates a change in the point of view of the message without altering meaning
and without generating a sense of awkwardness in the TL reader. Although both
convey the same meaning, it is easy to understand.
There are two types of modulation: free and optional modulation, and
fixed and obligatory modulation (Vinay and Dalbernet, 2000 in Munday,
2001:57). Free or optional modulation could be done because of non-linguistic
reason. It is mostly used to stress the meaning, to make coherence or to find out
the natural form in the TL. In this case, if we see the SL success translated into
TL: sesuatu . The data shows a very different point of view. The SL gives stress
on the word success. Meanwhile, the TL emphasizes the word sesuatu.
4.1.1.2 English imperatives with do not + base verb (Negative commands)
corresponding to jangan + prefix meng- + base verb and their
Indonesian Equivalents
It was found that Indonesian verb determines the sentence pattern of
imperative sentence. Not all types of verbs can be categorized under this issue.
The verbs which can have this kind of phenomena is the stative verb and the verb
which accepts the prefix meng- only. Therefore, Indonesian imperative sentences
are patterned structurally. The simplifications are shown below.
(3) SL : Don’t whine… just do it ( pg. 68 )
TL : Jangan mengeluh …just do it (pg. 70)
(4) SL : Don’t make an important decision while your upset ( pg. 124)
TL : Jangan membuat keputusan penting saat marah (pg. 13)
57
The two examples of the data above show that all of those sentences are
negative commands. These negative commands above are all marked by jangan +
prefix meng- + base verb. It can obviously be seen that the negative imperative
commands ‘do not and jangan’ are markers of the negative command
constructions in the sentences. Based on the concept proposed by Thomson (1986:
280), the examples above all belong to the type of negative command since they
are reported using not + infinitive (base verb) in the sentences. Actually, the SL
data are translated into Indonesian in the same type of imperative, namely,
negative imperative command as Sneddon (1996: 325) stated that negative
commands are formed with ‘jangan’ or ‘do not’ before the verb.
Since the expression is in imperative thus the translation result needs to be in
affixation process such as prefixation. It means that the context or situation
influences the meaning of “whine“ which was translated into “ mengeluh” in
Indonesian. Further, “mengeluh” has a base, namely, “keluh”. The word class of
“keluh” is adjective. Therefore, if it is used as the translation result of “don’t
whine just do it” the meaning of translation result will be meaningless. It is not
totally accepted. The most important is the language in target language should
represent the concept in source language. Further, the main pattern of Indonesian
imperative starts with “ jangan” which should be followed by a verb.
If we compare with another data such as data (4), this kind of delicacy is
really different from that one. Data (4) has a base “buat” which is categorized as
a verb in Indonesian. So it means that “buat” in that context is accepted as well,
rather than “keluh” in data (3). Data (4) shows that the word “membuat” is also a
58
verb. However, it has the prefix meng- in the form which is called inflectional
bound morpheme because it does not change the word class of the root or base
“buat”. This couched idea is supported by Haspelmath’s concept in his book
entitled “Understanding Morphology” (2001:33).
The translation result in data (3) in table above involves in calque
procedure. The procedure is used since the concept of borrowing refers to a case
where a word or an expression is taken from the SL and used in the TL with no
change in form and meaning (pure loanwords) (Vinay and Dalbernet in Venuti:
2000). The real one is indicated by the clause, “just do it” which was translated
into “just do it” in (TL).
Data (4) indicates transposition which occurs due to the translation effect
in the sentence that the expression important decision in SL was translated into
keputusan penting in TL. Transposition is a shift of word class as a change of
grammatical category. In this case, the data shows the structural shift resulting
from the fact that the word or phrasal structure of the SL is different from that of
the TL. The SL phrasal structure is made up of a modifier followed by a head,
important decision while in the TL the head is followed by the modifier,
keputusan penting.
4.1.1.3 English imperative with do not + base verb (Negative commands)
corresponding to jangan + prefix ber + base verb and their Indonesian
equivalents
This section elaborates stative verbs which are used in imperative sentences
especially in negative commands. In English, the stative verbs come without
59
morphological process, but the Indonesian stative verbs come with prefixation.
The prefix is –ber. For the detail, let see the data below.
(5) SL : Don’t expect your spouse to change his or her ways (pg. 212)
TL : Jangan berharap pasanganmu bisa merubah cara-caranya (pg. 198)
Considering data (5), the researcher claims that it involves
negative
commands marked by jangan + prefix ber- + base verb. It can obviously be seen
that the negative imperative commands ‘do not and jangan’ are markers of the
negative command constructions in the sentences. Based on the concept proposed
by Thomson (1986: 280), all the examples above belong to the type of negative
command since they are reported using not + infinitive (base verb) in the
sentences. The SL data were translated into Indonesian in the same type of
imperative, namely, negative imperative command as Sneddon (1996: 325) stated
that negative commands are formed using ‘jangan’ or ‘do not’ before the verb.
Data (5) indicates that the SL is totally equivalent to the Indonesian
sentence. However, they are different morphologically. The topic of morphology
becomes the main one because in SL, there is a base verb “expect” without
undergoing morphological process. While in TL, the word “berharap” undergoes
morphological process. It shows that the form can be broken down into “ber-“
and “harap”. The word “harap” itself belongs to verb class. Even, the existence
of “ber-“ at the beginning of “harap” does not change the word class. Thus, the
translation result “berharap” is true.
If we consider the meaning of “ber” itself, we may find that “ber” means
“having” or doing something. But those meanings indicate that the argument of
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verb which functions as subject syntactically is the beneficiary and also the
patient. This statement can be proved by the word “bermain” and “bekerja” in
Indonesian. The word “bermain” indicates that the subject has the advantage.
Further, the subject is the agent or the doer of the activity of playing and the
subject has the advantage. Further, the subject is beneficiary in the context of the
word “bekerja”. The word “kerja” in Indonesian indicates that it needs other
persons to be the target of the activity “kerja” or “working”. While when the
formation “bekerja” is put in a sentence it will be different. The difference is
shown that the subject is the beneficiary. Let consider the sentence:
1) Dia bekerja di perusahaan asing
2) Dia kerja tugasnya Agus
Those sentences are totally different. The first sentence means “Dia” is the
beneficiary while the second sentence indicates that other persons undergo the
effect of the activity “kerja”. Then finally the researcher concluded that the
translation product of data (5) is correct and accepted in Indonesian.
Data (5) shows that the transposition translation procedure occurs in the
level of structural shift. The structural shift results from the fact that the word or
phrasal structure of the SL is different from that of the TL. The SL phrasal
structure is made up of a post modifier your followed by a head life becoming
your life, whereas in the TL the head hidup is followed by the modifier ‘mu or
kamu’ becoming hidupmu. Structural shift is obligatory due to the linguistic
factor.
Another phenomenon in English imperative sentences and their
Indonesian equivalent sentences are discussed in the next section.
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4.1.1.4 English imperatives with do not + base verb (Negative commands)
Corresponding to jangan + base verb + -kan and their Indonesian
Equivalents
In this section, there is another phenomenon of imperative sentence both in
English and Indonesian. In the previous sections, we just know about English
imperative sentence with a base verb which should be translated into Indonesian
(where the Indonesian should be in morphological process). But in this section,
there is another one, namely, the Indonesian base verb undergoes suffixation –
kan. It means that – kan as a bound morpheme also has implication in terms of
conveying meaning in a grammatical sentence. For the complete elucidation, let
see the data below:
(6) SL: don’t say something about someone else (pg. 70)
TL: jangan katakan sesuatu tentang orang lain (pg. 72)
(7) SL: don’t let technology control your life (pg. 138)
TL: jangan biarkan teknologi mengendalikan hidupmu ( pg. 148)
The meaning of –kan in Indonesian is to form verb – morphologically. Moreover,
syntactically, it is supported as well. This means that the context of sentence
structure makes the meaning of –kan become explicit.
Data (6 and 7) are good examples. In data (6), the suffix –kan changes the word
class of “kata” as noun into “katakan” (verb). Thus, considering the main
principle of Indonesian imperative Jangan + verb, thus it is totally true.
In the previous section, it is always indicated that the formation of
Indonesian imperative is Jangan + verb (morphological process) + Object. It
means that the pattern can be broken down into “Jangan + verb”. This means that
morphological process is optional in certain context. Certain context which is
62
meant here is that not all bases in Indonesian can have the same morphological
process either prefixation or suffixation. Semantically, the suffix –kan means that
something which is being told is moving or undergoing the event of the verb. Data
(6) is clear that the topic “sesuatu tentang orang lain” is going to be the main
purpose of –kan to be moved on. Further, the speaker of expression (6) wants to
state that the event of the verb should be done if the verb stands alone.
The two examples of the data show that all of those sentences are negative
commands. These negative commands above are all marked by jangan + base
verb + suffix kan. It can obviously be seen that the negative imperative commands
‘do not and jangan’ are markers of the negative command constructions in the
sentences. Based on the concept proposed by Thomson (1986: 245), it is stated
that negative commands are expressed using the imperative wherever we put ‘do
not’ before the verb as the marker of negative command itself. Moreover, the
commands refers to the second person imperative, in this case, the addressee
intended is ‘you’. The meaning of “don’t“ in the sentence is providing
suggestions and prohibition not to do something. The SL data are translated into
Indonesian in the same type of imperative, namely, negative imperative command
as Sneddon (1996 : 325) stated that negative commands are formed with ‘jangan’
or ‘do not’ before the verb.
In data (6) the SL imperative construction is marked by jangan + base
verb + suffix –kan. Based on the process of imperative constructions of the SL, it
can be stated that it is formed through syntactical process that is, do not +
infinitive (base verb), whereas in TL it is formed through morphological process,
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that is, by attaching jangan + base verb + suffix kan. Addition of the suffix "-kan"
to a verb results in a verb indicating causation; causing something to happen. Its
main function is to carry or transfer the action of the verb to some other part of the
sentence, as in example (6) Jangan katakan sesuatu tentang orang lain and data
(7) Jangan biarkan technology mengendalikan hidupmu. The suffix -kan
functions to form active transitive which can be used in imperative or the subjects
get someone else to perform the action.
It can be seen from data (6) above that the SL in the sentence was
translated literally in TL. Thus this translation relying on literal translation in
which literal translation is word-for-word translation which follows closely the
form of source language. Newmark (1998) states that extended literal translation
ranges from one word to one word, through group to group, collocation to
collocation, clause to clause, and sentence to sentence. Moreover, Albir & Molina
(2002: 510) states that literal translation is to translate a word or an expression
word for word. What is meant by word for word in this case is that translating one
word into another word, but more tend to translate word for word based on their
function and meaning in the sentences. This procedure of literal translation
sometimes works and sometimes does not. One sentence could be translated
literally across languages but it does not mean that all sentences could be
translated literally.
Moreover, the translation procedure which was applied in data (7) are
borrowing and transposition translation procedures. It is claimed as borrowing
because the word technology in SL was translated into teknologi in TL which
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refers to a case where a word or an expression is taken from the SL and used in
the TL. In this case, based on the data in SL and TL, it is included in borrowing
with changes in form but without change in meaning (mixed loanword). In
addition, both have the same perception. The translator chose this technique to
obtain the faithful meaning than translating the Technology using Indonesian.
Furthermore, the transposition translation occurs in the data above in the level of
structural shift. The structural shift results from the fact that the word or phrasal
structure of the SL is different from that of the TL. SL phrasal structure is made
up of a post modifier your followed by the head life, whereas in the TL the head
hidup is followed by the modifier ‘mu or kamu’. Structural shift is obligatory due
to the linguistic factor.
4.1.1. 5 English Imperative with Never + Base Verb (Negative commands)
Corresponding to TL jangan pernah + base verb +prefix meng-+-kan
and their Indonesian Equivalents
In this section, negative commands enriched by another sentence pattern.
The sentence pattern is shown in the title of the sub-section above. Further, here
the researcher wants to talk much about the existence of the word “ never “ which
was translated into “jangan pernah” while the English base verb is corresponding
to affixation process such as con-fixation and circumfixation. For the detail, the
phenomena is elaborated in the data below.
(8) SL : Never say anything in writing form (pg. 93)
TL : Jangan pernah mengatakan apapun dalam bentuk tertulis (pg. 97)
The English imperative construction and its Indonesian equivalent is shown
in data (8) above; thus, it can be identified that it is included in negative
65
commands. It is marked by jangan pernah + base verb + suffix kan. It can
obviously be seen that the negative imperative commands ‘do not’ and jangan’
are markers of the negative command constructions in the sentences. Even though
the marker is ‘do not’ but the implied meaning that is conveyed by the marker
never is similar to do not, that is, ‘jangan pernah’. Thomson (1986: 245) stated
that negative commands are expressed using the imperative wherever we put ‘do
not’ before the verb as the marker of negative command itself. Moreover, the
commands refer to the second person imperative; in this case, the addressee
intended is ‘you’. The meaning of ‘don’t ‘ in the sentence implies suggestions and
prohibition not to do something. Forbid can also be used for prohibitions, but it is
more common in the passive than in the active. The SL data was translated into
Indonesian in the same type of imperative, namely, negative imperative command
as Sneddon (1996 : 325) stated that negative commands are formed with ‘jangan’
or ‘do not’ before the verb. Further, the word “ mengatakan” is equivalent to the
English base verb “ say “. The Indonesian “ mengatakan “ is complicated in form
and meaning. The prefix meng- indicates that there must be an agent. The agent is
the actor of the event or the action implied in the verb.
The data above indicates that the translation procedure applied in the data is
transposition translation procedure. It is claimed that transposition translation
procedure occurs in the level of structural shift. The structural shift results from
the fact that the word or phrasal structure of the SL is different from that of the
TL. SL phrasal structure is made up of the modifier writing followed by the head
66
form, whereas in the TL the head bentuk is followed by the modifier ‘ tertulis’.
Structural shift is obligatory due to the linguistic factor.
4.1.2 Requesting Types of English Imperatives with Base Verb are Translated
into TL Base Verb+ Particle - lah.
Requesting of English imperative sentence and Indonesian imperative
sentence is totally unique. The uniqueness is shown by the use of the particle –lah
in Indonesian. It deals with the meaning of base verb in English language. The
particle –lah comes as the polite marker which is spotlighted by the speaker.
Further, it means asking someone to do something politely. For the detail, let see
the data below.
(9) SL : Be proactively nice (pg. 55)
TL : Jadilah pribadi yang proaktif dan menyenangkan (pg. 57)
(10) SL : Smile your countenance matters (pg. 89)
TL : Senyumlah roman mukamu sangat berpengaruh (pg. 93)
(11) SL : Be humble but confident (pg. 83)
TL : Jadilah rendah hati namun percaya diri (pg. 87)
(12) SL : Be a discerning listener (pg. 93)
TL : Jadilah pendengar yang cerdas (pg. 97)
From the data above, especially from data (9) to (12) they are all requests.
They are called request since the concept of request is an intention of the speaker
so that listener does something (Hornby, 1976: 193). In addition, the SL data were
translated into Indonesian in different types of imperative. Sneddon (1996: 328)
stated that the addressee is not usually mentioned in imperative and in writing and
formal speech – lah is optionally added to the verb in imperative constructions. It
is frequently stated that –lah makes an imperative polite. It is like in English when
67
the word “please” is coming as the request, thus the particle –lah indicates
request. As can be obviously be seen that the SL in imperative construction is
marked by the example of this request which also contains as suggestion. It is
marked by base verb + particle lah in Indonesian.
Actually the real phenomenon above is not only occurring to the sentence
structure by having be at the beginning of sentence but the imperative sentence
that have base verb such as; put the pen on the table
also has the similar
phenomenon. The verb put can be translated into Indonesian by having particle
lah. Then the translation result of the sentence is letakkanlah balpoin di atas meja.
In the data, the imperative constructions of SL are marked by SL + base
verb and they belong to positive advice. Based on the process of imperative
constructions of the SL, it can obviously be stated that it is formed through
syntactical process, that is, SL+ infinitive (base verb), whereas in TL it is formed
through morphological process, that is, by attaching base verb + particle- lah. The
particle-lah in Indonesian writing and speech is optionally added to the verb in
imperative constructions. This can also occur in informal styles but is much less
frequent. Its occurrence here is to mark the predicate, which is out of its normal
position, occurring at the beginning of the clause, for example, jadilah,
senyumlah. It is also frequently stated in teaching text that –lah makes an
imperative polite. Some writers even translate it as ‘please’.
(9) SL: Be proactively nice (pg. 55)
TL: Jadilah pribadi yang proaktif dan menyenangkan (pg. 57)
Related to the translation procedure, according to Vinay and Dalbernet in
Munday (2001), in cases where literal translation is not possible, oblique
68
translation strategy must be used. It is used when the structural or conceptual
elements of the source language could not be directly translated without altering
meaning or upsetting the grammatical and stylistic elements of target language.
There are four translation procedures in oblique translation: transposition,
modulation, reformulation or equivalence, and adaptation. In this study, based on
the data (9) above, there is one procedure which belongs to oblique translation
strategy: transposition and borrowing. Transposition is a change of one part of
speech for another without changing the sense (Munday, 2001: 57).
There are words, phrases, and clauses in the result of the translation in
Indonesian. Those grammatical units in Indonesian are used to modify the verb in
the sentence. There are changes in rank from the SL to TL. The changes in rank
are from words (adverb of manner) to phrases in TL. It also belongs to Vinay and
Dalbernet’s transposition procedures of translation. There is a replacement of one
grammatical form by another grammatical form. Since there is change in meaning
component of the verb from less meaning components to more unit components, it
corresponds to the translation procedure of transposition. The example of this
translation is the adverb of manner in SL proactively which was translated into
Indonesian in the form of a clause in the post modified noun phrase “yang”
construction. Thus it becomes pribadi yang proaktif. Based on data (1), the
borrowed words were also added with the word proactive into proaktif in
Indonesian. Thus two translations procedures were applied (transposition and
borrowing procedure).
(10) SL: Smile your countenance matters (p.89)
TL: Senyumlah roman mukamu sangat berpengaruh. (p.93)
69
Based on the data above, the transposition procedure was applied. It is
claimed that transposition translation occurs in the level of structural shift. The
structural shift results from the fact that the word or phrasal structure of the SL is
different from that of the TL. SL phrasal structure is made up of the post modifier
your followed by the head countenance, whereas in the TL the head roman muka
is followed by the modifier mu. The structural shift is obligatory due to the
linguistic factor. In addition, this example is also an example of unit shift. Let see
the word in SL: countenance which was translated into roman wajah. The unit
shift from a low to a high unit results from the fact that the TL has more meaning
components than SL. It can be seen that the word countenance is shifted to the
phrase roman muka. Besides transposition, modulation translation procedure is
also occurring. This issue is settled by the modulation characteristic that, the
source text is different from target text and the forms of the sentence structure are
really different but the idea or meaning is the same, but the phrases that are used
in the source and target languages are different – the source language was not
translated word-for-word into the target language.
(11) SL: be humble but confident (pg. 83)
TL : Jadilah rendah hati namun percaya diri (pg. 87)
This example of the data indicates the similar translation procedure as in
data (10), in which the transposition procedures in the unit shift from low to a
high was applied in this study. It happens since from the fact that the TL has more
meaning components than the SL. In this case, the SL only has one meaning
component “humble” (low init) while TL has two components “rendah diri”
70
(high unit); moreover, it can be seen from the word humble in SL which was
shifted to the phrase rendah diri in TL.
(12) SL : Be a discerning listener (pg. 93)
TL: Jadilah pendengar yang cerdas (pg. 97)
Grammatically, the premodified English structure’ a discerning listener’
consists of the indefinite article ‘a’ as the central determiner, the adjective‘
discerning’ and the noun head ’listener’, meaning that there are slight differences
between the two phrases. The English takes the adjective “discerning’ as the pre
modifier while its Indonesian translation has the noun “listeners”; the procedure
used to translate this imperative sentence is the transposition procedure since the
translation causes the word class adjective of “discerning” to change into noun
when it is translated into “ the prefix pe- in Indonesian marking the noun ,
including the doer of an action or tool used to accomplish work.
4.1.3 Positive Command Types of English Imperatives with Base Form of
Verb which are Translated into Base Verb+ Suffix-kan and Their
Indonesian Equivalents.
In this section, there is another phenomenon of imperative sentence both in
English and Indonesian; the Indonesian base verb undergoes the suffixation –kan.
It means that –kan as a bound morpheme also has implication in terms of
conveying meaning in a grammatical sentence. For the complete elucidation, let
see the data below:
(13) SL : Discover your purpose and inspiration (pg. 26)
TL : Temukan inspirasi dan tujuanmu (pg. 26)
(14) SL : Allow time to reflect (pg. 48)
TL : Luangkan waktu untuk merefleksikan diri (pg. 47)
71
(15) SL : Put relationship before things (pg. 78)
TL : Letakkan hubungan pribadi di atas harta benda (pg. 75)
(16) SL : Keep the faith during times of trial (pg. 110)
TL : Menjaga iman selama masa percobaan (pg. 116)
(17) SL : Demonstrate through words and body language that you are happy to
meet them (pg. 83)
TL : Tuujukan melalui kata-kata dan bahasa tubuh bahwa kamu senang
bertemu (pg. 87)
(18) SL : Give a firm, confident handshake and look them in the eye (pg. 83)
TL : Berikan jabatan tangan yang mantap dan percaya diri dan tatap mata
mereka (pg. 87)
(19) SL : Use good manners and be gracious (pg. 83)
TL : Gunakan tata karma yang baik dan ramah (pg. 87)
The seven imperative sentences above belong to positive command type.
According to Hornby (1976:193), the command is given when there is a power
between speaker and listener, the speaker has an authority to command the listener
to do something. For example a lecturer gives command to his student. This
context indicates that lecturer has authority in term of face. Then he may
command his students. According to Spencer (2000: 27) face is closely related to
a person’s sense of identity or self concept: self as an individual (individual
identity), self as a group member (group or collective identity) and self in
relationship with others (relational identity). In all three aspects, people often
regard themselves as having certain attributes or characteristics, such as
personality traits, physical features, beliefs, language affiliations, and so on.
Moreover, Swan (1986:245) stated that commands have the same form as the bare
infinitive and the base form of a verb is followed by the command. The author or
the speaker of this book intends the listener or the reader of this book to do
72
something. The SL imperative construction is marked by SL + base verb and
belongs to commands. Based on the process of imperative constructions of the SL,
it can obviously be stated that it is formed through syntactical process that is SL+
infinitive (base verb), whereas in TL it is formed through morphological process,
that is, by attaching base verb + suffix kan.
The procedure of translating can be indicated by considering the data
below:
(13) SL : Discover your purpose and inspiration (pg.26)
TL : Temukan inspirasi dan tujuanmu (pg.26)
The data above indicates that transposition procedure was applied in the data,
because the real one is indicated by “your purpose” and inspiration” which is
translated into different structures “inspirasi dan tujuanmu” The forms of the
sentence structure are really different.
(14) SL
TL
: Allow time to reflect (pg.48)
: Luangkan waktu untuk mereflesikan diri (pg.47)
The data above shows the transposition procedure especially in unit shift (from
low to a high unit) resulting from the fact that the TL has more meaning
components than the SL. It can be seen in the word “reflect” in SL which was
shifted to the phrase “mereflesikan diri” in TL.
(15) SL: Put relationship before things (pg.78)
TL: Letakkan hubungan pribadi diatas harta benda.(pg.75)
This translation involves the modulation procedure. It is called modulation
since it occurs when the translator reproduced the message of the original text in
the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and TL
may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective accompanied with the lexical
73
change in the TL (Newmark, 1988 :89). On the other hand, it is perceived that
modulation is a situation in which a source text is translated in many different
ways in the target language. As we can see from the data above in which Put
relationship before things was translated into Letakkan hubungan pribadi diatas
harta in which the word “relationship” was translated into “hubungan pribadi”
and “before things” was translated into “diatas harta”. Actually, the idea or
meaning is the same, but the phrases used in the SL and TL are different.
(16) SL: Keep the faith during times of trial (pg.110)
TL: Menjaga iman selama masa percobaan.(pg.116)
The translation procedure above indicates that, -s at the end of the noun time
brings the plural context. In English, the plural concept is indicated by the
attaching –s while in Indonesian it has different forms, it occurs without – s but
commonly in reduplication form to show plurality such as”masa” which becomes
masa-masa; therefore, in this data the transposition procedure was applied since
the base form + suffix –s of times in SL was translated into the base form of masa
in TL. There is change in grammatical aspect in this example, because the word
times is attached to the suffix –s in English indicating the plural concept, while in
Indonesian it is from base form only masa without attaching any suffix. Thus the
word in data 16 can be translated using the transposition procedure. In addition,
the word menjaga does not undergo suffixation –kan but perfixation meng. The
reason nis that jaga cannot be in harmony with the existence of –kan at the end.
(17) SL : Demonstrate through words and body language that you are
happy to meet them (pg.83)
TL : Tunjukan melalui kata-kata dan bahasa tubuh bahwa kamu
senang bertemu them (pg.87)
74
The data above shows the transposition procedure. It is claimed that
transposition results from the translation effect in the sentence that the word body
language in SL was translated into bahasa tubuh in TL. Transposition is a shift of
word class as a change of grammatical category. In this case, the data shows the
structural shift resulting from the fact that the word or phrasal structure of the SL
is different from that of the TL. The SL phrasal structure is made up of a modifier
followed by a head, body language while in the TL the head is followed by the
modifier, bahasa tubuh.
(18)
SL : Give a firm, confident handshake look them in the eye (pg.83)
TL : Berikan jabatan tangan yang mantap dan percaya diri dan
tatap mata mereka (pg.87)
The data indicates that the source text (English) is different form from the
target text (Indonesia). The translation result involves the modulation procedure.
The procedure is used since the concept of Molina and Albir (2000) stated that
modulation means changing the point of view, focus or cognitive category in
relation to the SL; it can be lexical or structural. The real one indicated by the
clause ‘Give a firm, confident handshake look them in the eye’ is equivalent to
‘Berikan jabatan tangan yang mantap dan percaya diri dan tatap mata mereka’.
The form of the sentence structure is really different but the concepts of both SL
and TL are the same.
(19 ) SL: Use good manners and be gracious (pg.83)
TL: Gunakan tata karma yang baik dan ramah (pg.87)
The data indicates that the modulation procedure was applied, since the change in
point of view that allows the translator to express the same phenomenon in a
different way. Actually, this semantic-pragmatic procedure that changes the
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category of thought, the focus, the point of view, and the whole conceptualization
is distinguished.
4.1.3.1 Positive Command Types of English Imperatives with Base Verb and
the Translation of Base Verb
In this section the stative verb can be put at the beginning of an imperative
sentence. The main rule is that the Indonesian stative verb should not undergo
morphological process because it is not necessary. But in this context, the object
determines the meaning of the stative verb. As an illustration let consider the
following data.
(20 ) SL : Remember their name (pg. 83)
TL : Ingat nama mereka (pg. 87)
(21) SL : Count your blessings (pg. 105)
TL : Hitung berkat yang kamu terima (pg. 111)
The two imperative sentences above are positive commands. According to Hornby
(1976:193), the command is given when there is power between the speaker and
listener; the speaker has an authority to command the listener to do something.
For example a lecturer gives command to his student. This context indicates that
lecturer has authority in term of face. Then he may command his students.
According to Spencer (2000: 27) face is closely related to a person’s sense of
identity or self concept: self as an individual (individual identity), self as a group
member (group or collective identity) and self in relationship with others
(relational identity). In all three aspects, people often regard themselves as having
certain attributes or characteristics, such as personality traits, physical features,
beliefs, language affiliations, and so on. Moreover, Swan (1986:245) stated that
76
commands have the same form as the bare infinitive and the base form of a verb is
followed by the command. The author or the speaker of this book intends the
listener or the reader of this book to do something. The imperative construction in
SL is marked by SL + base verb and in TL it is also marked by SL + base verb.
Data (20) SL: Remember their name (pg. 83)
TL: Ingat nama mereka (pg. 87)
The data indicates that the source text (English) has the same form and meaning in
the target text (Indonesia); moreover, the literal translation procedure was applied
which follows closely the form of source language. Newmark (1998) states that
the extended literal translation ranges from one word to one word, group to group,
collocation to collocation, clause to clause, and sentence to sentence. Moreover,
Albir & Molina (2002: 510) state that literal translation is to translate a word or an
expression word for word. What is meant by word for word in this case does not
mean that one word is translated into another word, but it is based on their
function and meaning in the sentences. The real one is indicated by the data above
‘Remember their name’ which is translated into ‘Ingat nama mereka’.
Data (21) SL : Be humble but confident (pg.83)
TL : Jadilah rendah hati namun percaya diri (pg.87)
The data indicates that the translation transposition procedure was employed since
there is a grammatical category change in this translation. The grammatical
category is changed from low to high unit. Your blessings is a low unit which has
less meaning component (two components) and berkat yang kamu terima is high a
unit which has more meaning components (four components). Moreover, the
transposition also occurs in the form of -s at the end of the noun blessings and
77
brings plural context. In English, the plural concept is indicated by the attaching –
s while in Indonesian it has different form, it occurs without – s but it is common
in reduplication form to show plurality such as ”blessings” which becomes
berkat-berkat therefore in this example, the transposition translation procedure
occurs since the base form + suffix –s of blessings in SL was translated into the
base form berkat in TL. There is a change in grammatical aspect in this example,
because the suffix –s is attached to the word blessings in English which indicates
the plural concept, while in Indonesian it is a base form only berkat without any
suffix.
4.2 Reasons of Applying such Translation Procedures in English Imperative
Sentences Translated Into Indonesian.
As far as the data used in the present study are concerned, there are four
types of translation procedures employed to translate the English imperative
sentence into Indonesian imperative sentence. The types are: borrowing, literal,
transposition, and modulation.
As stated in the concept of translation procedures in the previous chapters,
the translation procedure such as borrowing occurs when a term or a certain
phrase or sentence of source language occurs naturally in the target language. The
real one is indicated by the clause in (SL) just do it which was translated into just
do it in (TL). The strong reason for borrowing words is that sometimes people get
difficulty in understanding the message in the translated form. Moreover,
sometimes the loan word does not have the translated form or cannot be
translated; literal translation occurs when the sentences both in source language or
78
target language have the same pattern; transposition occurs when there is a change
in part of speech without changing the meaning in source language and
modulation occurs when the point of view is changed.
Actually, such translation procedures were applied in this study because o
the equivalence of the sense both in SL and TL is explained. Moreover, the reason
why those translation procedures were applied does not have anything to do with
the translator’s preference but the linguistic point of view. This study was
conducted based on the translation result, thus Linguistics is supposed as the
major issue of why such translations were applied. There are three basic reasons
why such translations procedures were applied. An experts as Bell (1991:35-41)
mentioned there are the three basic reasons as follows.
1.
Knowledge background
Knowledge background of an interpreter or a translator also affects the
translation result. An interpreter or a translator should have good knowledge
of what subject he or she does. Furthermore, the readability and the accuracy
of translation result can be achieved.
2.
Linguistic factor
In doing translation, a translator must have good knowledge of both
source language and target language; both micro linguistics and macro
linguistics. Micro linguistics such as; semantics, syntax and morphology
enables a translator to understand the implied meaning of a source text well.
After comprehending semantics, syntax and morphology of a source language
text; then the translator will be able to convey the meaning of the source text
79
into target language. Related to this concept, it can be concluded that as a
translator he or she must comprehend the linguistics of the target language as
well in order that the result of target language sentences have the same value
and sense as the source language sentences.
Further, the macro linguistics such as sociolinguistics, anthropology and
language culture should be understood by both the translator and interpreter.
Those are important because an utterance that comes up in social
communication is not caused only by the linguistic meaning of the utterance
form but also the pragmatic meaning. Talking about pragmatic meaning it is
better for us to consider the statement of Crystal in BBC Learning English on
the topic “Who on Earth are We? Part 3,” that:
“There really ought to be a word ‘langua culture’ because language and
culture are so fundamentally tied together. What we do is we use language as
a way of labeling things and we label them to reflect the way that we see
things in our culture and to make it easier for us to navigate our way through
life and understand each other. Because of that we all understand these
common labels that we have put on things. Thus, a language is a symbol of
the thoughts, the thought patterns that we have and it represents the
assumptions and values that are standardized by our own culture.
In addition, the concept above is supported by Benyamin Lee Whorf.
Whorf studied about language which is influenced by environment. It means
that how you perceive the world affects the language that you speak because
the language that you speak arises from your needs as a culture, the
80
environment that you live in and that must mean that all of our languages are
in some way different. So, it’s not as simple as there being a one to one
correspondence or correlation between languages. And anyone who has ever
tried to translate something from one language to another will know that it is
not easy and sometimes has to translate concepts with very different words
for the people in another culture to get the same meaning from them. This
means that languages are relative and not universal. Thus, as a translator we
should understand the culture of SL and TL then we know the appropriate
context in expressing the concept of the text.
3.
Translator’s preference
The preference of a translator also affects translation result. It can be in
the mode of rendering message in target language. Preference which is meant
here is referring to language sense and the translators’ or interpreters’
experience.
In this part, the linguistic factor of the existence of translation
procedures are classified into three; they are semantics, syntax, and culture.
4.2.1 Semantic Factor
Semantics is a branch of linguistics. It studies the language meaning. In
doing translation, meaning is the main point. Translation needs meaning rather
than the grammatical sentence. Even though this concept deals with the role of
translation in reality but in this section of this thesis, the researcher would like to
spotlight the study of meaning as one of the factors that triggers out a translation
procedure to come up. Thus, here the elucidation is more than studying meaning.
81
It is closely related to the background of the existence of translation procedure.
Further, the meaning which is meant here is not linguistic meaning only but also
the pragmatic meaning. But the researcher supposes them in a chunk, namely;
meaning.
Dealing with the topic of this section, the context of exploring meaning is
discussed as well. Context is the place of meaning. It means that the researcher
does not consider the word meaning only but also the time or the event of the
existence of the words referred to as context. Thus, the researcher also considers
the speaker’s meaning. Since the context of an utterance creates meaning as well.
For example:
A: Can you tell me what time it is?
B: Yes, I can
The conversation above clearly expresses what the speaker’s meaning is.
Speaker A really means that the addressee (speaker B) can tell him/ her about the
time. But the speaker B does not understand what is meant by A. The speaker B
just considers the sentence meaning. Thus, the meaning which is understood by
speaker B is totally different from the meaning delivered by speaker A. Speaker
A does not have the ability of speaker B’s.
Such phenomenon above is also observed in this research. Further, the
philosophy of translation inside the translation product also influences the
translation result. Therefore, in exploring the reason of a translation procedure,
another part of meaning is elucidated too. Actually, the effect of semantics
becomes the main factor of why modulation in translation procedure was applied
in translating English imperative sentence in “what I Wish I knew At Eighteen”
82
into the Indonesian “What I Wish I Knew At Eighteen”. According to Hatim and
Munday (2004:150) modulation is a variation of the form of the message obtained
by a change in the point of view. In other words, modulation means restructuring
a message of source language text in a target language text in different structures
but the meaning is not different or the meaning is the same.
One of the examples of modulation procedure is in data (15) below:
SL: Put relationship before things (pg. 75)
TL: Letakkan hubungan pribadi diatas harta benda (pg. 78)
The word relationship and before things in SL indicate that there is a
change in form. The change is in target language. The context of the expression
“put relationship before things” is supported by the whole context of the text in
the title “Relationship and Communication”. Further, the previous expressions
have the meaning that “things” in SL are ‘wealth’.
4.2.2 Syntactic factor
The syntactic construction of Indonesian is different from that of English .
It is caused by the possibility of the function words used in English is more
frequent than in Indonesian. Certainly, the types of sentences in English and
Indonesian are most similar, such as affirmative, interrogative and also imperative
and etc. Syntactically, the translation procedure which has the potential of
occurring is literal procedure. Literal translation or word-for –word translation is
the direct transfer of a source language text into a grammatically and idiomatically
appropriate target language text. Syntactically, literal procedure and transposition
are applied in the sentence structure. The literal translation procedure comes up
83
when the grammar of SL and the grammar of TL are in the same order while the
transposition procedure comes up from the word function in the sentence level.
Thus, it is influenced by syntax. The syntax helps convey meaning as can be seen
in data (20) in which literal translation procedure was applied.
SL : Remember their name (pg. 83)
TL : Ingat nama mereka (pg. 87)
In the translation above a literal translation was appplied in which literal
translation is word-for-word translation which follows closely the form of source
language. Newmark (1998) states that extended literal translation ranges from
one word to one word, through group to group, collocation to collocation, clause
to clause, and sentence to sentence. Moreover, Albir & Molina (2002: 510) stated
that literal translation is intended to translate a word or an expression word for
word. What is meant by word for word in this case does not mean that it is
translated one word to another word, but translating word for word based on their
function and meaning in the sentences.
Moreover, transposition translation procedure is also made to come up by
syntactic factor as stated before. In this case the syntax gives contribution to
convey the meaning transpositionally. It can be seen from the example of the data
(11) below:
SL: be humble but confident
TL : Jadilah rendah hati namun percaya diri.
The transposition which occurs in the form of -s at the end of the noun
blessings brings plural context. In English, the plural concept is made by the
attaching –s while in Indonesian it has different form, it occurs without -s but
84
commonly in reduplication form to show the plural form of”blessings” which is
equivalent to berkat-berkat; therefore, in this data the translation of transposition
occurs since the base form + suffix –s of blessings in SL was translated into the
base form berkat in TL. There is a change in grammatical aspect in this example,
because the suffix –s is attached to the word blessings in English by indicating the
plural concept, while in Indonesian it is from the base form only berkat without
any suffixes.
4.2.3 Cultural Factor
Actually, culture comes up in translation studies as well. Culture in
translation perspective is not only the way of life of a group of people but also the
concept or the understanding of a group of people of something. In doing
translation, a translator needs to comprehend culture to enable him to be more
confident in rendering the message from a source language into a target language.
The most common in translation is borrowing from the sequence perspective. The
sequence perspective means that the translator only considers the environment of
the target readers’ culture then the translation product refers to the words that can
represent such a concept as in a source language text. For example the concept
Passover in the English Bible Luke 22: 7 then came the day of Unleavened Bread,
when the Passover must be killed was translated into menyembeli domba paskah
in the sentence maka tibalah hari raya Roti tidak beragi, yaitu hari di mana
orang harus menyembelih domba Paskah. The concept Passover is slashing
animals by Yahweh for celebrating Easter. But when the word Passover is
translated into Indonesian, it becomes menyembelih domba paskah. The translator
85
prefers to use the word domba because domba is dominantly protected by the
Indonesian people. The animal ‘domba’ is close to the life of the Indonesian
people. Thus, the target readers will understand easily the concept Passover.
Dealing with culture, there is another question that should be thought by
the translator, that is, do the concepts of Indonesian (target language) words
belong to Indonesian culture? Or perhaps the shapes or the words are Indonesian
words but the concepts belong to the English culture (English as the source
language). In fact, the word mentega in Indonesian is totally Indonesian. But the
concept of the word is western. The Indonesian people have the culture of having
mentega to be spread on bread surface. The thing mentega is primarily used by
Indonesians to make bread delicious. In fact, the culture is not Indonesian.
Indonesian people have the English culture to be applied to their daily life. Such
phenomena are elucidated in this sub-section.
Borrowing comes up in translation procedure as one of a good solution in
rendering the message from SL to TL. Borrowing is called one of good solutions
in this case because when there is no representative word in TL to convey the
meaning in SL text, then borrowing will be made. This issue comes with the
criteria of borrowing. Borrowing occurs where a word or an expression is taken
from the SL and used in the TL, but in a ‘naturalized’ form, meaning that it is
made to conform to the rules of grammar or pronunciation of the TL. Data (7)
below is another example:
SL: Don’t let technology control your life (p.138)
TL: jangan biarkan teknologi mengendalikan hidupmu (p.184)
86
It shows that technology was translated into teknologi in TL. It is claimed
as borrowing because the word technology in SL was translated into teknologi in
TL in which it refers to a case where a word or an expression is taken from the SL
and used in the TL. In this case, based on the data in SL and TL, borrowing was
applied with a change in form but without change in meaning (mixed loanword).
If we consider the issue brought by the word technology which was translated into
teknologi, it is referred to as pure borrowing. Phonologically, the word technology
is filtered using the Indonesian grammatical pattern and then teknologi was made
to appear.
87
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1
Conclusion
Based on the previous discussion, it can be concluded that there are three
types of English imperative sentences in the procedural text entitled “What I wish
I knew at eighteen” which was translated from English into Indonesian, they are:
negative command, request and positive commands. The following points can be
represented as the conclusions;
First, the types of English imperative sentence found in the data source are
negative commands with the form do not + infinitive (base verb) and (TL)
marked by jangan + prefix meng + base verb + suffix -kan., do not + base verb
and in Indonesian they are marked by (TL) jangan + prefix meng + base verb, do
not + base verb and (TL) marked by jangan + prefix ber + base verb, do not +
base verb and (TL) marked by jangan + base verb + suffix -kan, Never + base
verb and (TL) marked by jangan pernah + base verb + suffix -kan. Second, the
types of request with the form base verb and (TL) are marked by base verb +
particle –lah, the last type of English imperative found in the data is the positive
command type with the form base verb and (TL) marked by base verb + suffix
-kan, base verb and (TL) marked with the same form, that is, base verb. Based
on the process of imperative constructions of the SL, it can obviously be stated
that they are formed through syntactical process, whereas in TL it is formed
through morphological process, that is, by attaching the marker.
87
88
In addition, English has a simple pattern. The English pattern is quite
different from the Indonesian pattern. Indonesian insists morphological process. It
means that the complexity of the semantic form is important. Complexity
represents the notion which is meant by a sentence.
Second, based on the data analysis, semantic, syntax, and culture factor
come up as the main reasons in applying translation procedures. The effect of
semantic becomes the main factor of why modulation in translation procedure was
applied, while the syntax has the potential of occurring the literal procedure and
transposition procedure, and eventually the culture factor is the most common
occur in borrowing procedure.
5.2
Suggestion
This study is only concerned with the types of English imperative sentences
and their Indonesian translation equivalents. According to the result of this study,
it can be considered or recommended that this study may be continued by other
researchers in the future, since the imperative types and the construction forms are
broad enough to be conducted.
89
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91
APPENDICES
No
TL
1
Buatlah setiap hari
menjadi mahakaryamu
Temukan inspirasi dan
tujuanmu
Jalani hidup tanpa
penyesalan
Jangan mendefinisikan
sesuatu dengan
kekayaan
Jangan biarkan
pekerjaan menyita
seluruh waktu dalam
hidupmu
Luangkan waktu untuk
merefleksikan diri
Tunjukkan kemampuan
mencintaimu
Kembangkan dan
Jagalah hati seorang
hamba
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
MARKER
SL
baseverb
Type
do not +
base verb
TL
base verb +
particle -lah
base verb +
suffix -kan
base verb +
suffix I
jangan + base
verb
do not +
base verb
jangan +
suffix -kan
negative
command
base verb
base verb +
suffix -kan
base verb +
suffix -kan
base verb +
kan + base
verb +
particle -lah
base verb +
particle -lah
positive command
base verb
bae verb +
particle -lah
positive command
base verb
base verb +
meng- +
suffix kan
jangan +
meng- +
suffix -kan
base verb
positive command
base verb
base verb
base verb
base verb
Jadilah pribadi yang
proaktif dan
menyenangkan
Belalah kepercayaanmu
dan nilai-nilaimu
dengan penuh
keyakinan
Memberikan yang
terbaik untuk segala hal
base verb
Jangan menjanjikan
hal-hal yang tidak bisa
kamu penuhi
Bertanggung jawab atas
kesalahan dan
kekurangan
do not +
base verb
baseverb
91
requesting types
positive command
positive command
negative
command
positive command
positive command
positive command
negative
command
positive command
92
No
TL
14
Jangan mengeluh
…Just Do It
Jangan katakan sesuatu
tentang orang lain
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
MARKER
SL
do not +
base verb
do not +
base verb
Letakkan hubungan
pribadi diatas harta
benda
Ekspresikan dirimu
sendiri
Jadilah rendah hati
namun percaya diri
Gunakan tata krama
yang baik dan ramah
Ingat nama mereka
senyumlah, roman
mukamu sangat
berpengaruh!
jangan pernah
mengatakan apapun
dalam bentuk tertulis
base verb
sampaikan secara
langsung jangan ditulis
hitung berkat yang
kamu terima
luangkan waktu untuk
refleksi harian
carilah kebijaksaan dari
para profesional yang
berpengalaman
Lepaskan rasa sakitmu
melalui doa
Mengambil kontrol atas
kekwatiranmu
Jangan membuat
keputusan penting saat
kamu masih marah
base verb
base verb
base verb
base verb
base verb
base verb
never +
base verb
base verb
base verb
base verb
base verb
base verb
do not +
base verb
TL
jangan +
mengjangan + base
verb + suffix
-kan
base verb +
suffix -kan
Type
negative
command
negative
command
positive command
base verb +
suffix -kan
base verb +
particle –lah
base verb +
suffix -kan
base verb
base verb +
particle -lah
positive command
jangan
pernah + base
verb + meng+ kan
base verb +
suffix -kan
base verb
negative
command
base verb +
suffix -kan
base verb +
particle -lah
positive command
base verb +
suffix -kan
base verb +
mengjangan +
meng-
positive command
requesting types
positive command
positive command
requesting types
positive command
positive command
requesting types
positive command
negative
command
93
No
TL
30
Mencari peluang untuk
membantu orang lain
Tetapkan tujuanmu dan
nilailah itu secara
berkala
Jangan menunda
rencana
Waktu itu berharga,
gunakanlah secara
bijaksana
Jangan biarkan
teknologi
mengendalikan
hidupmu
Belajar berbicara
dengan nyaman di
depan banyak orang
Membangun
keunggulan kompetitif
pemenang
Carilah kebijaksaan dari
para profesional yang
berpengalaman
Tunjukkan kualitas
kemampuan diri yang
dihargai perusahaan
Belajarlah untuk
memasarkan dirimu
sendiri secara persuasif
Jangan pernah buang
waktumu untuk mereka
yang kamu tahu akan
berakhir
konsentrasilah pada
nilai-nilai dan
kemampuanmu untuk
menjadi teman terbaik
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
MARKER
SL
base verb
base verb
TL
base verb +
mengbase verb +
suffix -kan
Type
positive command
positive command
do not +
base verb
base verb
jangan +
mengbase verb +
particle lah
negative
command
requesting types
do not +
base verb
base verb +
suffix -kan
negative
command
do not +
base verb
prefix ber +
base verb
positive command
base verb
prefix meng+ base verb
positive command
base verb
base verb +
particle -lah
requesting types
base verb
base verb +
suffix -kan
positive command
base verb
base verb +
particle -lah
requesting types
never +
base verb
jangan
negative
pernah + base command
verb
base verb
base verb +
particle -lah
requesting types
94
No
TL
42
Pilih pasangan sebagai
keputusan seumur
hidup
Eksplorasi
kecocokanmu secara
utuh sebelum mengikat
janji setia
Jangan berharap
pasanganmu bisa
mengubah cara-caranya
Menjadi kamu satusatunya
43
44
45
MARKER
Type
SL
base verb
TL
base verb
positive command
base verb
base verb
positive command
do not +
base verb
jangan +
prefix ber +
base verb
prefix meng+ base verb
negative
command
base verb
positive command