Download PHYSICAL SCIENCE CHAPTER 3 STATES OF MATTER

PHYSICAL SCIENCE
CHAPTER 3
STATES OF MATTER
3.1- Matter And Energy
Objectives:
• Summarize the main points of the kinetic theory of matter.
• Describe how temperature related to kinetic energy.
• Describe four common states of matter.
• List the different changes of state, and describe how particles behave in each state.
• State the laws of conservation of mass and conservation of energy, and explain how they apply to changes
of state.
A. Kinetic Theory
1. The main points of __________________________are:
a.
All matter is made of __________________________ and __________________________
that act like tiny particles.
b.
These tiny particles are always __________________________. The
__________________________ the temperature, the __________________________ the
particles move.
c.
At the same temperature, __________________________ (heavier) particles move
__________________________ than less massive (lighter) particles.
2. There are __________________________ common states of matter.
a.
__________________________
i.
Have a definite __________________________ and __________________________.
ii.
Atoms and molecules of solids are arranged in a definite _________________________.
iii.
Atoms and molecules of solids vibrate, but __________________________________.
b.
__________________________.
i.
Have a definite ______________________, but no definite _______________________.
ii.
Atoms and molecules of ___________________ slide easily around and past each other.
iii.
Have the property of ____________________________________________________.
c.
__________________________.
i.
Have no definite __________________________ or __________________________.
ii.
Atoms and molecules are ___________________________________ in all directions.
iii.
Atoms and molecules collide with each other and the container producing ___________.
iv.
__________________________ is the force exerted per unit area of a surface.
d.
__________________________ is the most common state of matter.
i.
Scientists estimate that __________________________ of the known matter in the
universe (the Sun and other stars) is made of __________________________.
ii.
_____________________ is a state of matter in which the particles (atoms or molecules)
have broken apart in to a superheated “soup” of protons, electrons, and neutrons.
iii.
Plasmas:
∗
___________________________________________________________________
∗
___________________________________________________________________
∗
Are affected by an ______________________ or ______________________ field.
iv.
Common examples of plasma are:
∗
____________________________________________________.
∗
____________________________________________________.
∗
____________________________________________________.
∗
____________________________________________________.
B. Energy’s Role
1. _____________________________is the total _____________________________ of a substance.
a.
__________________________ is the ability to change or move matter.
b.
Thermal energy is the kinetic energy of ___________________________________________.
c.
As a substance is ___________________, its atoms or molecules move _________________
increasing the substance’s thermal energy.
d.
Thermal energy __________________ as the number of particles ______________________.
i.
____________________________________________________.
ii.
____________________________________________________.
2. ____________________ is a measure of ______________________ kinetic energy of a substance.
a.
All of the particles in a substance _________________________________at the same speed.
b.
__________________________ does not depend on how much of a substance you have.
i.
____________________________________________________.
ii.
____________________________________________________.
C. Energy and Changes of State
1. Some ____________________________________require __________________________.
a.
__________________________ is the change in state from a liquid to a gas.
b.
__________________________ is the change of state from a solid to a gas.
c.
__________________________ is the change in state from a gas to a liquid.
d.
__________________________ is the change of state from a solid to a liquid.
2. As thermal energy is added to or taken from a substance, the substance experiences either a
__________________________ change or a ___________________________________________.
a.
You cannot heat ice above __________________________.
b.
You cannot heat water above __________________________.
3. Changing the state of matter does not change its ______________________ or _______________.
D. Conservation of Mass and Energy
1. The Law of Conservation Of Mass states that __________________________ cannot be
__________________________ or __________________________.
2. The Law of Conservation OF Energy states that __________________________ cannot be
__________________________ or __________________________.
E. Summary
1. The __________________________assumes that all matte is made of tiny, moving particles.
2. __________________________ have a fixed volume and shape.
3. __________________________ have a fixed volume but variable shape.
4. __________________________ have a variable volume and shape.
5. __________________________________ is the total kinetic energy of the particles of a substance.
6. ________________________________________ is the measure of average kinetic energy.
7. A change of state is a __________________________ change that requires or releases energy.
8. _______________________ and _________________________ are conserved in changes of state.
3.2- Fluids
Objectives:
• Describe the buoyant force and explain how it keeps objects afloat.
• Define Archimedes’ principle.
• Explain the role of density in an object’s ability to float.
• State and apply Pascal’s principle.
• State and apply Bernoulli’s principle.
A. Buoyant Force
1. __________________________ and __________________________ are considered fluids
because they __________________________.
2. __________________________ explains why objects __________________________.
3. The ________________________________________________ is the ______________________
force applied to an object by the ______________________ that it is in.
a.
The __________________________ is the resultant of all of the forces that the fluid is
applying to the object.
b.
The buoyant force is applied ___________________________________________________.
4. Determining buoyant force.
a.
The Greek mathematician, __________________________, first discovered a way to
calculate the buoyant force.
b.
Archimedes’ principle states that the __________________________ on an object in a fluid
is the __________________________equal to the __________________________ of the
fluid that the object displaces.
5. An object will ___________________ or _________________ based on its __________________.
a.
Water has a density of __________________________.
b.
Objects with a density ___________________ than water will ________________________.
c.
Objects with a density ___________________ than water will ________________________.
6. Although steel has a density almost _____ times that of water, a steel ship will float if its shape
causes it to displace a volume of water greater than its weight thus changing the ship’s density.
B. Fluids and Pressure
1. All fluids exert __________________ on all objects that they come into contact with and in
__________________________ direction.
2. __________________________
3. The SI unit for pressure is the __________________________.
4. One __________________ is the force that one Newton exerts over 1 square meter.
5. 1Pa = 1N/m2
6. Weight is a ________________ and a person’s weight can (should) be given in _______________.
C. Pascal’s Principle
1. ___________________ was the 17th century scientist who described how ____________________
applies to closed systems.
2. Pascal’s principle states that a change in __________________________ at any point in an
enclosed fluid will be transmitted __________________________ to all parts of the fluid.
3. Pascal’s principle is mathematically stated P1= P2 (F1A1 = F2A2)
4. ________________________________________________ are based on Pascal’s principle.
D. Fluids in Motion
1. __________________________ is resistance to flow.
2. Fluid __________________________ decreases as speed __________________________.
3. Bernoulli’s principle states that as the speed of a fluid __________________________ its pressure
__________________________.
E. Summary
1. Gases and liquids are __________________________.
2. __________________________ is the tendency of a less dense substance to float in a denser
liquid; buoyant force is the upward force exerted by fluids.
3. __________________________states that the buoyant force on an object equals the weight of the
fluid displaced by the object.
4. __________________________ is a force exerted on a given area; fluids exert pressure equally in
all directions.
5. ________________________________________states that a change in pressure at any point in an
enclosed fluid will be transmitted equally to all parts of the fluid.
6. ____________________________ states that fluid pressure decreases as the speed of a moving
fluid increases.
3.3- Behavior of Gases
Objectives:
• Explain how gases differ from solids and liquids.
• State and explain the following gas laws: Boyle’s Law, Charles’s Law, and Gay-Lussac’s Law.
• Describe the relationship between gas pressure, temperature, and volume.
A. Properties of Gases
1. Some important properties of gases are:
a.
Gases have no definite _______________ or __________________________, and they
expand to __________________________ fill their container.
b.
Gas particles move rapidly ____________________________________________________.
c.
Gases are __________________________.
d.
__________________________________ are in constant motion, and they frequently collide
with one another and with the walls of their container.
e.
Gases have a very low __________________________ because their particles are so far
apart. Because of this property, gases are used to inflate tires and balloons.
f.
Gases are ____________________________________________________.
g.
Gases _________________________________ easily and ______________with one another.
Unlike solids and liquids, gases are mostly __________________________.
2. Gases exert __________________________ on their containers.
a.
The collisions between the gas particles and the walls of its container create
_________________________.
b.
The _______________________ collisions, the greater the ________________________.
c.
_______________________ temperature results in __________________________ pressure.
d.
_______________________ gas particles results in __________________________ pressure.
B. Gas Laws
1. Boyles’ Law relates the _______________________ of a gas to its _________________________.
a.
____________________________________________________
b.
____________________________________________________
2. Charles’s Law relates the _______________________ of a gas to its _______________________.
a.
___________________________________________________
𝑉𝑉1 𝑉𝑉2
b.
= 𝑇𝑇
𝑇𝑇
3.
4.
1
2
____________________________________________________
Gay-Lussac’s Law relates gas pressure to temperature.
a.
________________________________________________________
b.
________________________________________________________
C. Summary
1. Gases are __________________________, their particles are in constant motion, they have low
density, they are compressible, and they expand to fill their container.
2. Gas pressure __________________________ as the number of collisions of gas particles
__________________________.
3. __________________________ law states that the volume of a gas ________________________
as the pressure __________________________ if the temperature does not change.
4. __________________________ law states that the volume of a gas
__________________________ as the temperature __________________________ if the
__________________________ does not change.
5. __________________________law states that the __________________________ of a gas
__________________________ as the temperature __________________________ if the
__________________________ does not change.