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PHYSICAL SCIENCE CHAPTER 3 STATES OF MATTER 3.1- Matter And Energy Objectives: • Summarize the main points of the kinetic theory of matter. • Describe how temperature related to kinetic energy. • Describe four common states of matter. • List the different changes of state, and describe how particles behave in each state. • State the laws of conservation of mass and conservation of energy, and explain how they apply to changes of state. A. Kinetic Theory 1. The main points of __________________________are: a. All matter is made of __________________________ and __________________________ that act like tiny particles. b. These tiny particles are always __________________________. The __________________________ the temperature, the __________________________ the particles move. c. At the same temperature, __________________________ (heavier) particles move __________________________ than less massive (lighter) particles. 2. There are __________________________ common states of matter. a. __________________________ i. Have a definite __________________________ and __________________________. ii. Atoms and molecules of solids are arranged in a definite _________________________. iii. Atoms and molecules of solids vibrate, but __________________________________. b. __________________________. i. Have a definite ______________________, but no definite _______________________. ii. Atoms and molecules of ___________________ slide easily around and past each other. iii. Have the property of ____________________________________________________. c. __________________________. i. Have no definite __________________________ or __________________________. ii. Atoms and molecules are ___________________________________ in all directions. iii. Atoms and molecules collide with each other and the container producing ___________. iv. __________________________ is the force exerted per unit area of a surface. d. __________________________ is the most common state of matter. i. Scientists estimate that __________________________ of the known matter in the universe (the Sun and other stars) is made of __________________________. ii. _____________________ is a state of matter in which the particles (atoms or molecules) have broken apart in to a superheated “soup” of protons, electrons, and neutrons. iii. Plasmas: ∗ ___________________________________________________________________ ∗ ___________________________________________________________________ ∗ Are affected by an ______________________ or ______________________ field. iv. Common examples of plasma are: ∗ ____________________________________________________. ∗ ____________________________________________________. ∗ ____________________________________________________. ∗ ____________________________________________________. B. Energy’s Role 1. _____________________________is the total _____________________________ of a substance. a. __________________________ is the ability to change or move matter. b. Thermal energy is the kinetic energy of ___________________________________________. c. As a substance is ___________________, its atoms or molecules move _________________ increasing the substance’s thermal energy. d. Thermal energy __________________ as the number of particles ______________________. i. ____________________________________________________. ii. ____________________________________________________. 2. ____________________ is a measure of ______________________ kinetic energy of a substance. a. All of the particles in a substance _________________________________at the same speed. b. __________________________ does not depend on how much of a substance you have. i. ____________________________________________________. ii. ____________________________________________________. C. Energy and Changes of State 1. Some ____________________________________require __________________________. a. __________________________ is the change in state from a liquid to a gas. b. __________________________ is the change of state from a solid to a gas. c. __________________________ is the change in state from a gas to a liquid. d. __________________________ is the change of state from a solid to a liquid. 2. As thermal energy is added to or taken from a substance, the substance experiences either a __________________________ change or a ___________________________________________. a. You cannot heat ice above __________________________. b. You cannot heat water above __________________________. 3. Changing the state of matter does not change its ______________________ or _______________. D. Conservation of Mass and Energy 1. The Law of Conservation Of Mass states that __________________________ cannot be __________________________ or __________________________. 2. The Law of Conservation OF Energy states that __________________________ cannot be __________________________ or __________________________. E. Summary 1. The __________________________assumes that all matte is made of tiny, moving particles. 2. __________________________ have a fixed volume and shape. 3. __________________________ have a fixed volume but variable shape. 4. __________________________ have a variable volume and shape. 5. __________________________________ is the total kinetic energy of the particles of a substance. 6. ________________________________________ is the measure of average kinetic energy. 7. A change of state is a __________________________ change that requires or releases energy. 8. _______________________ and _________________________ are conserved in changes of state. 3.2- Fluids Objectives: • Describe the buoyant force and explain how it keeps objects afloat. • Define Archimedes’ principle. • Explain the role of density in an object’s ability to float. • State and apply Pascal’s principle. • State and apply Bernoulli’s principle. A. Buoyant Force 1. __________________________ and __________________________ are considered fluids because they __________________________. 2. __________________________ explains why objects __________________________. 3. The ________________________________________________ is the ______________________ force applied to an object by the ______________________ that it is in. a. The __________________________ is the resultant of all of the forces that the fluid is applying to the object. b. The buoyant force is applied ___________________________________________________. 4. Determining buoyant force. a. The Greek mathematician, __________________________, first discovered a way to calculate the buoyant force. b. Archimedes’ principle states that the __________________________ on an object in a fluid is the __________________________equal to the __________________________ of the fluid that the object displaces. 5. An object will ___________________ or _________________ based on its __________________. a. Water has a density of __________________________. b. Objects with a density ___________________ than water will ________________________. c. Objects with a density ___________________ than water will ________________________. 6. Although steel has a density almost _____ times that of water, a steel ship will float if its shape causes it to displace a volume of water greater than its weight thus changing the ship’s density. B. Fluids and Pressure 1. All fluids exert __________________ on all objects that they come into contact with and in __________________________ direction. 2. __________________________ 3. The SI unit for pressure is the __________________________. 4. One __________________ is the force that one Newton exerts over 1 square meter. 5. 1Pa = 1N/m2 6. Weight is a ________________ and a person’s weight can (should) be given in _______________. C. Pascal’s Principle 1. ___________________ was the 17th century scientist who described how ____________________ applies to closed systems. 2. Pascal’s principle states that a change in __________________________ at any point in an enclosed fluid will be transmitted __________________________ to all parts of the fluid. 3. Pascal’s principle is mathematically stated P1= P2 (F1A1 = F2A2) 4. ________________________________________________ are based on Pascal’s principle. D. Fluids in Motion 1. __________________________ is resistance to flow. 2. Fluid __________________________ decreases as speed __________________________. 3. Bernoulli’s principle states that as the speed of a fluid __________________________ its pressure __________________________. E. Summary 1. Gases and liquids are __________________________. 2. __________________________ is the tendency of a less dense substance to float in a denser liquid; buoyant force is the upward force exerted by fluids. 3. __________________________states that the buoyant force on an object equals the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. 4. __________________________ is a force exerted on a given area; fluids exert pressure equally in all directions. 5. ________________________________________states that a change in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid will be transmitted equally to all parts of the fluid. 6. ____________________________ states that fluid pressure decreases as the speed of a moving fluid increases. 3.3- Behavior of Gases Objectives: • Explain how gases differ from solids and liquids. • State and explain the following gas laws: Boyle’s Law, Charles’s Law, and Gay-Lussac’s Law. • Describe the relationship between gas pressure, temperature, and volume. A. Properties of Gases 1. Some important properties of gases are: a. Gases have no definite _______________ or __________________________, and they expand to __________________________ fill their container. b. Gas particles move rapidly ____________________________________________________. c. Gases are __________________________. d. __________________________________ are in constant motion, and they frequently collide with one another and with the walls of their container. e. Gases have a very low __________________________ because their particles are so far apart. Because of this property, gases are used to inflate tires and balloons. f. Gases are ____________________________________________________. g. Gases _________________________________ easily and ______________with one another. Unlike solids and liquids, gases are mostly __________________________. 2. Gases exert __________________________ on their containers. a. The collisions between the gas particles and the walls of its container create _________________________. b. The _______________________ collisions, the greater the ________________________. c. _______________________ temperature results in __________________________ pressure. d. _______________________ gas particles results in __________________________ pressure. B. Gas Laws 1. Boyles’ Law relates the _______________________ of a gas to its _________________________. a. ____________________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________________ 2. Charles’s Law relates the _______________________ of a gas to its _______________________. a. ___________________________________________________ 𝑉𝑉1 𝑉𝑉2 b. = 𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇 3. 4. 1 2 ____________________________________________________ Gay-Lussac’s Law relates gas pressure to temperature. a. ________________________________________________________ b. ________________________________________________________ C. Summary 1. Gases are __________________________, their particles are in constant motion, they have low density, they are compressible, and they expand to fill their container. 2. Gas pressure __________________________ as the number of collisions of gas particles __________________________. 3. __________________________ law states that the volume of a gas ________________________ as the pressure __________________________ if the temperature does not change. 4. __________________________ law states that the volume of a gas __________________________ as the temperature __________________________ if the __________________________ does not change. 5. __________________________law states that the __________________________ of a gas __________________________ as the temperature __________________________ if the __________________________ does not change.